Masterplan analysis

ancient china

polit

ics

http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882

Neolithic China

ancient china

polit

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Shang dynasty (16th-11th century BC)

ca 1700-1046 BC - Shang Dynasty - the first Chinese state for which clear written records remain - unites much of north central China.

ancient china

polit

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Western Zhou dynasty (1066 BC - 771 BC)

1045-ca 770 BC - Zhou dynasty replaces Shang as dominant force across northern China,

ancient china

polit

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Eastern Zhou dynasty (771 BC - 256 BC)

ca 770 BC - Zhou state collapses into loose association of warring states, known as the Eastern Zhou.

imperial china

polit

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1st Empire: Qin dynasty (221BC- 206BC)

221-206 BC - King Ying Zheng of Qin for the first time unites much of the Chinese heartland, becomes the first ruler to use the title “emperor” as Qin Shihuangdi (“First Qin Emperor”) and builds first Great Wall of China, but his empire quickly collapses after his death. After a brief period of instability, Liu Bang founds the Han dynasty.

imperial china

polit

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2nd Empire: Han dynasty (206BC - 220AD) - at its greatest extent

206 BC - 220 AD - Han Dynasty: first durable state gov-erning the entire Chinese heartland, ushers in first Chinese cultural “golden age”, growth in money economy, and the promotion of Confucianism as the state philosophy. Bud-dhism makes its first inroads into China.

imperial china

polit

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Reunification under Sui dynasty (581 - 618AD)

220 - 589 - Collapse of Han state results in nearly four centuries of division between competing dynasties before China is reunited by the short-lived Sui dynasty. Start of the development of southern China.

imperial china

polit

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Period of great strength and prosperity: Tang dynasty (618-907AD)

618-907 - Tang Dynasty unites China for nearly three centu-ries, in what is seen as the second high point of Chinese civili-sation after the Han; imperial sphere of influence reaches Cen-tral Asia for the first time.

imperial china

polit

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Unification under Northern Song, Liao and Western Xia (960- 1126AD)

960-1279 - Song Dynasty: While weaker than the Tang empire militarily and politically, Song rule marks a high point of Chi-nese classical culture, with a flowering of literature, scientific innovation and the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology.

imperial china

polit

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Partition of China into southern Song, Jin , Western Xia, Western liao (1126- 1279 AD)

960-1279 - Song Dynasty: While weaker than the Tang empire militarily and politically, Song rule marks a high point of Chinese classical culture, with a flowering of literature, scientific innovation and the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology.

imperial china

polit

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Mongols conquer China: Unification under Yuan dynasty (1279 - 1368 AD)

1271-1368 - Mongols conquer China and establish their own Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan. Marco Polo and other Westerners visit. Beijing becomes the capital of a united China.

imperial china

polit

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Period of Autocracy: Ming dynasty (1368- 1644 AD)

1368 - 1644 Ming Dynasty overthrows Mongols and establishes sophisticated agricultural economy, under-pinning strong centralised bureaucracy and military. Great Wall of China completed in the form seen today.

imperial china

polit

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Manchu ruled China: Qing dynasty (1644-1911AD) - last imperial dynasty in China

1644 - 1911 Manchu Qing Dynasty drives out Ming. Chinese empire reaches its zenith, with the annex-ation of Tibet, Mongolia and present-day Xinjiang (Turkestan).

modern china

polit

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Republic of China (1911 - today) - (source: Taiwan ROC): ROC claimed sovereignty to Xinjiang, Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet, although within this period, Taiwan was ruled by Japan while Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet became independent or autonomous from China.

Republic of China in Taiwan (1949 - today) - Republic of China today consists of The Islands of Taiwan, Matsu, Kinmen and Penghu according to the ammendment to the Constitution of the R O C .

polit

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today’s china

People’s Republic of China (1949-today) - PRC occupied Tibet in 1950 and continued to claim sover-eignty over Taiwan, although from 1949 onwards, it did not rule Taiwan. PRC however recognises the independence of Mongolia.

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1911-12 - Military revolts by reform-minded officers lead to proclamation of Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen and abdication of last Qing emperor. Repub-lic struggles to consolidate its rule amid regional war-lordism and the rise of the Communist Party.

1925 - The death of Sun Yat-sen brings Chiang Kai-shek to the fore. He breaks with the Commu-nists and confirms the governing Kuomintang as a nationalist party.

1931-45 - Japan invades and gradually occupies more and more of China.

