Market Centres Water Supply System Report 18 January 2010

Supporting Malawis National Water Development Program

Water Supply and Sanitation in Seven Market Centres

Water Supply System Report January 2010Table of Contents

xiiiAcronyms

xvAcknowledgements

xviExecutive Summary

171Introduction

172Background

193Situation Analysis

193.1Nathenje

193.1.1General Information

193.1.2Available Water Source

193.1.3Water Supply Facilities

203.1.4Water Supply Management

203.2Kasiya

203.2.1General information




213.3Nsaru





223.4Ntaja


233.4.2Available water Sources

233.4.3Water supply Facilities


233.5Nsanama


243.5.2Current water Source



253.6Malosa


253.6.2Current water Source



263.7Nkando Thuchila Market Centre



274Water Demand Projections

274.1Population Projections

274.1.1Basic Considerations

274.1.2Past Population Data

284.1.3Population Growth Rate

284.1.4Population Projections

294.2Water Demand Design Criteria

294.2.1General

304.2.2Domestic Water Demand

304.2.1.1Domestic Demand Categories

314.2.1.2Per Capita Water Demand Adopted for Market Centres

324.2.1.3Percentage Coverage for each Domestic Demand Category

354.2.2Public Water Demand

364.2.3Industrial Water Demand

364.2.4Water Requirement for Fire Fighting

374.2.5Water Losses

374.2.6Animal Demand

374.2.7Average Day Demand

384.2.8Maximum Day Demand

384.2.9Peak Hour Demand

384.2.10Total Water Demand

384.3Water Demand for Market Centres

394.3.1Summary of Water Demand for Nathenje

404.3.2Summary of Water Demand for Kasiya

414.3.3Summary of Water Demand for Nsaru

424.3.4Summary of Water Demand for Ntaja

434.3.5Summary of Water Demand for Nsanama

444.3.6Summary of Water Demand for Malosa

454.3.7Summary of Water Demand for Nkando

465Water Source Investigations

465.1Methodology

485.2Data Availability

495.3Summary of Hydrogeology of Project Areas

515.4Water Source Investigations for Project Areas

515.4.1Nathenje

515.4.1.1Surface Water Sources

515.4.1.2Ground Water Sources

525.4.1.3Water Quality

535.4.2Kasiya




545.4.3Nsaru Market Centre




555.4.4Malosa Market Centre




565.4.5Nkando Market Centre




575.4.6Ntaja Market Centre




585.4.7Nsanama Market Centre




595.4.8Recommendation on Borehole Construction

595.4.9Final Recommendation on Water Supply Sources

616Proposed Water Supply Systems for Project Areas

616.1Design Criteria

616.1.1General

616.1.2Water Source

616.1.2.1Abstractions Arrangements from Groundwater Sources

626.1.2.2Abstraction Arrangements from Surface Water Sources

626.1.3Pipelines

626.1.3.1Conveyance System

626.1.3.2Distribution System

626.1.4Distribution Storage Capacity

626.1.5Treatment Plant Capacity

636.1.6Pumping Stations

636.1.7Supply Network Parameters

636.1.7.1Pressure in the Pipelines

646.1.7.2Flow Velocities

646.1.8Communal Water Point

646.1.9Location of Fire Hydrants

646.1.10Location of Flushing Devices

646.1.11System Appurtenance

656.1.12Flow Measurement

656.1.13Water Quality

656.1.13.1Raw Water Quality

656.1.13.2Treated Water Quality

656.1.14Expected Life Time of Water Supply Components and Structures

676.2Proposed Water Supply Systems

676.2.1General

676.2.1.1Water source

676.2.1.2Pump Station

676.2.1.3Water treatment

676.2.1.4Access Roads

686.2.1.5Power Supply

686.2.1.6Auxiliary Buildings

686.2.1.7Other components

686.2.2Nathenje

686.2.2.1Water Sources

686.2.2.2Pump Station

696.2.2.3Pumping main

696.2.2.4Water Treatment

696.2.2.5Storage Facilities

696.2.2.6Distribution Network

696.2.3Kasiya


706.2.3.2Pumping Station

706.2.3.3Pumping Mains




706.2.4Nsaru







726.2.5Ntaja







736.2.6Nsanama







746.2.7Malosa


756.2.7.2Transmission Mains

756.2.7.3Water Treatment Plant



756.2.8Nkando







787Cost Estimates

787.1Unit Costs

787.2Summary of Cost Estimates for Market Centres

797.2.1Nathenje

817.2.2Kasiya

837.2.3Nsaru

847.2.4Ntaja

867.2.5Nsanama

887.2.6Malosa

897.2.7Nkando

918Environmental and Social Issues

918.1The Validity of the Project

918.2Existing Sewage Disposal Facilities

928.3Environmental Impact of the Proposed Project

928.3.1Impact from Site Selection

928.3.2Impacts from Construction

928.4Social-Economic Impacts

938.5Sanitation Impacts

938.6Mitigation Measures

938.6.1Effective Planning Measures

938.6.2Construction Measures

948.6.3Operation Measures

948.6.4Mitigation of Impacts of Surface and Groundwater

949Estimated Beneficiaries

949.1Rationale

959.2Summary of Estimated Beneficiaries of Water Supply Project

9610References

9711Annexes

9711.1Water Quality Results

11711.2Schematic Drawing of types of water supply system

11912Details of Meetings and Site Visits Conducted

12313Details of people met

12514Photographs

Figures

114Figure 1: Typical Ground Water System Arrangement

115Figure 4.1 Schematic Drawing of Option 2

Tables

27Table 4.1: Population and Number of Households of Selected Market Centres

28Table 4.2: Annual Population Percentage Growth Rates for Selected Market Centres

29Table 4.3: Population Projections for Market Centres

31Table 4.4: Estimate of Breakdown of Per Capita Domestic Water Demand Based on Water Use

32Table 4.5: Per Capita Water Demand Adopted by Different Organizations

32Table 4.6: Per Capita Water Demand Adopted for Selected Market Centres

33Table 4.7: Selected indictors of level of access to potable water

35Table 4.8: Percentage Used to Calculate Population to be served by Demand Category

36Table 4.9: Percentage Water Demand of Domestic Demand

37Table 4.10: Water Loss as Percentage of Maximum Day Demand

39Table 4.11: Summary of Water Demand for Nathenje

40Table 4.12: Summary of Water Demand for Kasiya

41Table 4.13: Summary of Water Demand for Nsaru

42Table 4.14: Summary of Water Demand for Ntaja

43Table 4.15: summary for Water Demand for Nsanama

44Table 4.16: Summary for Water Demand for Malosa

45Table 4.17: Summary for Water Demand for Nkando

48Table 5.1: Recommended Limits for Selected Water Constituents

48Table 5.2: Borehole Data

64Table 6.1: Hazen-Williams Coefficient

65Table 6.2: Design Period and Expected Life Time of Water Supply Components and Structures

68Table 6.3: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Nathenje

69Table 6.4: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Kasiya

70Table 6.5: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Nsaru

72Table 6.6: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Ntaja

73Table 6.7: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Nsanama

76Table 4.11: Estimation of Number of boreholes for Nkando

79Table 7.1: Project costs for Option 1 for Nathenje (Groundwater System).

