Master Thesis Seminar

Potentiality of four willow varieties for Phytoremediation

in a Pot Experiment

Master Thesis Seminar II MDP Wood Material Science

Supervisor:Prof. Ari Pappinen

Contents..

• Introduction• Objectives• Materials & Methods• Results & Discussion• Conclusion

02.05.2023Potentiality of willow clones in Phytoremediation / Mohsin 2

Introduction

• Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a global disaster that is related to human activities such as mining, energy and fuel production, power transmission, intensive agriculture, sludge dumping, and melting operations.

• The main reason of pollution sources are emission, effluents and solid discharge from industries, excessive use of insecticides, pesticides and the use of municipal wastes in agriculture (McGrath et al. 2001)

• Numerous efforts have been undertaken recently to find methods of removing heavy metals from soil, such as phytoremediation. Some methods, such as soil washing, have an adverse effect on biological activity, soil structure and fertility, and some require significant engineering costs.

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Contaminated Sites In Finland

• In Finland, SAMASE (National project on the research and remediation of contaminated soils). According to this project 10,000 contaminated sites were detected in Finland (Puolanne 1994).

• Number of contaminated sites in Finland has been updated and the current figure is 21,000 (Finish Environment Institute).

• In the last 20 years 4000 sites have been remediated and the estimated cost that is being recorded for the reclamation of these sites is about 50-70 M euro (Pajukallio).


Phytoremediation: The Key to Clean Soil

• The generic term ‘phytoremediation’ consists of the Greek word phyto means (Plant) and connected to the Latin root remediation (to remove) (Cunningham et al. 1996).

• Phytoremediation technology is recent methodology for to compete with polluted soils in 1983 Chaney proposed the idea of this technology. Phytoremediation is an emerging auspicious tool that is the part of realistic research in which environmental pollutants are eliminated or rendering them harmless by the use of green plants.


Forms of Phyto...

Phytoextraction• Transformation of

metals from soil to plant biomass

Rhizofiltration• Plant roots absorb

and precipitate toxic metal from polluted effluents

Phytostabilization• Plants eliminate the

bioavailability of toxic metals in soils

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PhytoremediationTechnology

• Innovative, Cheapest technology• Applicable for wide range of contaminants• encompasses a number of different

methods • Approach for cleanup of contaminated

soils and waterMerits

• Time consuming method (may take several growing season)

• High Contaminants concentration• Climatic condition• Root depth

Limitation

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Aim

• The main objective of this study was to characterize four different Salix clones in terms of growth and productivity, under different fertilization treatment and soil types in order to know how heavy metals (Cu,Cr,Ni,Cd and Zn) affect plants growth and which varieties are the most suitable to carry out tasks of phytoremediation.

• To determine the ability of willow clones to uptake harmful metals in different treatment

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Salix in phytoremediation

• Salix are adapted to grow in harsh sites• Grow rapidly, don't require optimum soil conditions• High yield obtained on SR• Ability to regenerate from stools • Fibrous root system• Resistant to uptake heavy metals

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Materials and MethodsThe experiment was carried out in at the University of Eastern Finland in Joensuu

Willow Clones• Salix myrsinifolia, Salix schwerinii, Karin and Klara

Water:Pyhasalmi WaterPyahasalmi water+Fertilzer

Soil Group• Control Lime, Ash• Contaminated Lime,Ash

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Scheme of Experiement

Clones:• Shoots were collected in winter (+ 4°C) before establishing the experiments. • Cuttings 20 cm long and about 0.5- 2 cm thick (GH)• Growing chambers: karin+klara (29.01.2013 ) myrsi+Shwe (15.02.2013)• Total 348 willow clones were used Soil:• Pyhasalmi soil was kept in GH for air dried and sieved to <10 mm.• pH of the soil was (4) measured (glass electrode)• Addition of lime and ash to increase pH Water:• Contd water and contd +fertilizer water (three times a week)• fertilizer was added to increase mainly the N, P and K concentration• 27,5 g of fertilizer to 110 L of Contamianted water.

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Measurements• Willows height was measured each week

• At the end of the experiment Roots, stems and leaves of willows were harvested.

• All samples were weighted and put into an incubator to dry at 40°C.

