Materia Goes3d en 3d Printing

8/13/2019 Materia Goes3d en 3d Printing

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goes 3D printing



Materia goes 3D printing



Preface

Materia goes 3D printing

Rapid Manufacturing, Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Tooling,3D printing, Stereolithography, Laser Sintering. What do theseterms refer to and what can exactly be achieved throughthese techniques?

The exhibition ‘Materia goes 3D printing’ addresses theterminological confusion and shows the possibilities. Six ofthe most common techniques are explained and illustratedin the exhibition, based on descriptions, photographs, films and

objects. These six techniques are also explained in this booklet.In addition, two articles give an idea of what scaling up inAdditive Manufacturing – the term used for the collectedtechniques – could mean for architecture.



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Preface 2Introduction 6

Additive Manufacturing techniques 8

Technique 1: Stereolithography 10 Technique 2: Selective Laser Sintering 18 Technique 3: Digital Light Processing 38

Technique 4: Fused Deposit Modelling 42 Technique 5: 3D printing 48

Technique 6: PolyJet Matrix 56

3D printing for architecture 64 Printing using concrete 66 Revolution at the construction site 72

Colophon 76

Contents



6

connection for curtain wall systems printedin stainless steel. Italian engineer EnricoDini printed a folly of about three squaremeters using a machine he developed

himself.

Often, people refer to 3D printing for con-venience; the various techniques referred toby this concept indeed correspond to thefamiliar two-dimensional printing. Digitaldata is converted into motions of a printer

head that creates a physical object with thedesired shape. In addition to 3D printing,more concepts are used, such as RapidPrototyping, Rapid Manufacturing, RapidTooling, Stereolithography and LaserSintering. Sometimes they concern moreor less synonyms, sometimes they concerndifferent techniques. In 2009, the ASTM

Additive Manufacturing

3D printing is no longer a spectaculartechnique of the future, but a common

production method of today. By now, every-one has learned about the 3D printed scalemodels, jewellery and furniture. Moreover,with medical implants, about half of theWest European population has a 3D printin their mouth. Dutch fashion designerIris van Herpen has included 3D printed

clothing in her recent collection ‘Escapism’. In architecture and construction, 3Dprinting has yet to become daily practice,but extensive research is being conductedinto the creation of façade parts forinstance, by Holger Strauß at the DelftUniversity of Technology. Alcoaarchitectuur systemen is already using a



7

Introduction

F42-committee that defines internationaltechnical standards for the industry decidedto record the term Additive Manufacturing(AM) as the general term. This concerns

processes in which objects are createdbased on a digital 3D model, without useof a mould, and with no material beingremoved, as in subtractive productiontechniques such as milling. Rapid Manufacturing (RM) is a form ofAM and concerns the creation of finished

products. If RM is not feasible for whateverreason, Rapid Tooling may be a solution:printing a mould which is then used tocreate the desired product in small seriesand using the desired material.

The digital 3D model required for the objectto be printed is created using Computer

Aided Design (CAD). It is also possible toscan an existing object. The digital 3Dmodels might have to be cleaned up, if theyare not suitable for a printer. Then, the CAD

file has to be converted into a STL formatthat the 3D printer will be able to read. Thisformat describes a 3D surface in triangles.Subsequently, the STL file will have to becut up in digital slices in view of printingin layers, and converted into a G-code thatcontrols the 3D printer. Then the object is

formed, usually layer by layer, by gluing,melting or curing powder or liquid.Thanks to the AM-techniques, virtually anyobject modeled on the computer can berealized. This gives designers and architectsgreat freedom in (complex) design, butalso in customization and individualadjustments.




8




9

Additive Manufacturing techniques



10

1 2 3

scanner system

laser

layers ofsolified resin

liquid resin

platformand piston




11

Stereolithography (SLA) is one of the oldesttechniques of Rapid Manufacturing. Themachine uses a computer controlled laserand a fluid photopolymer. Instructed by a

CAD file, a laser beam moves across a thinlayer of liquid. The polymer solidifies dueto the light. After the laser has cured thesurface of the photopolymer at the desiredlocations, the platform descends and a newlayer of liquid polymer is applied by themachine. In this layer, the laser again willdraw and cure the desired shape. Support-ing structures are required during printingfor cantilevers, cavities and fine structures.They are created the same way. Theplatform on which the object is shaped,gradually descends the distance of the layerthickness. This way the object is built fromthe bottom up. Once the machine is done,

the support is removed manually and themodel can be removed from the machine. Various synthetic resins are available forSLA with various mechanical properties.The technique uses high resolution and aremarkably high precision (about 0.2mm).This makes SLA suitable for many appli-cations, such as working prototypes andcomponents. Objects created through thistechnique usually have a smooth surface.

