Mao Tse-tung on Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper...

PEKING November 4,

36 1958

R E V I EW

4, A

Mao Tse-tung on "Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers"

A col lect ion of e x e r p t s f r o m C h a i r m a n Mao ' s ar t icles , speeches and i n t e rv i ews on the sub jec t (p. 6).

Raise the Red Banner of the October Revolution Still Higher

The editorial in Hongqi on the 41st anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (p. 11).

The Chiang-Dulles Talks The full text of the Renmin Ribao editorial of

October 30, 1958 (p. 9).

Our Heroes Return from Korea Peking's mass welcome to the Chinese People's Vol-

unteers and a review of their victory (p. 18).

Round the Week, Chinese Press Opinion

and Other Ferttures

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E OF C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

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PEKING REVI EW

(BEIJING ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

November 4, 1958 Vol. I No. 36

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D T H E W E E K

Defence Minister 's Second Message Supported; Housing Exper iment in Yangchuan; New High in Steel Drive; The Temper ing of People; Soong Ching Ling's Visits; National Minori- ties Leap Ahead

ARTICLES

Comrade Mao Tse- tung on "Imper ia l i sm and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers"

On the Chiang K a i - s h e k - - D u l l e s Talks --Renmin Ribao Editorial

Raise the Red Banner of the October Revolution Still Higher --Hongqi Editorial

For the Happiness of Mankind --P. Nikitin

Our Heroes Return from Korea - - Our Correspondent

Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region --Li Fang

LITERATURE

CHI N E SE P R E S S OPINION

Washington 's Shameful Fiasco; U . S . - - Get Out of South Korea!; Kishi Warned on Fishing Spies

C H I N A A N D T H E W O R L D

China-Morocco Diplomatic Relations; Fishing for Intelligence; For Normal Sino-Japanese Relations

F O R E I G N T R A D E NOTES

W H A T S ON 1N PEKING

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Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registration No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

Happy Anniversary I T is with great enthusiasm and rejoicing that the Chinese people

join with the working people of all countries in celebrating the anniversary of the epoch-making October Revolution. For ty- one years ago the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolu- tion led to the establishment of the first socialist state in the world. The significance of the October Revolution, however, goes far beyond the birth of a new state. It also signifies the emergence of a new world, the socialist world.

Prior to the October Revolution, it had long been the much- sought:af ter ideal of the world 's labouring masses to create a social order free from exploitation of man by man. But it was not until the tr iumph of the October Revolution that this ideal was turned into reality.

Much water has flown under the bridge in the forty-one years since the October Revolution. Before World War II, the Soviet Union was the only socialist state in the world. Today, the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union covers more than one-fourth of the earth's land surface and comprises more than one-third of the population of the world. Flourishing socialism and decaying imperialism present a sharp contrast. During the first half of this year, the Soviet Union recorded a substantial gain of 10.5 per cent in industrial and agricultural production as compared with the corresponding period of last year, while the United States registered a sharp drop of 10.8 per cent. In the same period, China's industrial output rose by 34 per cent while that of Britain fell by 2.1 per cent. Similar progress was made in other socialist countries. As pointed out at the Moscow meetings of Communist and Workers ' Parties, socialism is forging ahead while imperialism is losing out hopelessly.

The October Revolution, which linked socialist revolution with national revolution, is of particular significance for the oppressed peoples of the world. In the epoch of imperialism, the national liberation movements enjoy the warm sympathy and suppor t of the socialist countries, but they incur the bit ter enmity and hatred of the imperialist countries. It is not necessary to dig into history for the evidence. When U.S. and British troops invaded Lebanon and Jordan, the Soviet Union, China and the other socialist countries stood four square behind the people of these countries.

The strengthening of the mighty socialist camp deals telling blow after blow to imperialism. This s teady weakening of imperialist rule operates to the advantage of all nations which are fighting against imperialist enslavement. The past few months have witnessed the birth of the new republics of Iraq, Algeria and Guinea, and the inspiring upsurge of the anti-imperialist movements in Africa and Latin America.

Throughout the length and breadth of China, preparations are under way for the festive celebration of the October Revolu- tion. The sentiments of the Chinese people on this great occasion are expressed in Hongqi's editorial, the full text of which appears elsewhere in this issue. We also take much pleasure in printing an article specially wri t ten by the Soviet historian P. Nikitin, as an expression of Sino-Soviet friendship in celebrating the October Revolution - - a source of inspiration to all of progressive humanity.