1934-35 - Mao Zedong emerges as Communist leader during the party’s “Long March” to its new base in Shaanxi Province.

1937 - Kuomintang and Communists nominally unite against Japanese. Civil war resumes after Japan’s defeat in Second World War.

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1949 - 1 October - Mao Zedong, having led the Communists to victory against the Nationalists after more than 20 years of civil war, proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan and set up a government there.

1950 - China intervenes in the Korean War on the side of North Korea.

Tibet becomes part of the People’s Republic of China1958 - Mao launches the “Great Leap Forward”, a

five-year economic plan. Farming is collectivised and labour-intensive industry is introduced. The drive produces economic breakdown and is aban-doned after two years. Disruption to agriculture is blamed for the deaths by starvation of millions of people following poor harvests.

1966-76 - “Cultural Revolution”, Mao’s 10-year political and ideological campaign aimed at reviving revolutionary spirit, produces massive social, economic and political upheaval.

1976 - Mao dies. “Gang of Four”, including Mao’s widow, jockey for power but are arrested and con-victed of crimes against the state. From 1977 Deng Xiaoping emerges as the dominant figure among pragmatists in the leadership. Under him, China undertakes far-reaching economic reforms.

1979 - Government imposes one-child policy in effort to curb population growth.

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1986-90 - China’s “Open-door policy” opens the country to foreign investment and encourages devel-opment of a market economy and private sector.

1989 - Troops open fire on demonstrators who have camped for weeks in Tiananmen Square initially to demand the posthumous rehabilitation of former CCP General Secre-tary Hu Yaobang, who was forced to resign in 1987. The official death toll is 200. Inter-national outrage leads to sanctions.

1989 - Jiang Zemin takes over as Chinese Commu-nist Party general secretary from Zhao Ziyang, who refused to support martial law during the Tianan-men demonstrations.

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1993 - Jiang Zemin officially replaces Yang Shangkun as president.

Preliminary construction work on the Three Gorges dam begins. It will create a lake al-most 600 kilometres (375 miles) long and submerge dozens of cultural heritage sites by the time it is completed in 2009.

1994 - China abolishes the official renminbi (RMB) currency exchange rate and fixes its first floating rate since 1949.

1996 - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz-stan and Tajikistan - dubbed the Shanghai Five - meet in Shanghai and agree to coop-erate to combat ethnic and religious tensions in each others’ countries.

1997 - Deng Xiaoping dies, aged 92. Rioting erupts in Yining, Xinjiang and on day of Deng’s funeral Xinjiang separatists plant three bombs on buses in Urumqi, Xinjiang, killing nine and injuring 74.

Hong Kong reverts to Chinese control.

1998 - Zhu Rongji succeeds Li Peng as pre-mier, announces reforms in the wake of the Asian financial crisis and continued decel-eration of the economy. Thousands of state-owned enterprises are to be restructured through amalgamations, share flotations and bankruptcies. About four million civil service jobs to be axed.

Large-scale flooding of the Yangtse, Songhua and Nenjiang rivers.

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1999 - Fiftieth anniversary of People’s Re-public of China on 1st October.

2000 - Beijing is awarded the Olympic games of 2008

2002 November - Vice-President Hu Jintao is named head of the ruling Com-munist Party, replacing Jiang Zemin, the outgoing president. Jiang is re-elected head of the influential Central Military Commission, which oversees the armed forces.

2003 March-April - China and Hong Kong are hit by the pneumonia-like Sars virus

2003 July-August - Some 500,000 people march in Hong Kong against Article 23, a controversial anti-subversion bill. Two key Hong Kong government officials re-sign. The government shelves the bill.

2005 April - Relations with Japan deteri-orate amid sometimes-violent anti-Jap-anese protests in Chinese cities, sparked by a Japanese textbook which China says glosses over Japan’s World War II record.

2006 May - Work on the structure of the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest hydropower project, is completed. 2006 August - Official news agency

says 18 million people are affected by what it describes as the country’s worst drought in 50 years.

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2008 August - Beijing hosts Olympic Games

2009 February - Russia and China sign $25bn deal to supply China with oil for next 20 years in ex-change for loans.

2010 January - China posts a 17.7% rise in exports in Decem-ber, suggesting it has overtaken Germany as the world’s biggest exporter. 2011 February - China formal-

ly overtakes Japan to become the world’s second-largest economy after Tokyo published figures show-ing a Japanese GDP rise of only four per cent in 2010.

polit

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china quick facts

Peoples Republic of China, a sovereign state located in East Asia.