Technique 1

Stereolithography

End products can be created using addi-tional finishing phases. However, stereo-lithography also has a number oflimitations. The freedom of design is

limited by the necessity of the supportingstructures for overhangs and cavities.Moreover, the realization speed is prettylow. The Dutch research institute TNO hasdeveloped the Improved Micro StereoLithograph. According to the institute, the‘Lepus’ machine builds significantly morelayers per hour, due to which a (relatively)high construction speed is feasible atresolutions up to 0,025 mm. Stereolithography was developed in1987 by the company 3D-Systems from theUnited States. The common abbreviationSLA was derived from StereolithographyApparatus. The abbreviation STL refers to

the same technique.

S li h h



12

Year 2003

Photographer i.materialise

Lotus.MGX lamp Designer Janne Kytannenwww.jannekyttanen.com

Manufacturer .MGX by Materialisewww.i.materialise.com

Stereolithography

Stereolithography



13

Year 2010

Dragonfly.MGX

* Jan Wertell, Gernot Oberfell andMathias Bär

Designer WertellOberfell-Platform*www.platform-net.com



Stereolithography



Stereolithography



15

RibbonEarrings

Year 2011

Photographer Svetlana & John Briscella

Designer Svetlana & John Briscellawww.aminimalstudio.com

Manufacturer AMINIMAL studiowww.aminimalstudio.com

Stereolithography

Stereolithography



16

Year 2011

Photographer Svetlana & John Briscella

RibbonNecklace

Designer Svetlana & John Briscellawww.aminimalstudio.com

Manufacturer AMINIMAL studiowww.aminimalstudio.com

g p y

Stereolithography



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18

1 2 3

scanner system

laser

chamber undermelting pointof the materialpowder

powder

building platform

powder deliverysystem



Selective Laser Sintering



20

Bloom

Photographer Thomas Duval

Year 2010

Designer Patrick Jouinwww.patrickjouin.com





21

Year 2007

AI.MGX Designer Assa Ashuachwww.assaashuach.com

Photographer Stéphane Briolant





22

Year 2010


Parasite Designer Hans Palacioswww.morphingdesign.com





23


Year 2005

One_Shot.MGX Designer Patrick Jouinwww.patrickjouin.com





24

Year 2009

Photographer Bram Geenen

Gaudi Stool Designer Bram Geenenwww.studiogeenen.com

Manufacturer plasticproto.comwww.plasticproto.com



26

Year 2006—2007

Photographer Chequita Nahar

Captured Designer Chequita Naharwww.chequitanahar.nl





27

Year 2006—2007

Photographer Chequita Nahar

Blossom Designer Chequita Naharwww.chequitanahar.nl





28

Photographer Rinus Roelofs

Year 2004

Spiral Loop Designer Rinus Roelofswww.rinusroelofs.nl

Manufacturer TNOwww.tno.nl




29


Year 2008

Double Cube –Connected Holes

Designer Rinus Roelofswww.rinusroelofs.nl

Manufacturer Layerwisewww.layerwise.com




30


Year 2010

Helical Holes Designer Rinus Roelofswww.rinusroelofs.nl





31


Year 2010

Four MoebiusBands


Manufacturer Shapewayswww.shapeways.com




32


Year 2005

OctahedralConstruction


Manufacturer TNOwww.tno.nl




33

Year 2010

Photographer Sandy Noble

PolyopticBraceletsand Rings

Designer Sandy Noblewww.uptomuch.co.uk

Manufacturer Up To Much Design + Makewww.uptomuch.co.uk



36

Year 2009

Photographer Norbert Palz

CITA_SampleKnitted Material

Designer Norbert Palzwww.cita.karch.dk

Manufacturer DAVINCI developmentwww.davinci.dk




37

Year 2005

Photographer Freedom Of Creation

1597 (D32)Wall light

Designer Janne Kyttanenwww.jannekyttanen.com

Manufacturer Freedom Of Creationwww.freedomofcreation.com



38

1 2 3

working platform

light resin bathon top of glass pane

UV light mirror matrix


Digital Light Processing



39

Digital Light Processing (DLP) uses liquidphotopolymer that is cured in the desiredform by exposing it to UV light. As opposedto stereolithography, the light source doesnot move across the liquid, but the polymeris exposed at once. Through a mirror matrixthe UV light is projected on a glass sheet,that forms the bottom of a chamber filledwith a liquid polymer. Due to this, the entiresurface is exposed at once, except for thosespots where the microscopic mirrors don’treflect light (a so-called ‘ bitmap mask’).