3

ROUND THE WEEK

Defenoe Minister's Second Message Supported

C h i n a ' s democra t i c pa r t i e s a l l vo iced t h e i r " s u p p o r t for Defence M i n i s t e r P e n g T e h - h u a i ' s second message to t h e co m p a t r i o t s in T a i w a n sen t ou t on Oc tober 25. T h e a u t h o r i t i e s in T a i w a n , they po in ted out, m u s t w a k e up to t h e dange rous pos i t ion in w h i c h t hey f ind themse lves . Un le s s t hey heed t h e m es s ag e a n d ac t on it, t hey wi l l h a v e t h e i r regre ts . T h e r e is a way ou t for all w h o p r o v e t h e m s e l v e s pa t r io t s a n d t h e r e is no need to f ea r t h e A m e r i c a n imper ia l i s t s , t hey said.

IA Chi - shen , C h a i r m a n of the Revo lu - t i o n a r y C o m m i t t e e of t he K u o m i n t a n g , said t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n s h a d a l l a long used t h e a u t h o r i t i e s in T a i w a n as a tool in t h e i r s chemes of aggress ion . T h e A m e r i c a n imper i a l i s t s can be qu i te u n - sc rupu lous and wil l t h r o w the T a i w a n au tho r i t i e s o v e r b o a r d if t h e y f ind i t neces sa ry to sacr i f ice t hem. He u rged al l c o m p a t r i o t s in T a i w a n to m a k e a c o m m o n s t a n d a g a i n s t the n a t i o n ' s com- m o n enemy.

T h e C h i n a Democra t i c L e a g u e po in t ed out t h a t w h i l e i t is fu t i l e for A m e r i c a n i m p e r i a l i s m to t ry to c r e a t e " t w o Chinas , " t he a u t h o r i t i e s in T a i w a n m u s t n e v e r t h e l e s s rea l i ze t h a t if t hey do n o t ac t n o w t h e y wi l l one day f ind t h e m - selves a b a n d o n e d by t h e A m e r i c a n s . The H u a n g k u t u n I n c i d e n t of 1928 is a w a r n i n g t h a t w h e n t h e impe r i a l i s t s h a v e no f u r t h e r use for t h e i r p u p p e t s t h e y do a w a y w i t h them. In th i s f a m o u s i n c i d e n t t h e no to r ious w a r l o r d C h a n g Tso- l in w h o h a d b e e n b u i l t up by t h e J a p a n e s e imper i a l i s t s was f ina l ly assas- s ina t ed by t he J a p a n e s e impe r i a l i s t s on a t r a i n a t t h e H u a n g k u t u n r a i l w a y s ta t ion, no t f a r f rom Shenyang . If t h e T a i w a n a u t h o r i t i e s w a n t to be fol low- ers of Dr. Sun Yat-sen , a s t h e y avow, t h e n they shou ld u n d e r s t a n d the c a r d i n a l i n t e re s t s of t h e n a t i o n and accep t Defence M i n i s t e r P e n g T e h - h u a i ' s a d v i c e - - n o t to yield to A m e r i c a n p res - sure, no t to s u b m i t to t h e i r e v e r y w h i m an d Will, no t to lose t h e i r s o v e r e i g n r i g h t s a n d end t~p d e p r i v e d of s h e l t e r in t h e wor ld a n d cas t in to t h e sea.

T h e T a i w a n D e m o c r a t i c S e l f - G o v e r n - m e n t L e a g u e dec l a r ed t h a t the T a i w a n au tho r i t i e s h a v e b e e n on t h e w r o n g p a t h long enough. Now is the t i m e to r e t u r n to t h e r i g h t pa th , s t r e n g t h e n u n i t y a n d w a g e a c o m m o n s t rugg l e a g a i n s t t he a l ien invader .

OLher pa r t i e s and the A l l - C h i n a F e d e r a t i o n of I n d u s t r y a n d C o m m e r c e also i ssued s t a t e m e n t s p ledg ing s u p p o r t fo r t h e Defence M i n i s t e r ' s m e s s a g e and w a r n i n g t h e a u t h o r i t i e s in T a i w a n to ac t be fo re i t is too late.

Housing Experiment in Yangohuan Y a n g c h u a n , the w e l l - k n o w n coal c i ty

in S h a n s i P rov ince , t r i ed ou t a n e w e x p e r i m e n t by r e -a l loca t ing a l l w o r k e r s '

hous ing on t he basis of t h e d i f f e r en t p r o d u c t i o n u n i t s in w h i c h t hey work . Al l t h e w o r k e r s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s m o v e d in to q u a r t e r s close to t h e i r p lace of work . T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e Com- m u n i s t Pa r ty , t r a d e union , and Com- m u n i s t You th L e a g u e o rgan i za t i ons a lso e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s in t h e s e q u a r t e r s .

