Mastectomy nursing proces
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Transcript of Mastectomy nursing proces
MASTECTOMYDefinition
Mastectomy is the surgical removal of the breast which is usually a surgical management for patients with breast cancer. This is done to prevent the metastasize of the cancer cells. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy experienced by women. Breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of breast cells.
Nursing Goals
The nursing goal for a patient who underwent mastectomy can be: pain management, counseling due to disturbed body image, and preventing infection due to surgical incision.
Risk for Injury
Areas involving the neck are considered to be the most vascularized parts of a person’s body. We all know that the most common complication of a surgery is excessive bleeding or hemorrhage, this was brought about by excessive blood loss intra or postoperatively.
NDx: Risk for Injury related to change in center of gravity secondary to extensive removal of chest tissue
Assessment Objectives Nursing Interventions
Rationale Desired Outcomes
S: (none)O:The patient may manifest:
edema
muscle weakness
altered mobility
sensory and perceptual disturbances due to anesthesia
Apprehension, restlessness
thirst; cold ,
Short term:After 3-4 hours of nurse-patient interaction, the patient will verbalize understanding of individual factors that contribute to possibility of injury and take steps to correct situations.Long Term:After 3-4 days of nurse-patient interaction, the patient will demonstrate behaviors,
Establish pt. Rapport
Monitor vital signs frequently.
Access mood, coping abilities and personality styles
Identify interventions and safety devices
Encourage participation in self-help programs, such as assertiveness training, positive self-image
To gain trust and cooperation of the pt.
VS could indicate possible bleeding
That may result in carelessness and increased risk-taking without consequences.
To promote safe physical environment and individual safety
To enhance self-esteem and sense of self-worth
Short term:The patient shall verbalize understanding of individual factors that contribute to possibility of injury and take steps to correct situation.Long Term:The patient shall demonstrate behaviors, lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and protect self from injury.
moist, pale skin
increase in pulse rate, respiration rate
drop in temperature
decrease in urinary output
lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and protect self from injury.
Provide bibliotherapy and written resources
Assist client during periods of ambulation
Walk client’s unaffected side
Instruct the client to keep the shoulders level and the muscle relaxed when walking
For later review and self-paced learning
The nurse supports the client when or if client loose balance
The client is more likely to drift toward the side of the body that is heavier
Clients tend to accommodate for the change in the center of gravity by leaning to the side
Acute Pain
NDx: Acute pain r/t postoperative incision.
ASSESSMENT PLANNING NURSING INTERVENTIONS
RATIONALE EXPECTED OUTCOME
S= Client may verbalize:
Fear
O= Client may manifest:
Facial Grimaces
Restlessness
Guarded behavior
Irritability
Sleep disturbances
Distraction behavior
Autonomic alteration of
Short term:After 3 hours of nursing intervention, client’s pain scale will be reduce.Long term:After 1 day of nursing intervention, client will be relieve from pain and will appear more relax.
Establish rapport
Monitor vital signs
Assess verbal/non-verbal reports of pain, noting location, intensity (0-10 scale), and duration
Place in Semi-Fowler’s position and support head/neck in neutral position with sandbags or small pillows as required in immediate postoperative phase
Instruct client to use hands to support neck during movement and to avoid hyperextension
To gain trust of the patient
For baseline data
Useful in evaluating pain, choice of interventions, effectiveness of therapy
Prevents hyperextension of the neck and protects integrity of the suture line
Movement restriction is imposed for only a few hours postoperatively to
Short term:After 3 hrs of nursing intervention, client’s pain scale shall have reduce.Long term:After 1 day of nursing intervention, client shall be relieved of pain and shall appear more relaxed.
muscle tone
Diaphoresis
Self-focusing
Impaired though process
of neck
Keep call light and frequently needed items within easy reach
Give cool liquids or soft foods such as ice cream or popsicles.