79Table 7.2: The project costs for Option B for Nathenje (Conjunctive Ground water and Surface Water System)

81Table 7.3: Cost Estimates for Option 1 for Kasiya ( Ground water system)

82Table 7.4: Cost Estimates for Option 2 for Kasiya (Surface water system)

83Table 7.5: Cost Estimates for Option 1 for Nsaru (Groundwater system)

84Table 7.6: Cost Estimates for Option 1 for Ntaja (Groundwater system)

85Table 7.7: Cost Estimates for Ntaja Conjunctive Groundwater and Surface Water System (Option 2)

86Table 7.8: Cost Estimates for Ground Water System at Nsanama (Option 1)

87Table 7.9: Cost Estimate for Nsanama Conjunctive Ground and surface Water System at Nsanama

88Table 7.10: Cost Estimates for a Surface Water System at Malosa

89Table 7.11: Cost Estimates for Nkando Ground Water System (Option 1)

90Table 7: 12: Cost Estimates for Nkando Surface Water System (Option 2)

95Table 9.1:Summary of Estimated Beneficiaries of proposed water supply project

Acronyms

AfDB

AWSPAfrican Development Bank

ACGFAfrican Catalytic Growth Fund

AusAIDAustralian Agency for International Development

AWSP

CDFAfrica Water and Sanitation Program

COMWASHCommunity Water and Sanitation and Health

DFID

DKKDepartment for International Development

DMADistrict Monitoring Assistant

EIBEuropean Investment Bank

EUEuropean Union

GOMGovernment of Malawi

HWAHealth Worker

IDAInternational Development Agency

JICAJapanese International Cooperation Agency

JMPWHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program

MDGMillennium Development Goal

MDGSMalawi Growth and Development Strategy

MICSMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MIWDMinistry of Irrigation and Water Development

NWDPNational Water Development Program

NGONon-Government Organisation

OPECOil Producing

PCUtProgram Coordinating Unit

PMUProgram management Unit

RWBRegional Water Board

RWSSRural Water Supply and Sanitation

UNICEFUnited Nations Children Fund

WATSANWater and Sanitation

WSIWater and Sanitation Initiative

WUAWater User Association

Acknowledgements The Cardno Acil Pty Ltd wish to express their gratitude to all persons and organizations involved in the production of this report. The Consultant would like to particularly extend appreciation and thanks to the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development and the Management of National Water Development Program and its staff for their untiring support in providing information and relevant previous study documentation, explanations to the Consultant during field visits and various occasions on operational issues relating to this assignment; and general guidance and advice on the project.

The Consultant would also like to extend his profound thanks for the contributions made by the various stakeholders including Lilongwe, Machinga, Zomba and Mulanje District Assemblies and all government institution officers at all the seven centres for the valuable ideas and contributions to the project; and also all the various members who contributed in all aspects to the successful completion of this report.

Executive Summary This Baseline Assessment Report outlines the existing system, proposed works and cost estimates for Seven Market Centres of Nathenje, Nsalu and Kasiya in Lilongwe District, Malosa in Zomba District, Ntaja and Ulongwe in Machinga District and Mkando in Mulanje District. AusAID has proposed support for the Government of Malawis efforts to increase access to water supply and sanitation services in towns in Malawi. This will be achieved through co-financing the African Development Banks (AfDB) investment plan in support for National Water Development Program (NWDP).

Therefore, this report describes all available alternatives and the implication of choosing any alternative to enable appraisal by AusAID management of the proposed program to support the NWDP in the seven market centres in four districts. AusAID funding of AUD17 million is proposed to support the AfDB funded program over two years FY 09/10 and FY 10/11 through co-financing NWDP to increase access to water supply services and sanitation in the market centers, improve water security through improved WRM and provide support for improved institutional arrangements and capacity building of Regional Water Boards and Local Government.Currently, all market centres do not have piped water supply systems apart from Malosa. The available water supply is through boreholes which are equipped with hand pumps. Institutions such as Clinics and ADMARCs have boreholes which are fitted with motorized pumps. Hence water is pumped from the boreholes to elevated tanks which supply the institutions through a simple reticulation system. The coverage of these reticulation systems is just the institutions themselves and their residential houses. Malosa has a gravity fed water supply scheme which gets its water from Likwenu River. This system supply all the mission establishment at the centre which include a hospital, nursing school secondary school and a lay training centre. Apart from the institutional establishments, the market centre is supplied with boreholes and a rural gravity fed system called Lufani.

The management of the available water facilities is done by the institutions that own the systems. Community boreholes are managed by water point committees which comprise of elected members from the beneficiary communities. Vibrancy of these committees is variable depending on who is elected. The water point committees are responsible for operation and maintenance of the borehole which is funded through cash contributions from the beneficiary households.

One main important component of a realistic and viable water supply project is a well-conceived assessment of population and economic growth, supported by current/future land use plans, and as far as possible, an accurate projection of water consumption and demand pattern. Therefore, the Consultant had to work out the population and water demand estimates for each market centre for design year of 2030. Some of the main issues which were covered included the demand categories taking into account the present and future development situation of the Town. The water demand consists of domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial, animal in some cases and water for fire fighting. Unaccounted for water is also included in the demand projections to accommodate the losses without affecting the service level to the consumers.Below is a table containing the summary of the projected population and the projected demand for each centre.

Market Centre2030

Projected PopulationProjected Maximum Day Water Demand

M3/day

Nathenje9,0001,250

Kasiya5,477738

Nsaru3,993507

Ntaja11,0491,535

Nsanama8,2861,117

Malosa7,5381,047

Nkando3,971535

Total49,3141,255,479

In order to assess the water supply situation at the selected market centres and hence recommend options for water supply source, the Consultant visited all sites in December 2009. These visits were complemented with desk studies on existing water supply systems for the above-mentioned centres. The assessment entailed both the adequacy of the available water resources to meet the existing and projected water demand as well as the suitability of the quality of water for human consumption. The investigations earmarked both groundwater and surface water sources without taking into account storage facilities. Thus, surface water intakes were considered where resources were noted to be available in adequate quantity and quality, with little risk of water pollution or where water pollution could be economically prevented. Reliability of the supply was another important factor that was given serious consideration in the investigations.

Water samples were also collected from all possible water sources for the centres for analysis of physical, chemical and biological composition by the Central Water Quality Laboratory. The results of samples got from boreholes, generally show that the water is suitable for human consumption whilst surface water sources require full scale treatment. Additionally, all samples indicated that the concentrations of fluoride, iron and sulphate, which are problem elements in the Precambrian Basement Complex aquifer, are very low apart from surface water source from Mudi River in Kasiya which has high iron content.

Thereafter, the Consultant had to come up with the proposed water supply systems for each market centre with associated cost estimates. Below is a summary of the proposed systems for the market centres.

Market CentreProposed SystemEstimated Cost

US$

NathenjeThe water source will be six boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 750m3 by high lift pumps through a 2,800m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 8,450m 1,348,400.00

KasiyaThe water source will be five boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 420m3 by high lift pumps through a 3,000m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 8,500m 1,160,980.00

NsaruThe water source will be three boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 280m3 by high lift pumps through a 2,200m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 7,600m 978,270.00

NtajaThe water source will be seven boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 850m3 by high lift pumps through a 3,000m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 11,700m 1,613,150.00

NsanamaThe water source will be five boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 620m3 by high lift pumps through a 2,750m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 11,500m

1,434,670.00

MalosaThe water source will be from two rivers Likwenu and Lufani hence intakes will constructed on both rivers which will be connected to a break pressure tank before connecting to the treatment works by a gravity transmission main of 4,500m. Then the water will be treated in through a sedimentation tank, pressure filters and disinfection. Thereafter, the water will flow into a 580m3 reservior. The total reticulation will be 16,400m. 2,098,850.00

NkandoThe water source will be 2 boreholes which will be connected to sump and water will be pumped to a storage tank of 300m3 by high lift pumps through a 2,750m pumping main. The only treatment which will be applied will be disinfection and the total reticulation will be 7,600m. 966,750.00

Total9,601,070.00

Environmental issues were looked into so that proper management could be produced for the project. Therefore, a number of mitigation and management plans have been proposed to be implemented. To achieve the best results, the mitigation measures shall be carried out in collaboration with all the stakeholders of the project i.e. the local people, the contractor, the consultant and the Client. Since each of these market centres have a population of less than 10,000 people it is expected that a full EIA will not be required, therefore the impacts will be suitably addresses through the adequate engineering and construction methods which have been outlined.