The worlds most populous country, over 1.35 billionA single party state governed by the communist party

China’s political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties. Lasted 150 BCE – 1911 CE

China is a socialist state espousing communism and is ruled by the communist party of china

The president is Xi Jinping, who is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and the chairman of the central military commission

The premier is Li Keqiang

polit

ics

http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/city/suzhou/

suzhou quick facts

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

916.89 billion RMB

GDP growth

13.2%

FIxed Asset Investment

361.78 billion RMB

Utilized Foreign Direct Investment

8.54 billion US$Imports

120.97 billion US$

Exports

153.11 billion US$

Suzhou

Xiangcheng District

Xiangcheng

Changshu

Taicang

SIP Kunshan

Shanghai

Wuzhong

HuqiuGusu

Wujiang

Taihu Lake

Zhangjiagang

Yangtze River

The Xiangcheng district is located in the north part of Suzhou city, as the northern gate of the old city. It is adjacent to the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) in the east and neighbours the Suzhou New Development Zone(SND) in the west.

LeadLead by the traditional business industry, focusing on various specialized markets (Precision machinery, autoparts, energy saving and environmental protection technology), boosted by the real estate industry and the new service industry, the whole district has been building its new economic system in the recent years. In March 2012, 16 new projects - 8 domestic and 8 foreign - totalling RMB7.7billion were anounced for the area. Twelve of these projects are in the categories of either advanced manufacturing (precision machinery, electronic equipment components) or emerging sectors (new materials, environmental protection).

XiangchengXiangcheng District is one of the leading areas within the expansion range in Suzhou central city and it is a new city area of great potential and vigor. demographics

Population: 10,549,100 Density: 1,200 people/km2Urban population: 5,454,500 Urban density: 2,000 people/km2.

Total Area: 8,488.42 km2 Land: 6,093.92 km2WWater: (28%) 2,394.50 km2

Population: 693,576Density: 1,667 people/km2Total Area: 416 km2

Suzhou economy

Xiangcheng economyFrom the year 2001 since Xiangcheng district was founded, Xiangcheng's economy has been rising very fast. In 2007, Xiangcheng's local GDP has achieved 23.22 billion RMB, with a yearly increased rate of 22.8%; The local normal financial income is 19.6 billion RMB, the average yearly increase rate is 38.5%. In the first 7 years since the district was founded, it attracted 1082 foreign investment projects, register foreign capital 3.11 billion GB pounds, the real received foreign capital £1.73 billion GB pounds. Urban disposable income per capita is 20213 RMB (£2052 GBP), Rural net income reached 10187 RMB (£1034 GBP) with the increasing rate more then 10%.

Suzhou’s economy represents the highest growth and the fastest expansion in the past 5-10 years in the region and in China. The city’ GDP has surpassed all neighbouring cities except Shanghai.

The Suzhou government take an active part in the invorgorating the local economy. It acts in accordance with market economy rules as well as laying out an explicit blueprint in order to attract investors. Unlike many areas of China that only focus on building the hardware, Suzhou has also invested heavily in the software required to effectively attract investment.

Current industry in Suzhou

Company directors say that Suzhou’s quality of life has improved dramatically in the last three years, and as a result they are willingly to move operations to the city. The per capita income is among the ‘Top 5’ of China's cities.

Average annual income: 117,200 RMB (£11,920 GBP)Disposable income: 26,320 RMB (£2,675 GBP)

SuzhouSuzhou is an electronics and clothing manufacture center. It is also has rich agricultural area, and an abundance of fossil fuels.

The city is currently the world leader in the production of laptops and digital cameras.

Currently there are 138 companies from the Fortune 500 listings based in Suzhou

34.2%Tertiary industry

(finance, trade, services)

37.9%Secondary(industry)

27.9%Primary (agriculture, pearls, mining, oil)

demographics

one child policy

China’saverage

Natural

100

JiangxiHenan

100

10 otherProvences

100

105

100

114 130+ 140

01979 2012

China130% Growth

India180% Growth.4b

.8b

1.2b

1.6b

social issues

Created in 1979 by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to temporarily limit communist China's population growth.

Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies.

TheThe rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of 1.3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years.

This rule has caused a disdain for female infants resulting in abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide have been known to occur to female infants.