Encourage client to use relaxation techniques e.g., guided imagery, soft music, progressive relaxation
Administer analgesics and throat sprays/lozenges as necessary
Provide ice if indicated
prevent stress on the suture line and reduce muscle tension. Gentle flexing and stretching is then permitted according to pain tolerance to help prevent neck soreness
Limits stretching, muscle strains in operative area
Soft foods may be tolerated better than liquids if clients experience s difficulty of swallowing
Helps refocus attention and assist client to manage pain more effectively
Reduces pain and discomfort, enhances rest
Reduces tissues edema and decreased perception of pain
Impaired Skin Integrity
Mastectomy, like any other surgical procedures, includes invasion of the inside body, specifically the skin and subcutaneous area. Upon incision, there will be impairment of the skin integrity causing damage, impairment of skin circulation and sensation and pain in the incision site. The muscles are then repaired and the skin incision is closed with sutures that will either absorb or be removed soon after the operation. The actual incising of the skin is seen as an impairment in the skin’s integrity.
NDx: Impaired skin integrity R/T surgery
ASSESSMENT PLANNING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE OUTCOMES
S= ØO= the patient may manifest:
Presence of surgical wound on the breast where incision was made
Pain
Numbness of surrounding areas
Disruption of skin surface
Redness
Itchiness
Poor capillary refill
SHORT TERM:After 4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will participate in prevention measures and treatment programLONG TERM:After 1-2 days of nursing interventions, the patient will be able to display progressive improvement in wound healing.
establish rapport
monitor and record vital sign
assess incision site taking note of size, color, location, temperature, texture, consistency of wound/ lesion if possible
inspect surrounding skin for erythema, induration, maceration
assess for odors and drains coming out from the skin/ area of injury
inspect skin on a daily basis, describing lesions and changes observed
keep the area clean/dry, carefully dress wounds, support incision, and prevent infection
use appropriate wound coverings
encourage an increase in protein and calorie intake
encourage adequate rest and sleep
encourage early ambulation and mobilization
provide position changes
practice aseptic technique in cleansing/dressing and medicating lesions
to gain the trust and cooperation of the client
to obtain baseline data
to provide comparative baseline data
to assess extent of involvement
to assess early progression of wound healing, development of hemorrhage or infection
to promote timely intervention/revision of plan of care
to assist body’s natural process of repair
protect the wound and/or surrounding tissue
to aid in timely wound healing for the patient
to prevent fatigue
to promote circulation and reduce risks associated with immobility
to prevent bed ulcers from occuring
to reduce risk of cross-contamination
to prevent spread of infectious agent
SHORT TERM:The patient shall participate in prevention measures and treatment programLONG TERM:
The patient shall be able to display progressive improvement in wound healing.
instruct proper disposal of soiled dressing
Activity Intolerance
Activity intolerance refers to the insufficient physiological or psychological energy to complete desired daily activities. Most activity intolerance is related to generalized weakness and debilitation secondary to acute or chronic illness and disease. This is especially apparent in elderly patients with a history of orthopedic, cardiopulmonary, diabetic or pulmonary –related problems. It is also common in persons who undergone surgeries and it is experienced postoperatively.
The person is suffering from a physical and psychological inability to complete daily activities caused by generalized weakness due to post-surgical procedure. Post-operative patient usually is under bed rest for a few days that may hinder them to their usual activity. Pain that may accompany post-op also inhibit the client to possible ranges of motion.
NDx: Activity intolerance related to generalized weakness
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected Outcome
S: ӨO: Patient may manifest:
Weakness
Limited range of motion
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit level
Immobility
Exertional discomfort
Abnormal heart rate and blood pressure
Short term:After 4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient and the significant, others will be able to identify negative factors affecting activity tolerance and eliminate/reduce their effects when possible.Long term:After 3 days of nursing interventions, the patient will be able to improve his activity and
1. Establish patient’s rapport
2. Monitor and record vital signs
3. Assess patient’s condition
4. Assess patient’s level of mobility
5. Assess nutritional status
6. Ascertain ability to stand and move about and degree of assistance necessary/ use of equipment
7. Provide a quite environment and encourage use of stress
1. To gain trust and cooperation of the patient
2. To obtain baseline data
3. To obtain baseline data to be use in evaluating patient’s condition
4. This aids in defining what patient is capable of, which is necessary before setting realistic goals
5. Adequate energy reserves are required for activity
6. To know what
Short term:The patient and the significant others shall have identified negative factors affecting activity tolerance and eliminated/reduced their effects when possible.Long term:The patient shall have improved his activity and use techniques to enhance activity tolerance.
