Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Route Design Unit 4: Service...

Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood

Route Design

Unit 4: Service Planning & Network Design


Service Planning Steps

Crew scheduling

Vehicle scheduling

Timetabling

Frequency determination

Route design and stop layout

Network design

Adapted from Mark Hickman


Agenda

• Connections

• Route Design Basics

• Stop Spacing


TRANSFERS CONNECTIONS


Simple City


Direct Service Option


Connective Option


Reasons to connect

• Geometrically required

• Politically required

• Technologically required


Requirements for easy connections

• Station design• Station amenities• Schedule coordination• Joint fares• Excellent information


Types of connections

Origin / Destination Short Headway Long Headway

Short Headway Case AAlways short, convenient

Case CVaries greatlyInfo required

Long Headway Case BAlways short, convenient

Case DVariable depending on headways:1. Equal and

simultaneous2. Equal but not

simultaneous3. Different


Timed Transfer System

• Transit arrives simultaneously• Three keys

1. Schedules prepared with network design2. Reliable operations3. Information and education


Pulse Headways

• Ideally repeat every hour• Two choices– 15 minutes (7.5, 30, 45, 60)– 20 minutes (10, 40, 60)


Source: Vuchic


Adjusting T

• Lengthen terminal times

• Increase operating speed through preferential

treatment

• Change line length

• Change number of vehicles (TU)


Multifocal Network

Source: Vuchic


In-class:Graphic representation of

synchronized schedules


ROUTE DESIGN BASICS


Trade-offs in Route Design

• Stop density – passenger access vs. route speed

• Route length and circuitousness– direct service vs. service reliability

• Trip generators – frequency vs. coverage


Route Length vs Access

Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker


Frequency vs Coverage



Types of Routes

• Line haul - high frequency / capacity• Loops - coverage for lower-density or

circulation• Short turn routes – shorter segment• Branching routes – split a route• Feeder routes – connect to line haul• Limited and express routes - improve travel

times, balance loads• Zonal service - some sections


STOP SPACING


Stop Density

• Generally higher stop densities at higher land use density (downtown)

• Lack of stops = deter ridership


Station Planning Objectives

• Serve major centers and transfers• Minimum passenger travel time• Maximum area coverage• Maximum passenger attraction• Minimum system cost

model for optimum spacing


Optimum Station Density


Coverage vs Speed



Impact of Stop Spacing on Speed


Express

Rapid Local

Skip-stop Service


Source: http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html

Impact of Street Network


Rail Stop Spacing

Environment Spacing Range Typical Spacing

Urban Metro 600 m – 1200 m 900 mRegional Rail 1400 m – 1800 m 1600 mLRT 1000 m – 1500 m 1250 mRail with P&R 1600 m – 4000 m 2000 m

Vuchic, 2005, Table 5.2


Bus Stop Spacing

Environment Spacing Range

Typical Spacing

CBD 300’ – 1000’ 600’Urban 500’ – 1200’ 750’Suburban 600’ – 2500’ 1000’Rural 650’ – 2640’ 1250’

TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops


Stop Location

• Close to supportive land uses

• Near intersections

• Remember “Near-side” vs “Far-side”


Conclusion

• Connections allow agencies to build a more extensive network

• Route design involves trade-offs in stop density, route length and circuitousness, and trip generators


Reference

Materials in this lecture were taken from:• Jarrett Walker, “Human Transit” (2012)• Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations,

Planning and Economics” (2005)• Mark Hickman, Fundamentals of

Transportation wikibook, “Network Design & Frequency”, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency

• TCQSM• TTI, “TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the

Location and Design of Bus Stops” (1996)

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency



Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Route Design Unit 4: Service...

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