In general terms, a total of 49,314 people are envisaged to benefit from the water supply projects in all the market centres. Therefore this project would contribute to the economic growth and poverty reduction which the Government of Malawi has priotized in its national overarching strategy.

1 IntroductionThis Baseline Assessment Report outlines the existing system, proposed works and cost estimates for Seven Market Centres of Nathenje, Nsalu and Kasiya in Lilongwe District, Malosa in Zomba District, Ntaja and Ulongwe in Machinga District and Mkando in Mulanje District. Therefore, this report describes all available alternatives and the implication of choosing any alternative to enable appraisal by AusAID management of the proposed program to support the NWDP in the seven market centres in four districts. The objective of this consultant service is to provide sufficient information in terms of the details and cost of the program to enable preparation of a Design Summary Implementation Document (DSID) that will satisfy AusAID appraisal requirements.2 BackgroundAustralias $300 million Water and Sanitation Initiative (WSI) will be implemented from July 2009 to June 2011. The Africa Water and Sanitation Program (AWSP) will be the largest regional/country program supported by the WSI. It will focus on Sub Saharan Africa. The AWSP will be a key part of Australias expanded support to Africa. AusAID has proposed support for the Government of Malawis efforts to increase access to water supply and sanitation services in towns in Malawi. This will be achieved through co-financing the African Development Banks (AfDB) investment plan in support for National Water Development Program.

Malawis National Water Development Program (NWDP) is a sector program of approx. US$300 million that covers all of Malawi and aims at 80% coverage of improved water supply and sanitation by 2015. Available financing for the rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) component (including towns), which will benefit 4.45 million rural and district people, is approx. US$142 million, and the water resources component, which will benefit all Malawians, is US$16 million. NWDP has four components: C-1) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation; C-2) Town, Market Centre and Rural Piped and Point Water Supply and Sanitation; C-3) Water Resources Management; and C-4) Program Management and Capacity Building.

AfDBs current funding of US$48 million for NWDP supports work in four districts, Lilongwe, Zomba, Machinga and Mulanje. Funding includes US$42.5 million from the Africa Development Fund for C2(c) rural piped water systems, C2(d) rural water supply and sanitation, C3 Water Resource management and Program Management and Capacity Building. A further US$5.5 million is provided from RWSSI Trust Fund for C2 (d) rural water supply and sanitation. AfDB involvement in NWDP has helped leverage five other development partners into the program.

AWSP funding will focus on increasing services to population centres in rural Malawi through the following sub components: (C2) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems Towns and Market Centres; (C 3) Water Resource management; and (C4) Capacity Building. AusAID will aim to increase the percentage of funds spent under NWDP on sanitation and hygiene. It is proposed that AWSP funding will support the same four districts on which AfDB is currently working, Lilongwe, Machinga, Mulanje and Zomba and will focus on the market centres of Nathenje, Nsalu and Kisiya in Lilongwe District, Malosa in Zomba District, Ntaja and Ulongwe in Machinga District and Mkando in Mulanje District.

An outline of the proposed AWSP program in support of NWDP is as follows:

Provision of piped water supply facilities in the seven market centres including catchment protection activities in the specific water catchments proposed for water supply to the centres.

Provision of sanitation facilities in public places such as markets, schools and health centres in the seven market centres. Support for latrine construction for disadvantaged groups such as the disabled and the elderly.

Provison of hygiene promotion programs in the seven market centres and possibly in other centres depending on availability of funding

Provision of district-wide catchment management program in one of the four Districts

Capacity building to the districts for the establishment of water user associations and local operators.

AusAID funding of AUD17 million is proposed to support the AfDB funded program over two years FY 09/10 and FY 10/11 through co-financing NWDP to increase access to water supply services and sanitation in the market centers, improve water security through improved WRM and provide support for improved institutional arrangements and capacity building of Regional Water Boards and Local Government.

3 Situation Analysis

3.1 Nathenje3.1.1 General Information

a. LocationNathenje is found in Lilongwe in Central Region of Malawi. It is designated as a rural market centre situated approximately 25 km east of Lilongwe City along North and South sides of LilongweBlantyre (M1) Road. Geographically, the market centre is at 598000 E and 8443000 Nb. Land UseAs a designated a rural market, Nathenje has an urban structure plan prepared by the Town and Country Planning Department of Malawi Government. Urban development has concentrated on the southern side of the Lilongwe Blantyre (M1) Road and west of Nathenje River.Establishments at the centre include ADMARC Facility, Private Secondary Schools, Tobacco Grading Centre, Police Post, Islamic Centre, Veterinary Clinic, Health Clinic, Agriculture Training School, Primary School to the North, Commercial development restricted to a few shops, restaurants, bars leisure centres and the Nathenje Catholic Mission

Greater commercial land usage is found on the Southern side where there is a market and a Trading Centre. There are some medium density housing and villages of traditional semi-permanent type.

3.1.2 Available Water Source

Currently Nathenje mainly uses groundwater from boreholes equipped with Afridev hand pumps. Groundwater source is not sustainable. The yields of existing boreholes are very low in the range of dry to 1.0 l/s. Considering the number of boreholes and their yields, the existing boreholes do not satisfy the present water demand and the type of system is not convenient for urban setting. Because of this, some residents opt for unprotected water supplies including open hand dug wells and sometimes Nathenje River.

3.1.3 Water Supply Facilities

Nathenje has no water supply system. There is a motorised pump fitted borehole at ADMARC that supplies ADMARC, Police Post, Health Clinic, Post Office and 15 other houses that buy water at a stand- pipe. There is another motorised pump fitted borehole serving Agriculture Trading Centre.Majority of the residents obtain their water from hand pump fitted boreholes (which need repairs and maintenance from time to time) while some obtain water from hand dug wells. There are also privately owned boreholes not accessible by the residents.

3.1.4 Water Supply Management

Water facilities are for institutions are managed by the institutions that own them. ADMARC manages its small piped water system and the other institutions are responsible for their boreholes. The community boreholes are managed by water point committees which comprise of elected members from the beneficiary communities. Vibrancy of these committees is variable depending on who is elected. The water point committees are responsible for operation and maintenance of the borehole which is funded through cash contributions from the beneficiary households.

3.2 Kasiya3.2.1 General information

a. Location

Kasiya is located about 50km West-North-West and it is one of the market centres in Lilongwe district in the Central Region. It is in Traditional Authority Khongoni and is accessed by two roads namely T346 from M6 and D179 from S117. It is locates at 539000 E and 8478000 N in the Lilongwe plain.

b. Land Use

The centre has government agency offices namely, police unit and a primary school on the eastern side of Mudi River, Agriculture station, a court, ADMARC depot. There are also local authority facilities such as market. There is also a Tobacco Association of Malawi Depot. Apart from the traders who run grocery shops, hawkers, restaurants and rest houses, there are institutional houses for staff of various establishments in the area. The rest of the settlements or buildings are residential homes for the resident community members. The settlements are mainly located along the secondary roads passing through the market centre

The market centre is surrounded by both smallholder tobacco gardens and small to medium farms.3.2.2 Available Water Source

Kasiya mainly uses groundwater sources. Currently there are five boreholes at the market centre with yields of between 1.0 l/s and 3.0 l/s. There are also surface water sources the nearest being Mudi River which runs across the market centre. However, the river is wide and shallow. The flows of the river are reasonable; however there will be need to carry out detailed hydrological analysis of the flows and identify a location for intake in the detailed design stage if groundwater sources are chosen for the proposed water supply system.