Pallor
Cyanosis
perform techniques to enhance activity tolerance.
management8. Encourage
adequate rest periods
9. Promote comfort measures and provide for relief of pain
10. Plan care with rest periods between activities
11. Instruct SO in monitoring response to activity and in recognizing signs and symptoms
12. Assist client in learning and demonstrating appropriate safety measures
13. Encourage client to maintain positive attitudes; suggest use of relaxation techniques, such as visualization/guided imagery as appropriate
goals to be establish to perform wellness
7. Reduces stress and excess stimulation, promoting rest
8. Rest provides time for energy conservation and recovery
9. To enhance ability to participate in activities
10. To reduce fatigue11. To indicate need
to other activity level
12. To prevent injuries
13. To enhance sense of well-being
Risk for Ineffective Breathing Pattern
Anesthesia is an artificially induced state of partial or total loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness. Anesthesia agents can produce muscle relaxation, block transmission of pain nerve impulses and suppress reflexes. The depth and effects of anesthesia are monitored by observing changes in respiration and oxygen saturation and end tidal carbon dioxide levels, heart rate, urine output and blood pressure.
NDx: Risk for ineffective breathing pattern related to chemically induce muscular relaxation
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected Outcome
S: ӨO: Patient may manifest:
Use of accessory muscle to breathe
Nasal flaring
Altered chest excursion
Increase anterior posterior diameter
Purse lip breathing
Decrease inspiration/
expiration
Short term:After 4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will be free from signs and symptoms of ineffective breathing pattern.Long term:After 2 days of nursing interventions, the patient will maintain a normal and effective breathing pattern.
1. Establish patient’s rapport
2. Monitor and record vital signs
3. Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation and pulse rate
4. Monitor vital capacity in patients with neuromuscular weakness and observe trends
5. Instruct client to deep breathe during walking hours or use an incentive spirometer
6. Splint incision to reduce discomfort
7. Administer oxygen as prescribed
8. Instruct client to self-administer analgesia before deep breathing and coughing if a patient-controlled analgesia pump is available
1. To gain trust and cooperation of the patient
2. To obtain baseline data
3. To detect changes in oxygenation
4. Monitoring detects changes early
5. Deep breathing distends alveoli and promotes increased gas diffusion
6. Pain or fear of pain interferes with deep breathing
7. Supplemental oxygen provides a higher concentration than found in room air
8. Pain is more adequately controlled when an analgesic is given before severe pain develops
Short term:The patient shall be free from signs and symptoms of ineffective breathing pattern.Long term:The patient shall have maintained a normal and effective breathing pattern.
Risk for Infection
Skin is considered as a first line of defense against any foreign organism. Because of the surgical procedure the skin is impaired causing a possible entry for the organisms hence may cause infection.
NDx: Risk for infection related to surgical wound
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected
Outcome
S: ӨO: Patient may manifest:
Pallor
Weakness
With dry and intact dressing on the excised area
Swelling over the incision area
Short term:After 4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will be able to identify and demonstrate interventions to prevent or reduce risk of infection.Long term:
After 2 days of nursing interventions, the patient will achieve timely wound healing and be free from signs and symptoms of infection.
1. Establish patient’s rapport
2. Monitor and record vital signs
3. Stress proper hand washing technique
4. Provide regular catheter care
5. Instruct on proper wound care
6. Encourage to eat vitamin C rich foods
7. Emphasized necessity of taking antibiotics as directed
8. Closely observe and instruct to report signs and symptoms of infection such as fever, sore throat, swelling, pain and drainage
9. Inspect the wound for swelling, unusual drainage, odor redness, or separation of the suture lines
10. Empty and re-establish negative pressure in close wound drains at least once per shift
1. To gain trust and cooperation of the patient
2. To obtain baseline data
3. Patients with poor nutritional status may be anergic or unable to muster a cellular immune response to pathogens and are therefore more susceptible to infection
4. For first line defense against nosocomial infections or cross contamination
5. To maintain optimal nutritional status
6. To promote wound healing
7. To boost the immune system
8. To prevent and detect as early as possible the presence of any progressing infection
9. Wound infection are accompanied by signs of inflammation and a delay in healing
10. Negative pressure pulls fluid from the incisional area, which facilitates healing
Short term:The patient shall have identified and demonstrated interventions to prevent or reduce risk of infection.