T h u s t h e w o r k s i te b e c a m e t h e c e n t r e of al l act ivi t ies . This m e a n t a d ra s t i c r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of social life.

B u t t h e r e a r e obv ious advan t ages . M u c h t i m e is s aved b e c a u s e t h e w o r k - ers do no t h a v e to t r a v e l to w o r k and b a c k h o m e again. Close c o n t a c t and b e t t e r co-opera t ion is m a i n t a i n e d be- t w e e n t h e m a n a g e m e n t a n d t he r a n k a n d file. E d u c a t i o n a l a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l

ac t iv i t i e s a r e b e t t e r o rgan i zed a n d a r e m a d e m o r e eas i ly access ib le to t he w o r k - e rs a n d t h e i r fami l ies . W i t h l iv ing q u a r t e r s n e a r the place of work , m e m - be r s of t he w o r k e r s ' famil ies , m o r e - over , a r e ab le to se t up s u b s i d i a r y f ac to r i e s a n d w o r k s h o p s to se rve t h e m a i n e n t e r p r i s e s a n d t he c o m m u n i t y as a whole . The e x p e r i m e n t w a s a n

i m m e d i a t e success a n d al l t h e w o r k e r s w e l c o m e d the change .

On O c t o b e r 1 a people ' s c o m m u n e w a s se t up on t he bas is of th i s r eo rgan ized m i n i n g a r e a w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n of 150,000 people, e m b r a c i n g 23 fac tor ies and mines , 75 v i l lages ly ing on t h e o u t s k i r t s of t he city, 2 s t ree ts , 2 colleges, 6 secon- d a r y schools, 22 p r i m a r y schools a n d a

n u m b e r of hosp i t a l s a n d shops. W i t h a l l t h e s e d i f f e ren t un i t s o rgan ized in to a s ingle people ' s c o m m u n e , w i t h w o r k - ing l i fe and social l i fe i n t e g r a t e d m o r e closely, Y a n g c h u a n ' s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n is rap id , and t he d i f fe rences b e t w e e n u r b a n a n d r u r a l areas , b e t w e e n w o r k - e rs a n d peasan t s , b e t w e e n m a n u a l a n d m e n t a l l a b o u r a r e in p rocess of be ing e l imina t ed . T h e r e a d j u s t m e n t of w o r k - e r s ' q u a r t e r s fo l lowed by t h e e s t ab l i sh - m e n t of a people ' s c o m m u n e la id t h e c o r n e r s t o n e for t h e found ing of a corn-

m u n i s t city, no ted Renmin Ribao in an ed i to r i a l on Y a n g c h u a n ' s deve lopments .

W h e n Lu Ting-y i a n d K a n g Sheng, A l t e r n a t e M e m b e r s of the Poli t ical B u r e a u of t he C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ' s C e n t r a l Commi t t ee , v i s i t ed S h a n s i P rov- ince la tely, they w e n t to see how the Y a n g c h u a n e x p e r i m e n t was work ing out . Lu Ting-y i said t h a t th i s read- j u s t m e n t of w o r k e r s ' hous ing was not j u s t rou t ine , i t was a r evo lu t ion in the social l i fe of t he city. He r e g a r d e d it as a n e x a m p l e app l i cab le to o the r cit ies, f ac to r i e s and m i n i n g areas .

New High in Steel Drive C h i n a ' s b a t t l e for s tee l r e a c h e d a new

h i g h in t he t h i r d w e e k of October. A v e r a g e da i ly o u t p u t for t h e whole c o u n t r y was 85 p e r cen t h i g h e r t h a n in t h e f i rs t two w e e k s of t he m o n t h and s t i l l m o r e r e m a r k a b l e , t he p roduc t ion of p ig i ron was 303 p e r c en t h igher . The h i g h e s t da i ly o u t p u t of i ron w a s 371,763 tons on Oc tobe r 20. On Oc tobe r 21 steel scored i ts a l l - t i m e h igh : 107,424 tons in a day.

S h a n s i and S h a n t u n g P r o v i n c e s a t t a in - ed m o r e t h a n 20,000 tons of s teel each, o u t s t r i p p i n g t he h i g h e s t da i ly ou tpu t of t h e A n s h a n I ron a n d Steel Works, t h e l a rge s t m e t a l l u r g i c a l c e n t r e in Ch ina . O t h e r p rov inces did well, too. T h e da i ly s tee l o u t p u t of Kweichow, Fuk i en , Kansu , Y u n n a n , K w a n g t u n g a n d t h e K w a n g s i C h u a n g Autonomous Region r eg i s t e red i nc r ea se s f rom e ight to more t h a n t w e n t y fold as compared w i t h da i ly o u t p u t in Sep tember .