Since China began enforcing the One-Child Policy in 1979, over 37 million girls have disappeared in the world’s largest gendercide and over 336 million forced and coerced abortions have occurred under the policy’s reign.

Parents attend ‘Marriage Markets’ in Shanghai

ageing population

social issues

One of the greatest issues currently facing China is their aging population, with 200 million over the age of 60. A new law requires adults to provide mental and financial support to their aging parents. If adults fail to honor this responsibility, they face fines and other punishment.

90% of older adults live off their family’s support. However, as the number of children shrinks because of family planning policies, there are fewer supporting the resources for the elderly.

By 2050 more than a quarter of the population will be over 65 years old

China was a developing country, with high birth rates and a life expectancy of about 44 years.

When children of the one-child generation reach their 30s or 40s, there is a good chance their parents and grandparents will be alive and need some form of care.

China's one-child policy was introduced in 1979. Exemptions are allowed, eg. couples who had a girl first, families in rural areas, etc.

1950

1980

2010

suzhou culture - opera and gardens

vernacular

Kunqu Opera China’s oldest opera, was founded in Suzhou. Kunqu is a blend of dance and martial arts, and musical accompaniment of drums, singing, three stringed lute mainly. Known as the ‘father of a hundred plays,’ it is a highly honoured part of Chinese culture and captures the life and energy and history of China. One might say it is authentically Chinese.

SuzhouSuzhou Gardens Circle openings perforate the garden wall, offering a view to the beauty within- the water and plants and trees and birds and colours. One can achieve peace with nature in the garden. Traditional architecture is found in the garden landscape.

Kunqu | Baidu Encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=QLDu_LeXv18IxRxezVnAPXr7FrM712d7aUYivM_x_hQLcDTUXRGI-pXoKOm9ICUb. [Accessed 23 October 2013].

suzhou house - old town

vernacular

Two storey white wall houses with grey tiled pitched roofs follow the grid layout and the canal network in Suzhou. Small stone arch bridges are also a feature of the old architecture that makes up the old town.

suzhou urban planning

vernacular

We can see the difference in the vernacular architecture between Suzhou SIP and the masterplan site at Wangtingzhen when we compare the urban plan of both sites. One has a strict regimented format, the other a more spaced out rural appearance. One is made up of dense housing developments and commercial tower blocks, the other is made up of rural farm buildings and industrial factories.

AA site section also gives us information about the make-up of the site. As you move from the the lake side towards the Grand Canal the buildings become larger and industrial but towards the lake there is more open space and farmland and scattered small farm houses. The factories and industrial buildings are in close proximity to the water for transport of goods and the open landscape is used for farming and agriculture.

vernacular

The Transformation and Continuity of the TraditionalDwelling in Suzhou, China by Chuan WangSubmitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture on June, 1992

traditional dwellings

housing types

The transformation of Suzhou into an urban centre represents one of China’s most economically dynamic regions and a leading force in the development of urban China. But with economic development comes population growth and with that the challenge of how to provide shelter for the millions of residents in Suzhou. Not only this but how to ensure a good quality of living whilst still capturing the essence of Chinese architecture.

To do this we must go back to the start.

TTo understand the traditional houses in China, one must always keep in mind the Chinese view of man as being at the centre of society and as enclosing space around him. In an examination of the Chinese house one finds all the basic elements which can be found in the Chinese city, and finally in the city of Suzhou. The notion of Chinese society as being an extended family or the idea of a Chinese city as being an extended house is an adequate description of Chinese culture. Certain basic architectural elements, such as the wall, the courtyard, and the gate can be found in Chinese architecture at every level.

TheThe traditional courtyard house served as the prototype for the Chinese city. Essentially the house was a walled enclosure composed of one or more courtyards, each withlesser and lower buildings on the east and west sides of each courtyard.

The courtyard house, garden house and row house are the three most common type that characterize the Suzhou traditional dwelling. The courtyard house is the prototype of all the traditional houses.

housing types

Old City (adapted from the Ping Jiang Map (1229)

Traditional Courtyard House Plan

housing types

The courtyard house is the most pervasive and influential dwelling type in China. UnUnlike western houses, where the house is surrounded by the garden, the dwellings in Suzhou have enclosing walls that obstruct the view from outside so that one sees only roofs and end- walls. gray tiles, and brick painted white or black, give this domestic architecture both unity and austerity. Any opulence is to be found only on thethe interior of the dwellings in Suzhou. In the centre will be the courtyard (or courtyards), as traditional Chinese garden are extremely private, a place of seclusion for meditation. Generally, it is an extended family that lives in the entire dwelling consisting of two to three courtyards. The various spaces are connected by courtyards, to provide aaccess to the commonly used areas, such as the kitchen, the living area, the ancestor prayer hall, and the toilets.

