Maritime Piracy Topicspubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/fishbytes/Fishbytes Oct09...1 John Kleinen...
Transcript of Maritime Piracy Topicspubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/fishbytes/Fishbytes Oct09...1 John Kleinen...
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John Kleinen
Maritime Piracy
An Old Problem in New Clothing?
views from Southeast-Asia
Topics
1. The Construction and Perceptions of Piracy
and Responses thereto.
2. The Historical Context of Maritime Violence.
3. The Criminology of Piracy.
4. Organized Piracy.
5. The Geopolitics of Piracy and Piracy
Prevention. + Typology of Contemporary
Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia.
6. Conflation of Piracy and Terrorism.
1993
Piet Heyn
Dutch admiral (1577 – 1629)
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
Faust Part I
(Act V)
You have the might, and so the right.
You wonder what, and never how.
I know a little of navigation:
War, trade, and piracy, allow,
As three in one, no separation.
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Romancing and Fancying: two sides of the coin
Errol Flynn as the ‘aristocratic’
pirate in ‘swashbuckler’ movies
Questions of gender and
sexuality also led to, often
inflated, accounts of the
search on female pirates .
•
John Selden
Mare clausum, seu de Domino
Maris (the right and dominion
of the sea). London 1635.
Hugo Grotius
De mare liberum
Leiden, 1608
RES NULLIUS RES DOMINIUM
Privateers
• “Vessels belonging to private owners, and
sailing under commission of war
empowering the person to whom it is
granted to carry on all forms of hostility
which are permissible at sea by the usages
of war”
• In Dutch: Kaapvaart: “legale zeeroof”(legal
sea robbery)
What is Piracy ?
• “a subset of violent maritime predation”
• parasitic, e.g. taking and not offering
• intrinsic, e.g. culture of violence
• episodic, e.g. low and high tide of state
formation
J.L. Anderson, “Piracy and World History: An Economic
Perspective on Maritime Predation,” Journal of World History 6,
2 (1995): 175-99
Typology
• “instrumental pirates”
• Poor peasants and economic refugees motivated
by profit, became sea robbers.
• “expressive pirates”
• members of extremist Islamic associations, and/or
are supporters of secessionist movements
What is Piracy ?
• “An act of boarding or attempting to
board any ship with the intent to commit
theft or any other crime and with the
intent or capability to use force in the
furtherance of that act.” (IMB definition)
• “Excepting those crimes that are shown
or strongly suspected to be politically
motivated.” (IMB definition)
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Piracy in context
______________________________
• Human dimensions
• Grey-area phenomena
• illicit activities
– trafficking of goods and people
– Prostitution
– Gambling
Types of Piracy
• Small scale/opportunistic piracy
• High-level and armed
• Low-level and armed
• Highe-level and kidnapping
• Large scale
• Organized crime
• Terrorists in the name of God/Allah/Jahweh
Piracy in the Malacca & Singapore Straits
Geography-Economic Importance-Military Importance
Shortest Route between Indian & Pacific Ocean
Narrowest points +/- 1,5 miles – 10 miles
Lengths: 500 miles long – 30 miles
Piracy incidents 1992-2004
050
100
150200250300350
400450500
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Indonesia
Sea
World
Source:
2005:276 ; 2006: 2392005: 79 ; 2006: 502005:158 ; 2006: 142
The number of piratical incidents reported so far
in 2009 has surpassed the total number reported
in 2008, according to the ICC International
Maritime Bureau (IMB).
Overview 2007: 2/3 of total reported incidents
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Boat People
From petty to organized crime
Economic importance
• 80 % world trade is sea borne of which 50 % passes the
Straits
• > 50.000 ships, large freighters and tankers annually
• Oil life line to East Asian economies: 80 % to Japan
• Singaporean economy based on maritime trade
Military importance
Shortest route between Pacific and Indian Ocean for
theaters of US Pacific fleet and other blue water
navies
High risk areas
for oil tankers
Oil Flows (1999E): 10.3 mill. barrels per day (1/3)
The New Piracy:
Flag/Code Swapping
•Mumbai, India 25/02/ 2003 - An Indian court sentenced 14 Indonesian pirates to seven years imprisonment. The men were convicted for hijacking the Japanese-owned vessel, Alondra Rainbow off the coast of Indonesia in October 1999.
�Steal the ship
�Re-paint, re-name, re-flag and re-register the ship
�Offer the services of the ship to a shipper
�Sail to an undisclosed destination
�Unload the cargo to be sold, then repeat the process
�Nearly always part of a larger criminal organisation
“Phantom-ships”: flag/code swapping
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Apprehension of
pirated vessel MV
Alondra Rainbow by
Indian Navy on
16/11/1999
For full story: William
Langewiesche, Anarchy at Sea, in
the Atlantic Monthly, September
2003
The 14 Indonesian pirates of the Alondra
Rainbow: insignificant players on a very large
sea
Christianus Aeros Mintodo, Eka Dharma, Estafanus Homiang Harson, Anton Yenes Albarto, Dandung Ari, Burhan Nanda, Erick Prathama, Dannis Supandi, Christo Matias Goha, Piether Randa Buenga, Johan Kanthone, David Wandra Putra, Richardo John and Imbrun Rosadi
Extreme right (kneeling): Christianus Mintodo
Piracy and Terrorism
• Political piracy
• Military attack
• Maritime terrorism
• Combating piracy© Eric Pasquier
© Nitin Vadukul
•Political piracy
2 Sentenced to Die for Attack
against Arleigh Burke-
class guided missile destroyer USS Cole (October 12, 2000, left 17 sailors dead)
Yemeni Court Gives Four
Others Prison Terms for Roles
in 2000 Suicide Bombing
Military attack OR Maritime terrorism ?
Aden, Yemen. /AP
Maritime terrorism
• October 7, 2002
• The double-hulled French
supertanker MV Limburg burns
after being rammed by an
explosives-filled speed boat off the coast of Yemen.
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Maritime terrorism• “We bombed ferry”,
claims Abu SayyafPosted: 11:36 PM (Manila Posted: 11:36 PM (Manila Time) | Feb. 29, 2004Time) | Feb. 29, 2004
• killed at least two people,
though 180 more were missing,
according to a radio report.
• Abu Sayyaf spokesman Abu
Sulaiman claimed Friday’s
explosion was revenge for
government attacks in the
southern Mindanao area.
Maritime terrorism
• Al Basra Oil Terminal
• Coalition warship near the Khawr Al'Amaya Oil Terminal.
• 24 April 2004
• With ordinary dhows, fishing boats, and speedboats.
Armed pirates stand over French hostages aboard the yacht Tanit off the
coast of Somalia. Five French tourists were on the boat when it was
seized on April 4,2009.
Some references
• Chalk, P., 1997, Grey-area phenomena inSoutheast Asia: piracy, drug trafficking andpolitical terrorism. Canberra: ANU Press.[Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no.123]
• Murray, Diane, 2001, ‘Cheng I Sao in Fact and Fiction’, in: C.R.Pennell (ed.), Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader. Edited. New York: New York University Press. Pp.253-282.
• William Langewiesche, 2004, The Outlaw Sea : A World of Freedom, Chaos, and Crime. Virginia:VHPS.
MB Piracy Reporting Centre
Contact IMB PRC
The ICC Piracy Reporting Centre can be contacted via the
IMB or directly at:
ICC IMB (Far Eastern Regional Office)
PO Box 12559
50782 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
THE 24 HOUR Anti Piracy HELPLINE number is +60 3
2031 0014
http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php
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