According to Carl Bro Report, and confirmed by the water quality tests done for this report, the water quality from the existing water sources is variable (Carl Bro International, 1988). The water from the old primary school borehole was reported to be very hard, saline, and aggressive and stains clothes. However, the current borehole at the primary school drilled about 100m away has better water quality. The recent water quality parameters as follows:3.2.3 Water Supply Facilities

There is no piped water supply system at Kasiya. The main means of access of household water are boreholes equipped with Afridev hand pumps and protected wells. There are five boreholes one of which is not functional. The functional boreholes are located at the market and shops (western side) and one at the primary school (on the eastern side). Each bore hole has two concrete sinks for washing. The waste water is disposed by means of soak pits. Currently there are sanitation challenges on most of the boreholes: the drains and soak pits are blocked by solid wastes such as plastic papers and rubbish and there is stagnant water. 3.2.4 Water Supply Management

The water sources are managed by the institutions and water point committees who are responsible for operation and maintenance. In case of users other than institutions, the beneficiary communities bear the costs for operation and maintenance.

3.3 Nsaru

3.3.1 General Informationa. LocationNsaru Market Centre is located about 40km West-North-West and it is a market centres in Traditional Authority Kabudula in Lilongwe district in the Central Region. It is accessed by secondary road (S117) and a district road (D184 & D185) from M6. It is connected to Kasiya by S117 and D179. It is locates at 554000 E and 8465000 N in the Lilongwe plain.b. Land UseNsaru is a typical market centre in terms of its land use which comprise of government institutions such as primary and secondary schools, Agriculture Training Centre, ADMARC and a trading centre which includes a rural market.3.3.2 Available Water Source

Nsaru market centre is currently using ground water sources which are abstracted by means of boreholes equipped with hand pumps and submersible pumps. Other communities use protected and unprotected wells.3.3.3 Water Supply Facilities

The communities use boreholes fitted with hand pumps while two institutions namely, Nsaru Health Centre and Girls Private Schools have their own small private piped water supply systems. The systems comprise of a borehole equipped with a submersible pump, a short transmission main, 20m3 elevated plastic tanks and a small reticulation system covering the institution and a few staff houses.3.3.4 Water Supply Management

The small piped water supply systems are managed by the institutions while the boreholes are managed by water point committees except for one borehole which is privately owned by a former member of parliament. The beneficiary communities are responsible for operation and maintenance. In case of public boreholes the communities contribute money through the water point committees for maintenance of the water sources. On the other hand the privately owned water sources are maintained by the owners

3.4 Ntaja

3.4.1 General Information

a. LocationNtaja is a market centre in Machinga District. It is located 49 kilometres north east of Liwonde Town Assembly along Bakili Muluzi Highway. Ntaja Market centre is under T/A Kawinga. Ntaja is a flat area which lies at an altitude of about 50 m above sea level. Geographically the centre lies between 7701814 and 7702814 easting and 83o5368 and 83o5568 northing.

b. Land use

The market centre has the following land use patterns which are agriculture, settlement, commercial and public facilities. Settlement and agriculture are dominating ones. Agricultural land use alone covers about 57 percent of total land.

Commercial structures at the centre include rest houses, Chipiku store, Southern Bottlers depot, Peoples Trading Centre, groceries and maize and rice mills. Public facilities present are Ntaja Police station, ADMARC, Ntaja Health Centre, MTL exchange, primary schools and community day secondary schools

c. Climate

Ntaja market centre is a low lying area which experiences hot to very hot temperatures throughout the year. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures being 24.3oc and 33.6oc respectively. October and November are the hottest while July is the coldest. The mean monthly wind speed is 1.9 m/s.

The area has a mean annual precipitation of 1,122.7 mm. The main rainy months are November to April. The highest rainfall occurs during the month of January while May to October is the dry season with very little and scattered and rainfall.

3.4.2 Available water SourcesGroundwater is the most reliable source of water for the centre. Surface water source is in limited supply since the perennial rivers are about 30 km away in the Chikala Hills. Mbenjere and Nkhande Rivers which are within the centrer are annual rivers. Kawinga Gravity Rural Water Supply Scheme which gets water from the Chikala Hills used to supply part of Ntaja in the past but the system is not working as of now.The Consultant was advised by the NWDP that Kawinga Gravity Rural Water Supply Scheme is going to be rehabilitated under the ADB funding and procurement of design and supervision consultants is under way.3.4.3 Water supply FacilitiesThere are about 11 hand pump fitted boreholes with one broken. Mbenjere and Nkhande Rivers also provide water for domestic uses although these rivers are annual. As already indicated above, previously the area was supplied from Kawinga gravity fed system from Chikala hills but is not working due to pipe vandalism.

Three institutions which included Mbenjere Secondary School (MSS), St. Marys Pastoral Centre and Ntaja Health Centre (NHC) have pumping systems. MSS had a submersible pump which discharges into 20 m3 elevated tank and supplies the school and seven staff houses. The system at the Pastoral centre supplies the hostels and the church while the system at the Health Centre supplies the centre excluding staff houses.3.4.4 Water Supply ManagementThe management of water supply varies from one source to the other. For boreholes which are fitted with handpumps, the management is through Water Point Committees. These committee are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the community within the vicinity of the boreholes.

The management of other institutional systems are privately managed by the institutions themselves. 3.5 Nsanama


a. Location

Nsanama is another market centre in T/A Kawingas area and is about 12 km to Ntaja. It is located 38 kilometres north east of Liwonde Town Assembly along Bakili Muluzi Highway. Nsanama is a flat area which lies at an altitude of about 50 m above sea level. Geographically the area lies between 76o70 and 77o easting and between 83o40 and 83o44 northing.

b. Land use

Land at the market centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and public facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. The main crops grown are tobacco, rice, maize, paprika and soya while livestock reared include cattle and goats.

Settlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mixture of traditional, high density permanent and medium density housing type.

Commercial and public structures at the centre include wholesales, grocery shops, rest houses, maize & rice mills, schools, Nsanama Health centre, post office and Nsanama E.P.A.

c. Climate

Nsanama market centre is a low lying area which experiences hot to very hot temperatures throughout the year. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures are the same as for Ntaja being 24.3oc and 33.6oc respectively. October and November are the hottest while July is the coldest. The mean monthly wind speed is 1.9 m/s.

The area has a mean annual precipitation of 1122.7 mm. The main rainy months are November to April. The highest rainfall occurs during the month of January while May to October is the dry season with very little and scattered and rainfall.

3.5.2 Current water Source

Groundwater is the most reliable source of water for the centre. Surface water source is in limited supply since the perennial rivers are about 30 km away in the Chikala Hills. Other sources are unprotected shallow wells and streams. The most notable stream is Mwalasi emanating from Chikala Hills. 3.5.3 Water supply FacilitiesThere are about six (6) hand pump fitted boreholes and several shallow wells. The most notable stream is Mwalasi emanating from Chikala Hills. Previously the area was supplied from Mgodi/Kawinga gravity fed system from Chikala hills but is not working due to pipe vandalism.

The Consultant was advised by the NWDP that Kawinga Gravity Rural Water Supply Scheme is going to be rehabilitated under the ADB funding and procurement of design and supervision consultants is under way.

Nsanama Health Centre had its own pumping system supplying the hospital and staff houses. Staff houses have stand taps.

3.5.4 Water Supply ManagementThe management of water supply varies from one source to the other. For boreholes which are fitted with handpumps, the management is through Water Point Committees. These committee are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the community within the vicinity of the boreholes.

The management of other institutional systems are privately managed by the institutions themselves. 3.6 Malosa


a. Location

Namwera Turn-off also known as Malosa is located 40 km from Zomba. The area is found in Zomba District. The average elevation at the centre of the area is about 760 meters above sea level and its coordinates are 15o 17S and 35o 12E.

b. Land use

Public facilities at the centre include post and telecommunications and ADMARC. There is St. Luke hospital under Anglican Church, full primary, secondary and nursing schools. The centre has an urban structure plan and is connected to the national power grid.