A typical block in Suzhou is a priori defined geometrically by the orthogonal divisions of the canals and the paths that follow them on land. These establish a predominance of long rectangular lots among an east- west axis, bordered on the south by a street alongside the canal.

This creates a very compact, dense urban environment with long narrow alleyways and the canals used as the main circulation through the city.

courtyard house

housing types

This is the authentic side of Suzhou that is slowly disappearing, an ancient neighborhood of peasant residences built around the 2500-year-old canal, some of the few remaining from the dozens that used to interweave throughout the city and function as the main thothoroughfares, much like the canals of Venice. It's now difficult to look at these dilapidated houses and visually imagine this exact section of the canal as it was.The romantic notion of living by the water was beneficial at the time when all of the canals were in use. Nowadays, out of the 25km of canal, only a few of them functions as transportation channels as before. The image of a water town is eroded by being deprieprived of its water. are of use. This means that there is no longer quick and easy access to the homes from the canal. Not only this but the canals proved it to be difficult and expensive when it came to the upkeep of the dwellings. Many occupiers could not afford the work, which is clear when we look at the damaged properties. This has resulted in the old traditional homes being abandoned with people opting to move out of the old city and into the new developments.

When the government originally redeveloped the eastern side of the bridge as an admission-charg-ing theme park (which soon became free due to a lack of patrons), the west side remained untouched as one of the last waterfront neighborhoods in 21st Century Suzhou.

canal house

Living Districts

housing type

Suzhou has an area of 8,488 square kilometers, with an urban area of 1,650 square kilometers. By latest population census in November 2010, its total population has reached 11.76 million.

SuzhouSuzhou is divided into six main areas, Old City, Downtown, Wuzhong and Xiangcheng, with two popular living districts; The Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Industrial Park. Downtown is not a popular choice due to traffic congestion, overcrowding and lack of quality apartment compounds. The two industrial parks are expanding rapidly so popular neighborhoods tend to be clustered around areas with good facilities. The choice is astounding. Most live in high-rise apartments that are located in fenced compounds with 24-hour security - many compounds have their own shops, restaurants, swimming pool and gym.gym. The other option is renting a multi-story villa which is more expensive, but might be more suitable for a family with children. The villa compounds are located on the rapidly developing fringe areas; not as close to shopping and restaurant areas but usually closer to international school campuses. Wuzhong District and Xiangcheng District are currently still undergowing major redevelopment and are rapidly expanding.

housing type

Ancient City

Downtown District

Suzhou High Tech District (SND)

Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP)

XiangchenXiangcheng D istrict

Wuzhong District

Suzhou Downtown

Wuzhong District

Character: Traditional ChineseDensity: Very condenseGreen Space: Small gardensHeight: 1-2 storey mainlyQuality: Deteriorating and run down

Character: Traditional ChineseDensity: Very condenseGreen Space: Courtyards and gardenHeight: Restricted to 6 storeysQuality: Deteriorating/redeveloped/new build

Character: Chinese/modernDensity: Dwellings more evenly spacedGreen Space: Private and Public GardensHeight: Mix of low and high riseQuality: District still in development, good standards

Suzhou Ancient City

housing types

Suzhou International Park

Suzhou New District

Character: Modern blocks/EuropeanDensity: Dwellings more evenly spacedGreen Space: Large public garden and roof terracesHeight: High rise apartment (approx 20 storey)Quality: Newly developed

Character: Modern blocksDensity: Only in heightGreen Space: Large gardens, balconies and terracesHeight: High rise apartment (20+)Quality: Up to building regs, Good quality

Character: Modern (with hint of traditional chinese)Density: Dwellings more evenly spacedGreen Space: Private and public gardens, balconiesHeight: Mix of low and high riseQuality: Up to building regs, Good quality

Xiangcheng District

housing types

housing types

Suzhou’s urban development and its incorporation into the global economy has been anchored on an export-oriented, foreign investment-led model beginning in the early 1990s through the establishment of two special economic zones (SEZ), the Suzhou New District (SND) and the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP).