The software sends information to the mir-ror matrix, activating each mirror individu-ally to tilt in respect of the light source andto reflect the light (selective light modula-tion) through a lens on the glass sheet. Dueto this, the liquid polymer can be cured withgreat accuracy. What further distinguishesthis technique from others is that the workplatform – the top of the constructionchamber – is constantly rising. This meansthat the object grows as a homogenousshape, avoiding the layered or sandy ap-pearance which is the result of other tech-niques. In addition, the object isconstructed upside down.

Objects created have a smooth surface,and thanks to the continuous process and

the very high resolution at DLP, are very ac-curate. For that reason, DLP is applied formolds for jewelry among other things, butalso for medical products such as hearingaids and dentures. The materials appliedare high-quality wax types. For products thatwill be worn on the skin or that will be im-planted, materials tolerated by the body willbe used. Digital Light Processing was developed in2002 by the German company Envisiontec.Special medical and dental applications

have been developed by the company in col-laboration with Materialise, 3Shape and re-spectively Dental-Wings.

Technique 3




40

Photographer Martin Tamke

Manufacturer 3D Print Nordicwww.3dprintnorge.com

Year 2011

Fractal City Designer CITA*www.cita.karch.dk

* Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen,Martin Tamke & Jacob Riiber




41



42

extrusion nozzles

moving platform

building platform

build material spool

support material spool

1 2 3



Fused Deposit Modelling



44

Photographer Martijn Elserman

Manufacturer Ultimaking Ltd.www.ultimaker.com

Year 2011

Designer Ultimaker*www.ultimaker.com

Ultimaker

* Martijn Elserman, Erik de Bruijn,Siert Wijnia



46

Year 2009

Photographer Z33, Kristof Vrancken

Samples L’ArtisanElectronique

Designer Unfold* i.s.m. Tim Knapenwww.unfold.be

Manufacturer Unfold & Bits from Byteswww.unfold.be

* Dries Verbruggen & Claire Warnier




47

Year 2011

Photographer Jonathan Wong

PenroseTriangle Illusion

Designer Jonathan Wongwww.sfoggle.com.au

Manufacturer Sfoggle Pty Ltdwww.sfoggle.com.au

printhead with



48

1 2 3

binder andcolour cartridge

powder bedas supportstructure

building platform

roller

powder

powder deliverysystem


3D printingTechniek 5



49

3D Printing – not intended as the generalindication, but as a specific technique – issimilar to the inkjet printing of documentswhich has become very familiar. The print-ing machine is equipped with the commonink cartridge that contains ink with a bind-ing agent. Prescribed by a CAD file, this isprinted in small drops on a thin layer ofpowder. The layer of powder, which mayconsist of plaster, ceramic or resin powderfor instance, can be considered the equiva-lent of paper in inkjet printing. Coloured

glue is used to bind the powder into a layerof the design that also adheres to theunderlying layer. After each print layer, theplatform on which the print process takesplace descends and a new layer of powderis shoved onto the work platform. The print-ing process occurs layer for layer – ‘papersheet after paper sheet’ – and the object isbuilt up from the bottom. The powder thatdoesn’t cure – because it is on a non-printlocation – serves as supporting materialfor cavities, cantilevers etc. No separatesupporting construction has to be provided. Once the printing process is completed,the loose powder can be removed using a

brush or compressed air. The powder canthen be reused. The printed object is fragile

and has to be solidified by dipping it intosynthetic resin or super glue. Objectscreated through 3D Printing (3DP) are lessstrong than objects created through SLS forinstance and are more like fragile plastics.The surface has a sandy, grainy appearance.Due to the fragility, the technology is mainlysuitable for (architectural) scale models,figures, awards and other decorative items. An advantage of 3DP is that it currentlyis the only technique that allows for multi-colour printing. The colour of the powder is

off-white/greyish, but the surface can havevirtually any colour. The desired coloursare achieved by combining four different(CMYK) coloured glues. The resolution is600 x 540 dpi. A UV coating, applied asspray, prevents the object from discolouring. The 3D printing process was developedat the MIT in the United States in the nine-ties. Since 2000 the American companiesZ Corporation, Stratasys and 3D-Systemsand the German Voxeljet have been sellingit as commercial technology.