Cassava and rice are major cash crops grown at Namwera Turn off with maize as food crop. Livestock reared are cattle, pigs, goats and chickens.

c. Climate

The area is generally warm and partly humid during summer between August and November. Average monthly temperature is 21.6c. Mean monthly minimum temperature is 16.3c with the lowest recorded being 11c between June and August. Mean monthly maximum is 26.9c with the highest recorded being 32.5c between October and November.

Namwera Turn Off has mean annual rainfall of 1,294mm with the highest recently recorded being 1,825.2mm in 2001/2002 season and lowest recently recorded being 866.6mm in 2003/2004 season.

Rain season is normally between November and April. Highest rainfall occurs in the month of January while summer reaches its peak in October.

3.6.2 Current water Source

Malosa Area has both surface and ground water sources. The perennial rivers available in the areas are Likwenu River to the North and Lufani River to the South of the centre.

3.6.3 Water Supply FacilitiesMalosa has several boreholes that were drilled by Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development fitted with Afridev hand pumps. Lufani Rural Gravity Water Supply Scheme supplies the area around the South of the centre and some stand taps are located within the Malosa Market as well as Namwera Turnoff.

Mission institutions at Malosa are supplied from a water supply system whose source is Likwenu River. There is an intake structure, new ground concrete storage tank and reticulation which covers Malosa Secondary School, St Lukes Hospital, Nursing School and a Lay Training Centre.

3.6.4 Water Supply ManagementThe management of water supply varies from one source to the other. For boreholes which are fitted with handpumps, the management is through Water Point Committees. These committees are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the community within the vicinity of the boreholes.

The Anglican Church manages the institutional water supply system whilst the Lufani Rural Water Supply Scheme is managed by a water committee formed by the water users within the scheme.

3.7 Nkando Thuchila Market Centre


a. Location

Nkando is a Market Centre in T/A Juma in Mulanje District. It is located 30 kilometres north west of Mulanje Boma along Robert Mugabe Highway. Nkando is a fairly flat area.

b. Land use

Land in at the Market Centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and public facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. The main crops grown are maize, paprika and soya while livestock reared include cattle and goats.

Settlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mixture of traditional, high density permanent and medium density housing type.

Commercial and public structures in the Market Centre include wholesales, grocery shops, rest houses, maize & rice mills, schools, Thuchila Health Centre, post office and Thuchila E.P.A.

3.7.2 Water supply FacilitiesThere are about five (5) hand pump fitted boreholes and several shallow wells. The most notable river is Thuchila River emanating from Mulanje Mountain. Previously the area was supplied from Namitambo Gravity Fed System from Mulanje Mountain but is not working due to pipe vandalism.

The Consultant was advised by the NWDP that Namitambo Gravity Rural Water Supply Scheme is going to be rehabilitated under the ADB funding and procurement of design and supervision consultants is under way.

Thuchila Health Centre and Thuchila Community Secondary School had its own pumping system supplying the hospital, school and staff houses respectively. Staff houses have stand taps.

3.7.3 Water Supply ManagementThe management of water supply varies from one source to the other. For boreholes which are fitted with handpumps, the management is through Water Point Committees. These committee are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the community within the vicinity of the boreholes.

The management of other institutional systems are privately managed by the institutions themselves. Population Projections

3.7.4 Basic Considerations

One main important component of a realistic and viable water supply project is a well-conceived assessment of population and economic growth, supported by current/future land use plans, and as far as possible, an accurate projection of water consumption and demand pattern. Reliable estimate of present and future demands flows and discharge can only be determined based on available and agreed demographic and economic projections.

Therefore, the Consultant has carefully reviewed the past reports on population growth and discussed with the Client, Physical Planning Department and the National Statistical Office. The population forecasts of previous studies have been reviewed and adjustment in conjunction with the 2008 Population Census results.

The Consultant had a discussion with the District Assembly and Physical Planning Department Officials on the existing land use plans and incorporated the latest domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial development and planning.

3.7.5 Past Population Data

National Population Censuses have been carried out five times in the post-independence Malawi, i.e. 1966, 1977, 1987, 1998 and 2008. The population of the market centres and number of households from the 2008 census results report are shown in Table 2.1 below.

Table 4.1: Population and Number of Households of Selected Market CentresMarket Centre2008

PopulationNo. of Households

Nathenje4,598981

Kasiya2,798611

Nsaru2,040406

Ntaja5,8911,396

Nsanama4,4181,013

Malosa4,8761,145

Nkando2,514648

Total27,1356,200

3.7.6 Population Growth Rate

Population growth is affected by a number of factors such as results of development taking place in a centre and external factors such as political, economical and social conditions of the country. Development of a centre attracts migrants and transfer of employees from other areas to provide the required labour force and work service. The economic development of a centre can also be affected by the housing and land allocation policy and the service available. Demographic policy by the Government in terms of family planning, HIV/AIDS control, inter alia, may also affect the population growth.

The National Statistical Office (NSO) gives the annual population growth rate for districts. Assuming that the growth rate for the district is the same as that of a selected market centre the annual growth rate for the selected market centres are as in Table 4.2 Table 4.2: Annual Population Percentage Growth Rates for Selected Market CentresSelected Market CentreAnnual Population % Growth Rate

Nathenje3.1

Kasiya3.1

Nsaru3.1

Ntaja2.9

Nsanama2.9

Malosa2.0

Nkando2.1

3.7.7 Population Projections

Population projections are made using the growth rates indicated above for each of the centres. Therefore, the projections are shown in Table 2.3 below.Table 4.3: Population Projections for Market CentresMarket Centre20082010201520202030

Nathenje4,5984,8875,6946,6329,000

Kasiya2,7982,9743,4654,0365,477

Nsaru2,0402,1682,5262,9433,993

Ntaja5,8916,2387,1968,30211,049

Nsanama4,4184,6785,3976,2268,286

Malosa4,8765,0735,6016,1847,538

Nkando2,5142,6212,9083,2263,971

Total27,13528,63932,78737,54949,314

3.8 Water Demand Design Criteria

3.8.1 General

Water demand depends on the size of the population served, their standard of living, activities and importantly the cost of water supplied. Availability of wastewater service has also to be taken into account. It also depends on the existence and level of institutional and social establishments and service of municipal water supplies.

The water demand for the market centres is determined for different user categories taking into account the present and future development situation of the Town. The water demand consists of domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial, animal in some cases and water for fire fighting. Unaccounted for water is also included in the demand projections to accommodate the losses without affecting the service level to the consumers.

In assessing the water demand of different groups within a market centre the following conditions were taken into account:

Hydraulic condition;

Per capita water consumption;

Water demand forecast for domestic groups;

Water required for non domestic consumption;

Connection profiles for different user categories;

Target coverage (service level);

Water quality;

Previous study reports and engineering documents have been referred to in the assessment and establishment of the different water demand parameters. Past consumption trends by different consumer groups have also been assessed and analyzed in order to project the future consumption levels for different user groups. The water demand is therefore considered for domestic, institutional, commercial, animal, fire fighting and water losses.

3.9.2Domestic Water Demand

Domestic water demand is the daily water requirement for use by a human being for different domestic purposes. The water required for domestic purpose is mainly used for drinking, cooking, washing utensils, flushing toilets and for cleansing of the body. In addition, water can be used for gardening, cleaning vehicles, washing paved compounds and miscellaneous domestic purposes. The amount of water used for domestic purposes varies depending on the lifestyle, living standard, climate, mode of service and above all on the price of water and affordability by the users as well as facilities owned by the individual.

3.8.1.1 Domestic Demand Categories

Domestic water demand service can be categorized according to the level of service to be provided and the amount of per capita water required to satisfy the demand served by that level of service.