Long term:
The patient shall have achieved timely wound healing and free from signs and symptoms of infection.
Ineffective Therapeutic Management
With an ongoing changes in health care, patients are being expected to be co-managers of their care. They are being discharged from hospitals earlier, and are face with increasing complex therapeutic regimens to be handled in the home environment. Likewise, patients with chronic illness often have limited access to health care providers and are expected assume responsibility for
managing the nuances of their disease. Patient’s with sensory perception deficits, altered cognition, financial limitations,and those lacking support system may find themselves overwhelmed and unable to follow the treatment plan. Elderly patients, who often experience most of the above problems, are specially at high risk for ineffective management of the therapeutic plan.
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected Outcome
S: noneO: The patient may manifest:
unable to meet the goals of a treatment
knowledge deficit of prescribed regimen
perceived seriousness
difficulties with prescribed regimen
Short Term GoalAfter 4 hours of NPI, the will verbalize acceptance of need and desire to change actions to achieve agreed-on outcomesLong Term GoalAfter 2 days of NPI the patient will participate in problem solving of factors interfering with integration of therapeutic regimen
1. Establish patient rapport
2. Monitor and record vital sign
3. Assess for related factors that may negatively affect success with following regimen
4. Assess patients confidence or her ability to perform desired behavior
5. Assess patient’s ability to learn or remember the desired health related activity
6. Assess patients ability to perform the desired activity
7. Use therapeutic communication skills
8. Provide positive reinforcement for efforts
9. Promote client and SO participation in planning and evaluating the
1. to gain patient trust and cooperation
2. to obtain baseline data
3. patient’s received seriousness and threat of disease affect his or her compliance with the program
4. positive conviction that one can be advised successfully executive a behavior is correlated with performance and successful outcomes
5. cognitive impairments need to be alternative plan can be advised
6. patient’s with limited financial may unable to purchase special foods
7. to assist client to problem-solve
Short term:The shall verbalize acceptance of need and desire to change actions to achieve agreed-on outcomesLong term:The patient shall participate in problem solving of factors interfering with integration of therapeutic regimen
process10. Assist client to
develop strategies for monitoring therapeutic regimen
11. Identify home- and community-based nursing service
solution8. to encourage
continuation of desired behaviors
9. enhances commitment to plan, optimizing outcomes
10. promotes early recognition of changes, allowing proactive response
11. for assessment, follow-up care, and education in clients home
Risk for Dysfunctional Grieving
Extended, unsuccessful use of intellectual and emotional responses by which individuals, families, communities attempt to work through the process of modifying self-concept based on the perception of loss. Dysfunctional grieving is a state in which an individual is unable or unwilling to acknowledge or mourn an actual or perceived loss. This may subsequently impair further growth, development, or functioning. Dysfunctional grief may be marked by a broad range of behaviors that may include pervasive denial, or a refusal to partake in self-care measures or the activities of daily living.