3D printing



51

Year 2009 Photographer Frank Tjepkema

Oogst 1 Designer Tjep.www.tjep.com

Manufacturer Tjep. / FabLabwww.tjep.com

3D printing



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Photographer Rinus RoelofsYear 2008

EntwinedPentagonalKnot


Manufacturer Jonk Models and Publicitywww.jonkmp.nl

3D printing



53

Photographer Rinus RoelofsYear 2011

Helical Holes 3 Designer Rinus Roelofswww.rinusroelofs.nl

Manufacturer Dinitechwww.d-shape.com

3D printing



54

Year 2010 Photographer Martin Tamke

LamellaFlock Designer CITA*www.cita.karch.dk

Manufacturer CITA at School of Architecturewww.cita.karch.dk

* Martin Tamke and Jacob Riiber

54

3D printing



55




PolyJet MatrixTechniek 6



57

The PolyJet Matrix technology uses liquidpolymers jetted by the machine throughcountless of spraying nozzles. The printerhead moves back and forth, just like incommon printers. The liquid photopolymeris constantly applied in a very thin layer (16to 30 micron). The applied layer is instantlycured by using UV light (polymerized).Thanks to the instant curing of the thinlayers, it’s not necessary to post-process the

end product. The high-precision construc-tion allows for very thin 0.6 mm walls.For cavities or cantilevers in the object, asupporting construction is required. Build-ing material and the non-toxic gel-likesupport material are applied simultane-ously. The platform on which the object isbuilt, gradually descends the distance of thelayer thickness. The supporting structurecan be easily removed by using a WaterJetdevice, only leaving the desired object. The PolyJet Matrix has great accuracy anddelivers products with an outstandingsmooth surface. In addition, a large numberof materials is available for this technology,

such as different rubber-like flexiblematerials, engineering plastics ABS-like,

clear transparent as well as rigid opaquematerials in various colours and PP-likematerial. Objet, founded in 1998, is the patentholder of this technology and provides thepossibility with PolyJet Matrix Technologyof printing objects in several materials, withdifferent mechanical and physical proper-ties in one print run. Each of the eightprinter heads contains 96 spraying nozzles

that are controlled separately. Materials canbe combined in different manners: a hardopaque and a hard transparent material forinstance, or a hard and a flexible material.This way, objects can be created in differentcolours and materials as well as compositematerials – all in a single build.

PolyJet Matrix



58

Year 2009 Photographer Norbert Palz

CITA_SamplesMaterialSpecification

Designer Norbert Palzwww.cita.karch.dk

Manufacturer Objetwww.objet.com

PolyJet Matrix



59

Year 2008 Photographer Norbert Palz

Objet Designer Norbert Palz & Bernhard Sommerwww.cita.karch.dk


PolyJet Matrix



60

Year 2009 Photographer Objet

chair ergonomicchaise lounge

Designer Neri Oxmanweb.media.mit.edu/~neri


PolyJet Matrix



61

Year 2009

Photographer Objet

head sampleobjet

Designer Objetwww.objet.com


PolyJet Matrix



Year 2009

Photographer Objet

architecturemodel

Designer Objetwww.objet.com


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PolyJet Matrix



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3D printing for architecture



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Printing using concrete: large scale RM



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The introduction of Rapid Manufacturing(RM) could create a major breakthrough inthe current outdated construction methods.Concrete, which was invented as far back as100 B.C. is still being used as basic buildingmaterial. The current construction activitymainly consists of manual labour and newtechnologies merely focus on the auto-mation of that manual labour, withoutquestioning the construction process itself.

The construction industry is sensing in -creased pressure to modernize its activities.People are facing dangerous workingenvironments and a shortage of craftsmen,but people are also looking for ways torespond to the emerging climate andenvironmental issues. The constructionindustry is responsible for one third of thewaste produced around the world. By

designing and building our buildings ascomplete systems, we could save up to 75%in energy. It is the task of the architect toprovide an answer for these challenges. Architects have always drawn what theyare able to build and built what they are ableto draw. Recent developments in CAD/CAMtechnology are the first step in the rightdirection, but change nothing about theconstruction process: the CNC cutting

machine only replaces the carpenter withthe handsaw. RM however, provides acompletely new construction method.Various complex actions, such as materialproduction, material removal, materialtreatment and assembly are replaced bya repetition of simple, identical, computercontrolled operations.