Categorization of demand as a standard has not been made so far and different countries and projects use their own categorization depending on the type and water collection methods and land use pattern of those particular towns or cities.

The domestic water supply service in urban areas supplied by Regional Water Boards is categorized in the following mode of services:Communal Water Point

(CWP)

High Density Housing Areas

(HDHA)

Medium Density Housing Areas

(MDHA)

Low Density Housing Areas

(LDHA)

The four demand categories are commonly used in the study and design of different water supply projects in Malawi. Accordingly, similar demand categories or mode of services will be used for the market centres domestic water demand analysis.

3.8.1.2 Per Capita Water Demand Adopted for Market Centres

The per capita water demand is the sum of the water requirement for different uses, which are related to specific conditions of each area such as climatic conditions, the socio-economic level and living standard of the people and availability of water supply facilities of the specific town or city. The water requirement for different domestic use could also vary based on the mode of service to be used and the closeness to water supply facilities.

Table 4.4 presents the estimated water requirement for different uses by mode of service where there is adequate water supply coverage. The figures are established based on assessments from different literatures for developed and developing countries and existing conditions of the market centres water needs. Table 4.4: Estimate of Breakdown of Per Capita Domestic Water Demand Based on Water Use

PurposeWater Requirement by Category (l/c/day) and Mode of Service

CWP

HDHA(Yard Taps)MDHA(House Connections)LDHA(House connections)

Drinking5555

Cooking10101025

Ablution5102035

Washing utensils & house6202550

Washing clothes10252535

Flushing water closets003030

Other purposes051020

Total3675125200

Note; Estimated based on the Ministry of Water Development Standard.

The Consultant has reviewed the standard figures from the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development and per capita demands used in several studies for the three Region Water Boards for similar schemes to come up with the right per capita domestic demands for the scheme. Previous studies by Carl Bro Internationals, NIRAS and Norconsult in centres (including Nathenje) with similar characteristics in terms of settlement pattern the proportion of housing categories were ascertained by estimation. Table 4.5 below shows the Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation Standard as well as the NRWB first Business Plan demands.Table 4.5: Per Capita Water Demand Adopted by Different Organizations`OrganisationWater Demand by Category(l/c/d)

CWPHDHAMDHALDHA

Ministry of Water Development Standard3675125200

NRWB 255080125

CRWB365080125

SRWB365075-

Therefore, in view of the above demands and the Consultants observations of the settlement patterns in the selected market centres, per capita domestic water demands for each category have been estimated. Table 4.6 below shows the per capita water demands adopted to be used in the demand projections for centres.Table 4.6: Per Capita Water Demand Adopted for Selected Market CentresDemand CategoryPer Capita Water Demand (l/c/d) for 2010-2025

CWP36

HDHA50

MDHA80

LDHA125

3.8.1.3 Percentage Coverage for each Domestic Demand Category

According to the Master Indicator Cluster Survey, the proportions of population that have access to appropriately treated drinking water are 23.4%, 8.3%, 13.7% and 7.7% for Lilongwe, Machinga, Zomba and Mulanje respectively. In Zomba household members responsible for collecting water spend more time (50.6 min) whereas Lilongwe has the least time of 24.5 minutes. This could be attributed to the settlement patterns and the type of terrain. Table 4.7 shows the percentages and time for each indicator of access.Table 4.7: Selected indictors of level of access to potable waterSelected Indicator for Access to Potable WaterUnitLilongweMachingaZomba Mulanje

1Proportion of household population with tube-well/bore-hole as main source of drinking water%38.049.962.447.5

2Proportion of households using improved drinking water sources%72.070.681.780.7

3Proportion of Household population using drinking water from all drinking water sources treated by applying an appropriate water treatment method%23.48.313.77.7

4Proportion of households storing water in jerry can/narrow neck container with lid%17.37.06.121.6

5Proportion of households in which an adult woman collects drinking water, %88.090.686.186.6

6Mean time to source of drinking water (excluding those on premises)min24.550.539.728.4

Source: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), 2006

The development objective of NWDP II is to increase access to sustainable water supply and sanitation services for people living in cities, towns, market centers, and villages and improve water resources management at the national level. According to the Project Appraisal Document (World Bank, 2007) access to potable water for market centres was 65% in 2007 with a target of 78% by 2012. This includes all sources of water supply hence in the case of this design, the piped water supply is at zero in all these centres since there are no existing piped water schemes. Therefore in view of aspirations of Malawians as complemented by the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy and Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) targets for access to potable water which is to reduce by halve people with no access to potable water by 2015 the percentage the percentage of population served by each demand category has been estimated. The estimations are supported by experience from previous similar projects to come up with relevant assumptions. Therefore the percentages for the HDHA, MDHA LDHA have been assumed that they will increase gradually during the project service period due to expected development and housing type and demand shift to the next higher category. All consumers that will not use water from individual connections are assumed to take water from CWP for safety purpose in estimating the total water requirement of the Centre at the end of the design period. It is also assumed that the percentage of service coverage would reach 90% in year 2015 on the condition that connection works will be expedited within short period after the completion of the project. Cognizant of the differences in settlements and level of potential for further developments based on proximity and ease access from major development centres such as cities and towns the selected market centres have been categorized into high, medium and low growth centres comparatively.

Ntaja, Nathenje and Malosa are well connected by main tarmac roads as such they are considered to be high growth centres.

Nsanama, Kasiya and Nkando despite being better connected are slightly remote. However, they have more institutions and commercial establishments as such it is considered a medium growth centre Nsaru is smaller compared to the other centres and is categorized as low growth centre though it has a very high potential of growth

The estimated population percentage in each demand category for Selected Market Centres is shown in Table 4.8 below. The estimated percentages of categories given in the Table 4.8 are proportions of total population of the selected market centre rather than for population served.Assumed Centre Growth CategoryDemand CategoryYear 2010Year 2015Year 2020Year 2030

High Growth Centres (Nathenje, Ntaja and Malosa)Not served100%50%90%0%

CWP6030%31%22%

HDHA2513%38%38%

MDHA136%17%27%

LDHA21%4%13%

Total100%100%100%100%

Medium Growth Centres (Kasiya, Nsanama and Nkando)Not served100%50%90%0%

CWP70%34%33%25%

HDHA20%10%37%37%

MDHA9%5%17%28%

LDHA1%1%3%10%

Total100%100%100%100%

Low Growth Centres (Nsaru)Not served100%50%90%0%

CWP80%40%36%34%

HDHA16%8%36%30%

MDHA4%2%16%28%

LDHA0%0%2%8%

Total100%100%100%100%

Table 4.8: Percentage Used to Calculate Population to be served by Demand Category3.8.2 Public Water Demand

The water required for schools, hospitals, hotels, public facilities, parks, offices, commercial establishments, military camps, small scale industries, etc. is classified as public demand. Public demand is usually expressed as a percentage of the average day domestic demand. The general situation related to the public demand is that it is high at the initial stage of the service installation and gradually reduces as the number of domestic connections increase. It is also understood that the percentage of public demand is high in smaller towns compared to large towns or cities where there could be high number of domestic connections.

Table 4.9: Percentage Water Demand of Domestic Demand

Assumed Centre Growth CategoryDescriptionWATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT YEAR

20082010201520202030

Public Demand as % of domestic demand

High Growth Centres (Nathenje, Ntaja and Malosa)Institutional demand25%25%23%20%15%

Commercial demand20%20%25%27%28%

Medium Growth Centres (Kasiya, Nsanama and Nkando)Institutional demand27%27%25%20%17%


Low Growth Centres (Nsaru)Institutional demand28%28%25%22%16%


3.8.3 Industrial Water Demand

Industrial water demand refers to big industries that would consume significant amount of water for processing of their products.

There are no plans and no information regarding the establishment of any big industries in selected market centres. Due to this, special consideration is not made for the industrial demand in the projection of demand.