NDx: Risk for dysfunctional grieving r/t loss of breast
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected Outcome
S: noneO: The patient may manifest:
mild to moderated decrease in mood
”acting out” behavior
Short Term GoalAfter 4 hours of NPI the patient will verbalize a sense of beginning to deal with grief occurring from the loss of breastLong Term GoalAfter 2 days of NPI the patient will participate in
1. Establish patient rapport2. Monitor and record vital
sign3. Assess clients ability to
manage activities of daily living and period of time since loss has occurred
4. Note stage of grief is experiencing
5. Acknowledge client’s sense of relief when death follows a long and
1. The nurse presence provide support. Ensuring privacy demonstrate for the client’s dignity
2. Numbing the mind
Short term:The patient shall verbalize a sense of beginning to deal with grief occurring from the loss of breastLong term:The patient shall participate in therapy to learn new ways of dealing with anxiety and
Guilt
Deviation from unusual behavior pattern
Withdrawal from others and normal activities
Behavior regression
Somatic complaints
Avoidance of affectively change topics
therapy to learn new ways of dealing with anxiety and feelings of inadequacy
debilitating course6. Meet with both members
of the couple7. Encourage client and SO to
identify healthy coping skills they have used in the past
8. Refer to other sources as needed, counselling, psychotherapy, significance of loss religious references, grief support group
9. Avoid trying to diminish the
10. Acknowledge client’s grief and reinforce that feeling angry or sad is normal and expected
11. Stay with client and ensure privacy during emotional periods
12. Avoid administering prescribed sedatives or tranquilizers as a substitute for spending time with the client
13. Encourage sharing with those who can be empathic, such as another breast cancer survivor
14. to gain patient trust and cooperation
15. to obtain baseline data16. They persist and interfere
with normal activities, client may need additional assistance.
17. stages of grief may progress in a predictable manner or may be experienced in different
interferes with grieving
3. Sharing the significant loss with person who has survived a similar experienced provides a bond for healing.
feelings of inadequacy
stages18. sadness and loss are still
there, but the death may be release and the grieving process may be soother
19. to determine how they are dealing with the loss
20. these can be used in current situation to facilitate dealing with grief
21. depending upon meaning of the loss, individual may require on-going support to work through grief
22. grief works involve dealing with the reality of a significant loss
23. validating client’s feelings give permission for him or her to experience true emotions
Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion
The importance of lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance in the body. The plasma filters into the interstitial spaces from blood flowing through the capillaries. Much of this interstitial fluid is absorbed by tissue cells or reabsorbed by the blood before it flows out of the tissue. A small amount of interstitial fluid is left behind. If this would continue over even a brief period, the increased interstitial fluid would cause massive edema. This edema would causes tissue destruction or death. This problem can be avoided by the presence of lymphatic vessels that act as “drains” to collect the excess fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it reaches the heart.
NDx: Ineffective tissue perfusion (lymphedema) r/t compromised flow of lymphatic fluid
Assessment Desired Goal Nursing Interventions Rationale Expected outcome
SOOThe patient may manifest:=weak pulses= edema= drowsiness
= altered
Short Term:After 3-4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will be able to demonstrate relaxation
1. establish rapport
2. monitor and record VS
3.assess signs of decreased tse perfusion
4. identify changes
1. to gain pt’s trust
2. to have a baseline data
3. to plan for effective treatment and give prompt care.
4. to asses predisposing
Short Term:Patient shall able to demonstrate relaxation techniquesLong Term:
sensations
= changes in LOC
techniques.Long Term:After 3-4 days of nursing interventions, the patient will be able to demonstrate an improved perfusion by regaining strength, strong pulse and maintain alertness.
related to systemic or peripheral alterations in circulation.
5. evaluate signs of infection when immune system is compromised
6. observe for signs of pulmonary emboli.
7. assess lower extremities, noting skin texture, presence of edema, ulcerations
8. encourage early ambulation if possible
9. elevate HOB
10. Provide quiet, relaxing environment
11. caution pt to avoid activities that could increase cardiac workload.
12. teach relaxation techniques like deep breathing
13. encourage pt. to rest
14. position pt. on a semi-fowler’s position
15. keep environment allergen free for the pt.
16. educate on proper hand washing
17. encourage pt. to eat nutritious foods
factors
5. to determine other possible related factors.