SIP has a total jurisdiction aSIP has a total jurisdiction area of 288 km2 with a planned residential population of 1.2 million people. That works out at over 40,000 people per m2! The only solution is to create space out of nowhere and build upwards. This has resulted in hundreds of monotonous high rise apartment blocks scattered across Suzhou's skyline, losing alall architectural quality and character of the Old City. True, these new developments are providing people with shelter and sanitation but it fails at addressing a number of other issues.

It is a similar story in SND with high rise after high rise being constructed and vast areas of green parks. There seems to be no relationship between private and public spaces and very little architectural merit. With more money spent originally on the development of SND the design outcome nods towards that of its Chineseherheritage and less of the reproduced standard housing block but it still runs the risk of becoming a 'soulless' estate.

special economic zones

Residential Floor Space Per Person(urban, sq m)

Above 3633 to 3630 to 3327 to 3024 to 27Less than 24No data No data avaliable

housing type

old versus new

housing types

Even when cities change in form, the people, their daily needs and their basic activities con-tinue. Because the new is created from the old there is something powerful in the familiar that must be respected. The people make an effort to retain their old built environment based on their social norms and values.

housing types

Today in the old neighbourhoods with courtyard houses, a single compound is no longer inhabited by a large extended family. Many different, unre-lated families now share a compound, but the surrounding walls are still necessary. The enclo-sure continues to give people a distinct status. It creates an entity where people easily know each other and with which people can identify. This, in theory, is the same dynamics of families within a block. But with the lack of allocated public and private spaces very little interaction can occur.

It is obvious that the horizontal typology of court-yard house is not able to accommodate the grow-ing population of Suzhou. In addition, there ap-pears a conflict between the traditional housing which lacks modern facilities and the contempo-rary living. Modern high-rise buildings, on the contrary, provide well-equipped housing for morresidents, but lose most of the traditional spatial, social, and cultural values.

Ideally we nee to combine the precious tradition-al values and the modern architectural technolo-gy. Drawing lessons from traditional housing and applying it in contemporary architecture will be an approach to keep the valuable heritage and to improve the modern architectural design.

old versus new

America

Pollution

Saltzman, Sammy Rose. “Autism: Air Pollution May Be to Blame, Study Suggests.” CBS News. December 17, 2010. Accessed: January 25, 2012.“World Carbon Dioxide Emissions Data by Country: China Speeds ahead of the Rest.” The Guardian. January 31, 2011. Accessed: January 25, 2012.

air pollution - facts

Pollution

air pollution - coal power

Pollution

Financial Times |Akamai 2013. Financial Times |Akamai [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3ac0fc10-7ed7-11e1-b009-00144feab49a.html#axzz2iT1Ksh2p. [Accessed 22 October 2013].

air pollution - burning rubish

renewables

2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. 2013. 2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chinawaterrisk.org/big-picture/causes-of-pollution/. [Accessed 22 October 2013].

water pollution - lakes

Pollution

2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. 2013. 2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chinawaterrisk.org/resources/analysis-reviews/2012-state-of-environment-report-review/. [Accessed 22 October 2013].

water pollution - main contaminates

Pollution

2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. 2013. 2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chinawaterrisk.org/big-picture/causes-of-pollution/. [Accessed 22 October 2013]. Po

llution

2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. 2013. 2012 State of Environment Report Review | China Water Risk. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chinawaterrisk.org/resources/analysis-reviews/2012-state-of-environment-report-review/. [Accessed 22 October 2013].

water pollution - ground water

Pollution

On Lake Taihu, China Moves To Battle Massive Algae Blooms by Richard Stone: Yale Environment 360. 2013. On Lake Taihu, China Moves To Battle Massive Algae Blooms by Richard Stone: Yale Environment 360. [ONLINE] Available at: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/on_lake_taihu_china_moves_to_battle_massive_algae_blooms/2429/.

[Accessed 22 October 2013].

water pollution - canal water and rivers

Pollution

William McDonough, . Cradle to Cradle. Kindle Edition. .

water pollution - solution in the culture?

Pollution

Saltzman, Sammy Rose. “Autism: Air Pollution May Be to Blame, Study Suggests.” CBS News. December 17, 2010. Accessed: January 25, 2012.“World Carbon Dioxide Emissions Data by Country: China Speeds ahead of the Rest.” The Guardian. January 31, 2011. Accessed: January 25, 2012.

weakness in masterplan and manifesto.

Pollution

- failure to accomodate for increased demands from the residental output.

- no plan for the buildings to prevent them being removed to landfill.

Masterplan analysis

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