• Chemical Analysis (Soil+Biomass)• Inductively Coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP)

Statistical Analysis • To detect a significant difference in the experimental groups, analysis of variances

(p<0.05) was done GLM (generalized linear model ) with SPSS ver 21(Olena et al 2011).

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Soil Analysis (Sequential Extraction)

SE is an analytical process that chemically leaches metals out of soil.(2gm soil 50 ml polypropylene copolymer tube) Fractions:Water soluble (DI) extract all exchangeable, acid and water soluble metalsExchangeable (MgCl)Carbonate BF (HydroxyammoniumCl) to extract all reducible metalsOB (H2O2) to extract all oxidized able metalsResidual (aqua regia) to extract all remaining, non-silica bound metals.

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Results and Discussion

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Biomass Production

S. schwerinii S. myrsinifolia Klara Karin0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00 Control + lime Control + AshContaminated soil + lime Contaminated soil + Ash

Varieties

Dry

wei

ght,

gm

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S. schwerinii S. myrsinifolia Klara Karin0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80 Control + lime Control + AshContaminated soil + lime Contaminated soil + Ash

Varieties

Rel

ativ

e he

ight

, cm

Cu Concentration in Salix


SS SM KL KR0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Leaves

Cont L Cont A CL CA

Salix Clones

Cu

Con

c m

g/kg

SS SM KL KR0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Shoots

Clean Lime Clean Ash Contd LimeContd Ash

Salix Clones

Cu

Con

c m

g/kg

SS SM KL KR0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Roots

Clean Lime Clean AshContd Lime Contd Ash

Salix Clones

Cu

met

al c

onc

mg/

kg

Zn Uptake

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SS SM KL KR0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Leaves

Clean LimeClean AshContd LimeContd Ash

Salix clones

Zn c

onc

mg/

kg

SS SM KL KR0

50

100

150

200

250

Shoots


Salix Varities

Zn c

onc

mg/

kg

SS SM KL KR0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Roots


Salix Clones

Zn c

onc

mg/

kg

Ni, Cd and Cr Concentration

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Schwerinii myrsinifolia Klara Karin0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ni

Clean Lime

Clean AshContd Lime

Contd Ash

Ni C

once

ntra

tion

mg/

kg

Discussion

• The results show that much higer concentaion of Cu and Zn found in biomass. Salix have ability to continue growth in the presence of heavy metals.

• No significant difference found in control lime as compared to contamianted lime.• The variation among control lime& ash was not so very large.• In karin and klara clones fertilzer showed greater effects, but contamiants enhancement

reduced biomass growth in karin & klara.• The average height of salix myrsinifolia was smaller than schwerinii but biomass was same.• Schwerinii were as expected higher grwoth in control soil with fertilizer (lime&ash). • There is quite small significant diff was found among fertilzer and without fertlizer

treatment in schwerinii.• In myrsinifolia biomass grwoth was significant in control and contamianted soil. Biomass

estiamted same in both schwerinii & myrsinifolia.• Better results were found in contaminated lime than ash.

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• Removal of Zn and Cu was highest by salix schwerinii and Karin respectively . Suitable for phytoextraction.

• Cr and Ni firmly bound to soil its plant accumulation was insufficient.

• Effect of ash and lime remained similar in term of plant growth in each type of soil (klara & Karin). Karin & schwerinii expressed the better results in contaminated soil it could be a better choice for phytoremediation

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Conclusions• Salix clones are able to grow in the presence of heavy metals .• Contaminated soil reduced the growth of plant but addition of fertilizer helped the tree to

enhanced the productivity.• The main limiting factor is nutrients in the contaminated soil than heavy metals.• Strategy for overcoming plant stress in phytoremediation is to use plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria (PGPR)• Recent researches in ecological engineering has shows that willow has considerable potential

for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated land • Long term field trials are required to further investigate the potential of willow to reclaimed

the soil. But this could be undertaken in conjunction with actual remediation schemes.• However, the differences in element accumulation among the clones were affected more by

the properties of clones than by the soil properties.• Removal of toxic heavy metals from a soil matrix by the addition of ethylene diamine tetra

acetic acid (EDTA) is an effective means of remediation. (Herbert et al., 1993)• Possibility to extend this kind of experiment to other species such as birch, aspen.


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