6. to assess for contributing factors
7. to note degree of impairment involved
8. to enhance venous return
9. to increase gravitational blood flow
10. To prevent additional stress to pt.
11. to maximize tse perfusion
12. to facilitate rest and recuperation and proper oxygenation
13. to enable the body to recuperate and repair
14. to facilitate proper chest expansion
15. to prevent presence which may cause increased mucus secretion
16. to prevent infection
17. to meet daily caloric requirement and facilitate
Patient shall able to demonstrate an improved perfusion by regaining strength, strong pulse and maintain alertness.
repair with body tissue
Fear
Fear is a strong and unpleasant emotion caused by the awareness or anticipation of pain or danger. This emotion is primarily externally motivated and source-specific, that is the individual experiencing the fear can identify the person, place or thing precipitating this feeling. The factors that precipitate fear are, to some extent, universal, fear of death, pair and bodily injury or defect are common to most people.
NDx: Fear r/t diagnosis of cancer as manifested by insomnia and crying
Assessment Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Expected Outcome
S: ӨO: Patient may manifest:
tachypnea
tachycardia
denial
fright
fatigue
dry mouth
Narrowed focus
insomnia
crying
Short term:After 4 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will demonstrate understanding through the use of effective coping behaviors and resourcesLong term:
After 2 days of nursing interventions, the patient will display appropriate range of feelings and lessened fear..
1. Establish patient’s rapport
2. Monitor and record vital signs
3. Determine what the patient is fearful of by careful and thoughtful questioning
4. compare verbal and nonverbal responses
5. Assess the degree of fear and the measures patient uses to cope with that fear
6. Document behavioral and verbal expressions of fear
7. Determine to what degree
1. To gain trust and cooperation of the patient
2. To obtain baseline data
3. patient who find it unacceptable to express fear may find it helpful to know that someone is willing to listen if they decide to share their feelings at sometimes in the future
4. to note congruencies or misperceptions of situation
5. This helps determine the effectiveness of coping strategies used by the pt.
6. Physiologic symptoms and complaints will intensify as the level of fear increases
7. Persistent, immobilizing fears may requires
Short term:The patient shall demonstrate understanding through the use of effective coping behaviors and resourcesLong term:
The patient shall display appropriate range of feelings and lessened fear..
the patients fears may be affecting his/her ability to perform ADL
8. Maintain a calm and tolerant manner while interacting with patient
9. Establish a working relationship through continuity of care
10. Provide safety measure within the home when indicated
11. As patient fear subsides, encourage him/her to explore specific events preceding the onset of fear
12. Encourage rest periods
13. Exercises in relaxation, meditation, or guided imagery
treatment with anti-anxiety medications
8. The patient’s feeling of stability increases in a calm and nonthreatening atmosphere and ongoing relationship establishes trust and a basis for communicating fearful feelings
9. If home environment is unsafe, patient’s fears are not resolved and fear may becoming disabling
10. Recognition and explanation of factors leading to fear are significant in developing alternative responses
11. Rest improves ability to cop
12. Exercise reduces the physiological response to fear
Other Nursing Care Plans
Sleep Pattern Disturbance
Pain is a discomfort that is caused by the stimulation of the nerve endings. Since pain is experience by the patient there are times that he can’t control it that makes him unable to sleep and sudden wake up due to pain cause interruption to sleep causing sleep disturbance.
Hyperthermia
Body temperature elevated usually occurs in response to an infection or inflammation temperature usually controlled by the Hypothalamus the thermostat for the body. Entry of microorganism can cause an alteration in the hypothalamic set point. Body temperature elevation occurs when the body’s immune response is triggered by pyrogens (fever- producing substances) and interleukin 1, a part of the innate immune system, and product by the phagocytic cells. These chemicals stimulate the cells of the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandin E, thus increasing the temperature set point. Turning up the heat is the body’s way of fighting the microorganism and making the body less comfortable place for them. When this condition occurs, many physiological stresses take place. Some of these include increased cell metabolism, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output. This process prevails until the body temperature matches the thermal point
Impaired Physical Mobility
Mastectomy includes incision of vital parts such as skin, subcutaneous fats, and some muscles, that causes damage to these parts which leads to impairment of neuromuscular responses of the body, that eventually causes the body to impair it’s mobility.
Disturbed Body Image
Mastectomy as a surgical procedure involves the removal of one or both of the client’s breasts. Upon removal, there is a potential of developing a low self-esteem and social stigma due to the surgical removal of the breast creating a disturbed body image because the breast particularly for women is a sign of femininity.