Matter and Energy. n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –Elements –Compounds.

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy


Matter: Forms, Structure, and Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityQuality

– ElementsElements– CompoundsCompounds



– The structure of elements and The structure of elements and compoundscompounds

Atom - the basic building block of all Atom - the basic building block of all chemical elementschemical elements




Molecule - a combination of two or Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical elements held together by chemical bondsbonds




Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges(-) electrical charges– NaNa+1+1



– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules

Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles– Protons (+)Protons (+)– Neutrons (o)Neutrons (o)– Electrons (-)Electrons (-)




Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical elementin the nucleus of a chemical element– Hydrogen: AN = 1Hydrogen: AN = 1– Carbon: AN = 6Carbon: AN = 6– Uranium: AN = 92Uranium: AN = 92



– The structure of atoms and moleculesThe structure of atoms and molecules Mass Number (MN) - the total number of Mass Number (MN) - the total number of

neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atomatom– Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 – Uranium: MN = 92 protons + 143 neutrons = Uranium: MN = 92 protons + 143 neutrons =

235235




# protons = # electrons# protons = # electrons No No netnet electrical charge electrical charge




Isotope - two or more forms of a Isotope - two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but different number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nucleinumbers of neutrons in their nuclei




Ion - an atom or group of atoms with Ion - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative one or more positive or negative electrical chargeselectrical charges



– The structure of atoms and moleculesThe structure of atoms and molecules IonsIons

– Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na) 11 protons + 11 electrons 11 protons + 11 electrons no net charge no net charge Loses 1 electronLoses 1 electron 11 electrons + 10 protons 11 electrons + 10 protons net + 1 charge net + 1 charge

(Na(Na+1+1))




Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds– IonicIonic– CovalentCovalent– HydrogenHydrogen




Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds– Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction

between oppositely charged ionsbetween oppositely charged ions




Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds– Covalent Bond - bond formed by the Covalent Bond - bond formed by the

sharing of electrons between atomssharing of electrons between atoms




Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds– Hydrogen Bond - occurs between Hydrogen Bond - occurs between

molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorinenitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine



– Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds OrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic



– Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds Organic Compounds - compounds that Organic Compounds - compounds that

contain carbon atoms that are bonded contain carbon atoms that are bonded to other carbon atoms and/or with to other carbon atoms and/or with atoms of H, O, N, S, Cl, Fatoms of H, O, N, S, Cl, F



– Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds Examples of Organic CompoundsExamples of Organic Compounds

– Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Methane gas (CHMethane gas (CH44))

– Chlorinated hydrocarbonsChlorinated hydrocarbons DDT (CDDT (C1414HH99ClCl55))




– ChloroflurocarbonsChloroflurocarbons Freon-12 (CClFreon-12 (CCl22FF22))

– Simple carbohydratesSimple carbohydrates Glucose (CGlucose (C66HH1212OO66))




– Complex carbohydratesComplex carbohydrates– ProteinsProteins– Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids



– Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds Examples of Inorganic CompoundsExamples of Inorganic Compounds

– Salt (NaCl)Salt (NaCl)

– Water(HWater(H22O)O)

– Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22))

– Hydrochloric acid (HCl)Hydrochloric acid (HCl)



– Matter QualityMatter Quality Matter Quality - a measure of how Matter Quality - a measure of how

useful a matter resource is based on useful a matter resource is based on its availability and concentrationits availability and concentration


Energy: Forms and QualityEnergy: Forms and Quality

– Classification of EnergyClassification of Energy KineticKinetic PotentialPotential Electromagnetic radiationElectromagnetic radiation



– Forms of Kinetic EnergyForms of Kinetic Energy Heat - total kinetic energy of all Heat - total kinetic energy of all

moving atoms, ions, and molecules moving atoms, ions, and molecules within a given substancewithin a given substance– Temperature - the average speed of Temperature - the average speed of

motion of the atoms, ions, and molecules motion of the atoms, ions, and molecules in a sample of matter at a given momentin a sample of matter at a given moment



– Energy QualityEnergy Quality Energy Quality - the measure of an Energy Quality - the measure of an

energy source’s ability to do useful energy source’s ability to do useful workwork


Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in MatterChanges in Matter

– Physical Change - a change that Physical Change - a change that involves no change in the chemical involves no change in the chemical composition of the materialcomposition of the material


Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in MatterChanges in Matter

– Chemical Change - a change that Chemical Change - a change that involves changes in the chemical involves changes in the chemical composition of the elements or composition of the elements or compounds involvedcompounds involved


Physical, Chemical, and Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in MatterNuclear Changes in Matter

– Nuclear Changes - a process in Nuclear Changes - a process in which nuclei of certain isotopes which nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change into one or spontaneously change into one or more different isotopesmore different isotopes



– Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes TypesTypes

– Natural radioactive decayNatural radioactive decay– Nuclear fissionNuclear fission– Nuclear fusionNuclear fusion



– Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes Natural radioactive decay - process Natural radioactive decay - process

in which unstable isotopes in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit high-energy, spontaneously emit high-energy, fast moving particlesfast moving particles



– Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes Nuclear Fission - nuclear change in Nuclear Fission - nuclear change in

which the unstable nuclei isotopes which the unstable nuclei isotopes are split into lighter nuclei when hit are split into lighter nuclei when hit by a neutronby a neutron



– Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes Nuclear Fusion - nuclear change in Nuclear Fusion - nuclear change in

which two isotopes of light elements which two isotopes of light elements (H) are forced together at high (H) are forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleusa heavier nucleus


The Law of Conservation of The Law of Conservation of Matter Matter

– The Law of Conservation of Matter The Law of Conservation of Matter -in any physical or chemical -in any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created change, matter is neither created nor destroyed, but merely nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to anotherchanged from one form to another


The Laws of EnergyThe Laws of Energy

– First Law of Energy - in all First Law of Energy - in all physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be destroyed, but it may be converted to one form or anotherconverted to one form or another


The Laws of EnergyThe Laws of Energy

– Second Law of Energy - in any Second Law of Energy - in any conversion of energy from one conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the high form to another, some of the high quality useful energy is quality useful energy is converted to lower-quality, more converted to lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy dispersed, less useful energy

Matter and Energy. n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –Elements –Compounds.

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Transcript of Matter and Energy. n Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –Elements –Compounds.