Having a complete building roll out of a printer may seem like purefiction, but this reality is closer than you think. ‘Freeform Fabrication’ is aresearch project in which a computer controlled machine creates concreteconstructions. An immensely large printer that doesn’t produce ink, butconcrete, converts a digital model into a physical object. ‘Large Scale

Rapid Manufacturing’ creates new possibilities in architecture.

Text Sam Bernaerdt and Kevin Van Hauwaert


‘Freeform Fabrication’: construction processes it is economically



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Freeform Fabrication :architecture reinvented

The advantages of RM for the constructionindustry are virtually endless, but the mainissue of today is the lack of an adjustedtechnology: current technologies are notsuitable for large scale applications of RM.Fortunately, the search for a suitable

process is in full effect. “Freeform Fabrica-tion: Mega-scale rapid manufacturing forconstruction” is one of them: a researchproject, launched in 2006 at the Universityof Loughborough (Innovative Manu-facturing and Construction ResearchCentre) where a 5 × 5 × 5 m RM machinewas created, able to print concrete trailswith a resolution of 9 × 6 mm.With the arrival of this machine, architectswill soon be able to develop a completelynew design language. Not only the outerappearance of our buildings will changedrastically, but their performance as well.RM allows for better integration of facilities,

such as ventilation and wiring channels,heating and context-specific requirementswithin printed components. Architects willhave to reconsider the design of day to dayconstruction components, such as thetraditional wall structure. For instance,why do columns look identical in so manybuildings, when they have different loads?The answer is easy: with the current

construction processes, it is economicallyand technically more feasible to produceidentical columns. RM however, allows forcolumn-specific optimization. This newdevelopment may lead to a drastic reduc-tion of material use within the constructionindustry. Moreover, there will be virtually nolimits with regard to the geometriccomplexity of our constructions. Things get

even more interesting when differentmaterials are printed using the sameprocess, such is already the case in recentRM technologies for small scale applica-tions. Time will tell what this will lead to,but certain is that the imminent introduc-tion of RM into the construction industrywill entail drastic changes.

DesignIn current RP techniques, the print resolu-tion is so high that the structure is hardlyvisible for the naked eye. The concreteprinter distinguishes itself with regard tothis because of the relatively thick concrete

trails, making the path the printer headtravels very present in the printed model,significantly affecting the surface texture.For architects this will form an importantpart of the design. The existing CAMsoftware does not offer possibilities tofreely choose the printing path, forcing thearchitect to look for alternative methodsto create these paths.

Printing using concrete



69

Using the G-Code Toolkit, the same shape can be printed in different ways




70

Usually a model is built from a dazzlingamount of trails, making the manualdrawing process of the paths the work oftitans. “Large scale rapid manufacturing forconstruction: the architecture of a newdesign environment” has become a studyinto the different methods to intelligentlyshape these paths. Through parametric

CAD software, the logic of a filling patternthat automatically generates paths can bedescribed. However, these methods forgenerating printer paths have a downside:they require significant knowledge ofcomplex 3D modeling or programming.Most architects would rather focus on thedesign than on the computer part, and aretherefore unable to use this method.

New design environmentAlthough the possibilities of this concreteprinter are huge, it can only be deployed ifthe technology is accessible. There is a needfor easy and swift communication between

the designer and this machine. To meet thisneed, we developed software that allowsdesigners, engineers and architects to usethis technique. By granting the designercontrol over the machine and by bringingthe both of them closer together, thedevelopment of the Freeform Fabricationproject is stimulated. Each designer able todraw a 3D shape, can use this technique.