3.8.4 Water Requirement for Fire Fighting

The water demand for fire fighting has not been included exclusively in the water demand assessment. The design of the distribution system will incorporate fire hydrants at some critical places to be selected during design phase of the project.

The most important factor in fire fighting is the pressure available at the site of fire. If fire fighting is to be met directly from the distribution networks, the minimum available pressure in the system must be at least 50m head. However, marinating this head will make the network very costly. Fire fighting water is therefore, recommended to be carried out by trucks equipped with water tanks and high pressure pumps.

The amount of water required for fire fighting for one fire out break will not be more than the amount of water distributed during the maximum day water demand for the period of the fire. Therefore the water required for firefighting would be stored in the reservoir as a reserve for critical days when the reservoir is empty. This will be 10% of the storage volume of the reservoir and water for firefighting will be met from the storage but not from the source.

3.8.5 Water Losses

Water loss is the difference of the production and the consumption expressed as a percentage and is caused by different factors. The main causes of unaccounted for water (UFW) are leakages in pipelines, customer water meters, fittings as well as failure of some inlet control systems when water reaches maximum level in the reservoirs. High water loss is expected at the start because there is already an existing system which will be under rehabilitation. Then, after the completion of the project, the UFW will drastically decrease to 20% which is the Boards by-law acceptable water loss limit. This will be maintained until the system starts getting older and the UFW will be gradually increasing to the end of the design period.Table 4.10: Water Loss as Percentage of Maximum Day Demand

Water Demand Assessment Year

2010201520202025

As a percentage of the total average day demand

20%21%22%25%

3.8.6 Animal DemandDomestic animal water demand may be required if there are no other water sources to the proximity of the centre. There are several rivers and dambo areas around centres which are good sources of water for domestic animals. Apart from this, there is no dairy or poultry farm within the centre, therefore there is no need to consider domestic animal water demand.

3.8.7 Average Day Demand

The average day demand is obtained as the sum of the domestic demand, the public demand plus the losses. The average demand for selected market centre Subsection 4.3 below.

3.8.8 Maximum Day Demand

The water consumption varies from day to day throughout the year. The ratio of the maximum day consumption to the mean annual day consumption is the maximum day factor.

Maximum day factor usually varies from place to place and ranges from 1.20 up to as high as 2.0 in certain cases. In most cases the smaller the town, the higher the maximum day factor will be. Since the selected market centres are relatively small a maximum day factor of 2.0 has been adopted.

3.8.9 Peak Hour Demand

The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode of service and social activity of the town. The peak hour factor normally varies between 1.1 and 4 and sometimes may go beyond in special cases. It should be noted that in most cases the smaller the number of consumers, the higher the peak hour factor. The selected market centres have current population ranging from 2,524 to 5,891 (refer to Table 4.1 and 43). But being a market centre, a larger population of the market catchment area comes to the market centre on market days. Similar there students for school come from the catchment area whose boundary is not necessarily extends further than that of the centre. This certainly increases water supply demand, perhaps under the institutional or commercial demand category. Therefore a higher factor has to be considered. On the other hand, a high factor results into expensive design of the system, therefore in order to make the design economical, a peak hour factor of 2.0 on the average day demand or a factor of 1.67 on the maximum day demand is adopted for this project.

3.8.10 Total Water Demand

The total water demand therefore takes into account all the above-mentioned design criteria. The base year maximum day demand for selected market centres range from 6 to 18 litres per second as shown below. This water demand includes supply requirement for domestic and public facilities. It is assumed that as period goes on, the served population will increase hence an increase in the overall water demand. The details of the projected water demands for the years 2010 to 2025 are presented in Subsection 4.3 below.

3.9 Water Demand for Market CentresBased on the domestic demand categories, assumptions of category proportions, estimated public demand and coverage, the water demands for each selected market centres are given below.3.9.1 Summary of Water Demand for Nathenje

Table 4.11: Summary of Water Demand for NathenjeDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 4,598 4,887 5,694 6,632 9,000

Growth Rate%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%

Population Distribution (Served)

Low Density (%)%0%2%1%4%13%

No. - - 28 239 1,170

Medium Density (%)%0.0%13%6%17%27%

No.0 - 171 1,015 2,430

High Density (%)%0.0%25%13%38%38%

No.0 - 370 2,268 3,420

CWP %%60%30%31%22%

No.0 - 854 1,850 1,980

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 4,598 4,887 2,847 663 -

Demand Projections

Total Present Population ServedNo. - - 2,847 5,969 9,000

% Population Served%0.0%0%50%90%100%

Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day00430146

MDHAm3/day001481194

HDHAm3/day0019113171

CWPm3/day00316771

Sub Totalm3/day0066291583

Public Demand

%20%20%25%27%28%

Commercialm3/day001779163

%25%25%23%20%15%

Institutionalm3/day00155887

%0%0%0%0%0%

Industrialm3/day00000

Sub Total Public + Industrialm3/day0032137251

Total Domestic + Public


%0%20%21%22%25%

Lossesm3/day002194208

m3/day001195221042

Total Average Demandl/s001612

Maximum Day Demand (1.2)m3/day001436261250

l/s002714

Peak Hour Demand (2.0) m3/day - - 238 1,044 2,084

m3/h - - 10 43 87

3.9.2 Summary of Water Demand for Kasiya

Table 4.12: Summary of Water Demand for KasiyaDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 2,798 2,974 3,465 4,036 5,477

Growth Rate%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%


Low Density (%)%0%1%1%3%10%

No. - - 17 109 548

Medium Density (%)%0.0%9%5%17%28%

No.0 - 87 618 1,534

High Density (%)%0.0%20%10%37%37%

No.0 - 173 1,344 2,026

CWP %%0.0%70%34%33%25%

No.0 - 589 1,199 1,369

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 2,798 2,974 1,732 404 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day0021468

MDHAm3/day00749123

HDHAm3/day00967101

CWPm3/day00214349


Public Demand

%22%22%24%25%27%


%27%27%25%20%17%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%0%20%21%22%25%


m3/day0070307615



l/s00149

Peak Hour Demand (2.0) m3/day - - 140 613 1,230

m3/h - - 6 26 51

3.9.3 Summary of Water Demand for Nsaru

Table 4.13: Summary of Water Demand for NsaruDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 2,040 2,168 2,526 2,943 3,993

Growth Rate%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%3.1%


Low Density (%)%0%0%0%2%8%

No. - - - 53 319

Medium Density (%)%0.0%4%2%16%28%

No.0 - 25 424 1,118

High Density (%)%0.0%16%8%36%30%

No.0 - 101 953 1,198

CWP %%0.0%80%40%36%34%

No.0 - 505 953 1,358

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 2,040 2,168 1,263 294 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day000740

MDHAm3/day0023489

HDHAm3/day0054860

CWPm3/day00183449


Public Demand

%23%17%20%25%26%


%28%28%25%22%16%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%20%20%21%22%25%

Lossesm3/day0084085

m3/day0044220423



l/s00136

Peak Hour Demand (2.0) m3/day - - 89 439 845

m3/h - - 4 18 35

3.9.4 Summary of Water Demand for Ntaja

Table 4.14: Summary of Water Demand for NtajaDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 5,891 6,238 7,196 8,302 11,049

Growth Rate%2.9%2.9%2.9%2.9%2.9%


Low Density (%)%0%2%1%4%13%

No. - - 36 299 1,436

Medium Density (%)%0.0%13%6%17%27%

No. - - 216 1,270 2,983

High Density (%)%0.0%25%13%38%38%

No. - - 468 2,839 4,199

CWP %%0.0%60%30%31%22%

No. - - 1,079 2,316 2,431

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 5,891 6,238 3,598 830 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day00437180

