Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical...

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Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University

Transcript of Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical...

Page 1: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MDAssociate Director Pediatric Critical Care

The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University

Page 2: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

ObjectivesDiscuss pathogenesis of  sepsis 

Discuss pathogenesis of  sepsis induced AKI

Explore potential strategies to limit renal damage in severe sepsis and septic shock

Page 3: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic
Page 4: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic
Page 5: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Septic Shock

Hypovolemic

Distributive

Cardiogenic 

Cytotoxic

sometimes Obstructive

Page 6: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Pediatric Septic ShockAssociated with severe Hypovolemia – usually children respond well to volume

Contrary to adult usually low CO, not low SVR is associated w/ mortality

Children with fluid refractory shock have diverse hemodynamic profile (lowCO/highSVR; lowCO/lowSVR)

Shock is a dynamic process

Page 7: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Acute Renal Failure in Sepsis19% in patients with moderate sepsis23% with severe Sepsis51% with septic ShockAcute Renal failure + Sepsis = 70% mortalityAcute Renal Failure not related to Sepsis = 45.2%

Can We Help It? 

Page 8: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Pathogenesis of Sepsis Related AKI

Ronco C et al. CJASN 2008:3

Page 9: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Improve Renal HemodynamicsGoal: Maintain Renal Blood Flow

Primary threats are reduced cardiac output and renal perfusion pressure

Rivers, NEJM – MODS, SAPS II and APACHE II scores significantly lower  with Early goal directed therapy  in patients with severe sepsis (p<0.001)

Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines 

Page 10: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Fluid ResuscitationRestore effective circulating blood volume

NQF bundle for Septic Shock – fluid resuscitation > 30cc /kgFluid resuscitation  >40 ml/kg in the 1st hour conferred survival advantage to children with septic shock

Saline versus Albumin (SAFE study) Finfer S. et al NEJM 350, 2004

What is the end‐point ?                                                         CVP 8‐12, MAP >65, Urine output > 0.5 cc/kg/hr                      Cardiac output or  pulse‐pressure variationFluid resuscitation should stop when patient no longer fluid responsive 

Page 11: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Maintaining Renal Perfusion PressureNorepinephrine – improve MAPProspective observational trial 97 pts with septic shock NE confers survival advantage Martin C et al. CritCareMed 28,2000

Augments UO and GFR Schetz M. Blood Purif 2002.

Randomized trial 32 pts. with septic shock NE higher BP, SVR and diuresis than dopamine Martin C etal. Chest 103,1993

Arginine Vasopressin improve UO and creatinine clearance in septic shock pts. refractory to NE              

Patel et al. Anesthesiology 96, 2002.

Page 12: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Lung Protective Strategy

Low‐tidal‐volume ventilation

Animal model of ARDS injurious ventilator strategy led to increase epithelial cell apoptosis in the kidneys with evidence of renal dysfunction

Fas ligand as possible mediator of organ cross‐talk

Improved lung function and oxygenation beneficial to kidneys and other organs 

Page 13: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Metabolic ControlTight glycemic control with aggressive insulin therapy

Surgical ICU patients with septic focus dramatic reduction in ARF requiring RRT Reduction in risk of AKI (RIFLE) in medical ICU pts.

Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress‐mediated apoptosis in tubular epithelial cellsInsulin anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effect

Page 14: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Experimental AgentsAnti‐Tumor Necrosis Factor αPlatelet‐activating factor inhibitorNitric Oxide Synthase inhibitionEndothelin antagonismInhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolismExogenous Atrial Natriuretic peptideInhibition of Leukocyte adhesionInhibitors of Coagulation

Page 15: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Renal Replacement Therapy

CRRT versus IHDTiming ?  Technique ??  Dose???

Extracorporeal Inflammatory Mediator Removal

Homeostasis

SIRS                                                            

CARS

Page 16: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic

Renal Repair80% of survivors of severe AKI will recover renal functionNGALGrowth factors – IGF, VEGF, hepatocyte growth factorBone morphogenic protein‐7 (BMP‐7)Erythropoietin

Best strategy is to Keep Patient Alive

Page 17: Maria Lyn Quintos-Alagheband, MD Associate Director ... · Associate Director Pediatric Critical Care. The Children’s Medical Center at Winthrop University. ... Pediatric Septic