Printing using concrete



71

G-Code Toolkit and G-Code It‘G-Code Toolkit’ is CAD software that loadsa model, divides it into layers and subse-quently generates the printing pathsautomatically according to certain patterns.The user can determine the filling patternfor every layer. He may choose from a seriesof standard filling patterns, to which he can

apply a number of variations. By combiningdifferent patterns, he is given numerouspossibilities, allowing the same shape to beprinted in various manners. It is alsopossible to visualize the resulting concretetrails in ‘G-Code Toolkit’. This allows thearchitect to see the final printed result inadvance. ‘G-Code It’ is CAM software thatmakes sure that the concrete trails designedare correctly printed. The imported printerpaths are converted into G-Code. Theprinting process itself can be simulatedusing ‘G-Code It’ as well. These paths can either be generated auto-matically by the ‘G-Code Toolkit’, but they

can also originate from another source: anyCAD software can be used for this. Thelatter makes sure that the designer is notlimited by the options of the built-in fillingpatterns, but that he/she can have theconcrete printer follow any path.

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank their

promoter prof. Xavier De Kestelier formaking this thesis possible. They also wantto thank the scientists of the FreeformFabrication project for their willing coopera-tion.

This is an abbreviated version of a study reportof Sam Bernaerdt and Kevin Van Hauwaert

The authorsSam Bernaerdt and Kevin Van Hauwaertgraduated June 2009 as Masters in Engineering:Architecture at the University of Ghent. Theywere awarded their diploma for their thesis:‘Large Scale Rapid Manufacturing in Construc-tion Industry: the Architecture of a New Design

Environment’ supervised by prof. XavierDe Kestelier.Since September 2009, Sam Bernaerdt hasbeen working part-time as assistant computersupporting design techniques at the Universityof Ghent and part-time at Materialise in Leuven.(email: [email protected])Kevin Van Hauwaert has been working atengineer architect at architecten VandeKerckhove (AVDK) in Heule and is manager ofV2A. (email: [email protected])




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Parametric designFrom 2003 to 2010, Van Zuuk wasprofessor at the TU Eindhoven where he

h d b ld

the movement of the printer head and thedistribution of the ink on the paper.

In 3D printing, digital information isd h f h




74

taught graduates to build computer scriptsto translate lawful actions into a complexbuilding shape. The so-called parametricdesigning process facilitates the realizationof complex shapes. Because once such ascript has been created – a process thattakes weeks – the designer can refine hisdesign as much as he wants, with the

computer generating the end result atlightning speed. In this, the dimensions andthe positions of the elements of which thedesign consists are instantly calculated. VanZuuk considers parametric designing to bethe way to facilitate the manufacturability ofcomplex buildings. The downside is that thecomputer is more accurate than the build-ing practice. “If the computer calculatesthat a beam should be exactly five meters,the slot that needs to hold that beam at theconstruction site could be a centimeterlarger or smaller”.

3D printing

During his departure from the TU, van Zuukdidn’t just look back at his time in Eind-hoven and his experiences with parametricdesigning, but mainly discussed a possiblerevolution for the construction site: 3Dprinting. The way the 3D printer works isbest described by comparing it to printingdocuments. The computer makes sure thatthe digital data is instantly converted into

converted into the movement of the printerhead as well. The difference is however thatthe paper has been replaced by sand forinstance, and ink is replaced by a bindingagent. Where the printer prints per page,the 3D printer adds a new layer of sand perprint layer. The moving printer head spraysa binding agent onto the sand, due to which

it cures. By ‘building’ layer for layer usingthis method, a square sand volume iscreated, within which a cured structurearises. After removing the loose sand,the cured structure remains. There are countless possibilities in termsof materials. For instance, basic materialshave been developed that, after curing, havethe properties of wood and natural stonefor instance. Printing in colour is possibleas well.

The development of large 3D printers isin full effect. The Italian dr. ing. Enrico Diniis the first person who printed a three meterhigh and wide folly using a machine he

developed himself. The next step is his 6 by6 meter machine, which he can use to ploteven larger objects.

Material is moneyWhere parametric designing has provento be a great tool within the constructionpractice – which is characterized by laws –it is still trapped within limitations. What if



Colophon



76

Publisher Architectenweb BV

Graphic designDavid Llamas

Editor

Robert Muis

TextsRobert MuisWith contributions bySam Bernaerdt, Kevin Van Hauwaert andRobert-Jan de Kort

Curator & OrganisationMarisa Richter

Employees for this exhibitionTanya DochevaFrederik CeulemansIne Van de Velde

Sjoerd ReitsmaSehrish Shakeel

PrintingIpskamp Drukkers

www.materia.nl

Materia is trademark of Architectenweb (Pvt) Ltd.

Materia Goes3d en 3d Printing

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