MDHAm3/day0017102239


CWPm3/day00398388


Public Demand

%20%20%25%27%28%


%25%25%23%20%15%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%20%20%21%22%25%


m3/day001506531279



l/s002918

Peak Hour Demand (2.0) m3/day - - 301 1,307 2,558

m3/h - - 13 54 107

3.9.5 Summary of Water Demand for Nsanama

Table 4.15: summary for Water Demand for NsanamaDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 4,418 4,678 5,397 6,226 8,286

Growth Rate%2.9%2.9%2.9%2.9%2.9%


Low Density (%)%0%1%1%3%10%

No. - - 27 168 829

Medium Density (%)%0.0%9%5%17%28%

No. - - 135 953 2,320

High Density (%)%0.0%20%10%37%37%

No. - - 270 2,073 3,066

CWP %%0.0%70%34%33%25%

No. - - 917 1,849 2,072

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 4,418 4,678 2,698 623 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day00321104

MDHAm3/day001176186


CWPm3/day00336775


Public Demand

%22%22%24%25%27%


%27%27%25%20%17%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%25%20%21%22%25%


m3/day00109473931



l/s002713


m3/h - - 9 39 78

3.9.6 Summary of Water Demand for Malosa

Table 4.16: Summary for Water Demand for MalosaDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 4,876 5,073 5,601 6,184 7,538

Growth Rate%2.0%2.0%2.0%2.0%2.0%


Low Density (%)%0%2%1%4%13%

No. - - 28 223 980

Medium Density (%)%0.0%13%6%17%27%

No. - - 168 946 2,035

High Density (%)%0.0%25%13%38%38%

No. - - 364 2,115 2,865

CWP %%0.0%60%30%31%22%

No. - - 840 1,725 1,658

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%10%0%

No. 4,876 5,073 2,800 618 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day00428122

MDHAm3/day001376163


CWPm3/day00306260


Public Demand

%20%20%25%27%28%


%25%25%23%20%15%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%25%20%21%22%25%


m3/day00117487873



l/s002712


m3/h - - 10 41 73

3.9.7 Summary of Water Demand for Nkando

Table 4.17: Summary for Water Demand for NkandoDescriptionYear20082010201520202030

PopulationNo. 2,514 2,621 2,908 3,226 3,971

Growth Rate%2.1%2.1%2.1%2.1%2.1%

Population Distribution

Low Density (%)%0%1%1%3%10%

No. - - 15 48 397

Medium Density (%)%0.0%9%5%17%28%

No. - - 73 274 1,112

High Density (%)%0.0%20%10%37%37%

No. - - 145 597 1,469

CWP %%0.0%70%34%33%25%

No. - - 494 532 993

Not Served %%100.0%100%50%50%0%

No. 2,514 2,621 1,454 1,613 -

Demand Projections



Per Capita Demand

LDHAl/c/d125125125125125

MDHAl/c/d8080808080

HDHAl/c/d5050505050

CWPl/c/d3636363636

Domestic Demand

LDHAm3/day002650

MDHAm3/day0062289

HDHAm3/day0073073

CWPm3/day00181936


Public Demand

%22%22%24%25%27%


%27%27%25%20%17%


%0%0%0%0%0%





%25%20%21%22%25%


m3/day0059136446



l/s00126

Peak Hour Demand (2.0) m3/day - - 118 272 892

m3/h - - 5 11 37

4 Water Source InvestigationsIn order to assess the water supply situation at the selected market centres and hence recommend options for water supply source, field visits were made by the Consultant to Nathenje, Kasiya, Nsaru, Malosa, Nkando, Ntaja and Nsanama during the month of December in 2009. These visits were complemented with desk studies on existing water supply systems for the above-mentioned centres. The assessment entailed both the adequacy of the available water resources to meet the existing and projected water demand as well as the suitability of the quality of water for human consumption. The investigations earmarked both groundwater and surface water sources without taking into account storage facilities. Thus, surface water intakes were considered where resources were noted to be available in adequate quantity and quality, with little risk of water pollution or where water pollution could be economically prevented. Reliability of the supply was another important factor that was given serious consideration in the investigations. As far as surface water resources are concerned, the sources were investigated even if for periods shorter than the planning horizons, bearing in mind that if the development sequence allowed for construction of upstream storage in future years or could be supplemented by ground water then such projects could be implemented to augment the supply. In carrying out the assessment, the Consultant was assisted by water experts drawn from the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, the Central and Southern Region Water Boards, and the National Water Development Programme (NWDP). The Team comprised hydrologists, hydrogeologists, water chemists, as well as water resources experts. Presented in the following sections are the methods that the Team adopted in carrying out the investigations aimed at identifying reliable sources of water supply for the centres in terms of discharge (yield) and quality of water resources, and the recommended options for each market centre according to their ranking of priority, with Option 1 as top priority.

4.1 MethodologyThe approach adopted for identifying reliable sources of water supply for each of the seven selected centres mainly comprised desk studies and field assessments.

Desk studies involved a review of existing reports on previous studies as well as reports on the water supply situation in Malawi in general and in market centers in particular as documented by the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development. The documents reviewed during the desk study included the Water Resources Master Plan of 1986 (Department of Water / UNDP, 1986), the National and Shire Irrigation Study (NSIS, 1980), the Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plan (2007), the Water SWAp (2008) and various reports on ground water data for existing boreholes in the market centres. Desk studies covered both surface and ground water resources and were complemented with field visits to the seven selected market centres.

As alluded to in the preceding discussion, the Consultant followed the following principal stages of planning but not limited to:

i. Review of reports on previous studies, assessment of topographical and geological maps, and analysis of hydrological and hydro-geological information;

ii. Conducting topographic surveys to delineate the extent and characteristics of all land use types within the designated area of the market centre, and also noting maximum flood levels within the premises of the market centres.

iii. Review of data on rainfall, stream-flow, evaporation and other climatological data, and sediment and erosion data.

It should be noted that each source capable of meeting the projected water demand up to the year 2030 planning horizon was fully investigated and constituted an alternative option of water supply source for the market centre under study.

Field assessment of existing water supply sources for the seven market centres were carried out during the month of December in 2009. The assessment entailed observation of stream flows and boreholes yields, as well as the quality of water resources. Although the Team did not conduct discharge measurements in the few existing rivers and streams, professional experience guided the Team to make informed decisions on the suitability of stream flows to sustain the proposed water demand for the centres. Rough estimates of borehole yields were made by filling a 20-litre bucket and noting the time taken to do so. The observed discharge was then compared with the yield recorded during pumping tests. In most cases, the two values were very similar.

After conducting discharge measurements, water samples were corrected from surface and ground (boreholes) water sources for physical, chemical, and biological analysis. The results were compared with standards for domestic water supply set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS), and the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development (MIWD). MIWD Standards are still being improved upon hence the ones being used are temporary. This comparison was carried out with a view to determining the suitability of the water for human consumption WHO and Malawi. Parameters of particular interest were sulphate, iron, fluoride, chloride, hardness and turbidity (Table 5.1)

Table 5.1: Recommended Limits for Selected Water ConstituentsConstituentUnitWHOMBSMIWD

Sulphatemg/L400400800

Ironmg/L1

Fluoridemg/L1.523

Chloridemg/L600600750

Hardness (CaCO)mg/L500500800

TurbidityNTU5525

4.2 Data AvailabilityMost of the data used in assessing the availability and suitability of water supply for the market centres was obtained from the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development. These data included stream flows from hydrometric stations, borehole yields, and water quality. Presented in Table 5.2 are summarized borehole data for the market seven market centres.

Table 5.2: Borehole Data

Market CentreLocationBorehole Depth (m)Yield (L/s)

NathenjeKaduna Village30.811.26

Maxing Clothing

Market Centres Water Supply System Report 18 January 2010

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Transcript of Market Centres Water Supply System Report 18 January 2010