T h i s n a t i o n w i d e u p s u r g e in iron and s teel p r o d u c t i o n h a s led to a rapid e x p a n s i o n in o t h e r fields of work, espec ia l ly t h e b r a n c h e s of i ndus t ry closely c o n n e c t e d w i t h i ron and steel p roduc t ion . C h i n a ' s da i ly coal output , in the t e n days e n d i n g Oc tober 20, a v e r a g e d m o r e t h a n a mi l l ion tons pe r day--200,000 tons m o r e t h a n t h e da i ly a v e r a g e in the f i rs t t en days of t he month .

T r a n s p o r t , m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g , a n d t he p o w e r i n d u s t r y also took g i a n t s t r ides fo rward . To keep pace w i t h t he h igh- speed d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e i ron and steel i ndus t ry , C h i n a is n o w p l a n n i n g to h a r - ness t he t ida l w a v e s a long t h e coast to p roduce m o r e e l ec t r i c power . A n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e was he ld r ecen t l y in S h a n g h a i to d i scuss t h i s ques t ion. I t w a s dec ided to bu i ld l a rge n u m b e r s of sma l l t ida l hyd ro -e l ec t r i c power s ta t ions , m a i n l y by t h e people ' s communes , to use t h e t ides to g e n e r a t e power .

The Tempering of People The t e m p e r i n g of people has a m u c h

g r e a t e r s igni f icance t h a n the t e m p e r i n g of steel, said K a n g Sheng, an A l t e r n a t e

Member of the Political Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party 's Central Committee, after visiting an iron and steel works operated mainly by school children in Loyang, Honan Province.

This iron and steel works is called the Red Scarf Iron and Steel Plant. A completely new thing in China's industrial world, it was set up in July by 12 primary schools of the city. Regular production began in September and output has now reached 40 tons per day.

All the four thousand or so students work there as steel-workers, the young- est in the country, trained and guided by their teachers. Grades I, II, and III work two hours a day, picking firewood and scrap iron, or do other light jobs outside the mill. The older boys and girls work half of the day in the factory and study the rest of the time. Four students are deputy directors of the factory.

In their factory work the students acquire much useful practical and theoretical knowledge, not otherwise avail- able in the classroom. Above all, they are steeled and tempered in the process, becoming strong, physically and ideologically, and so are no delicate hot- house flowers unable to weather the storms of life. The teachers also benefit from their new experience because working in a factory, where they identify themselves with the collective, they are able to rid themselves of their "intellec- tual airs" and give substance to their knovcledge.

The Red Scarf Iron and Steel Plant is doing well. Sceptical parents who at one time looked askance at this new scheme are now convinced of its value. Kang Sheng described the 12 primary schools which formed the Red Scarf Factory as model primary schools in the country because they are not only tempering steel but tempering people as well, tempering them into workers with knowledge and culture, with socialist consciousness.

Soong Ching Ling's Visits Scong Ching Ling, Vice-Chairman of

the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, has visited state- owned Cotton Mill No. 17 i~ Shanghai. At the end of her visit she told the workers that with the leadership of the Communist Party and the boundless energy of the 650 million people in the country, we are confident not only of building socialism at top speed but of going forward to communist society earlier than was once thought possible. To overtake the capitalist countries now PoSes no problem, she said. By com- mitting acts of provocation against us U.S. imperialism can 0nly hasten its own destruction.

No. 17 is the largest textile mill in Shanghai with over 8 ,000 workers. After the launching of the technical revolution this year, the mill raised production by 33 per cent, as compared with last year.

No. 17 is not only known for its size. I~ has another claim to fame: Huang Pao-mei, the national model worker, and the group of textile workers led by her. Socng Ching Ling made a point of visiting Huang Pao-mei's famous work- shop. She was impressed by the work done by Huang and her co-workers. In all textile factories, the spinners, the weavers, the workers in general, are ccncerned usually only with running the machine and not with repairs when it is out of order. Here in Cotton Mill No. 17 things are different. Huang Pao- mei is an example of a skilled textile worker and a mechanic at the same

time. In addition, she and her col- leagues have written a film scenario and acted in it. And they take part in other cultural activities, in addition to their full- t ime work in the factory. You are making history in the textile world, Soong Ching Ling told the girls.

After her visit to the cotton mills, Soong Ching Ling went to see the July the First People's Commune, the first commune set up in the suburbs Of Shanghai with the amalgamation of 74 farm co-ops. She was impressed by the energy displayed by the commune which raised its quota of steel to 500 tons when only 400 tons had originally been suggested. Soong Ching Ling, who is also Chairman of the China Welfare Institute which is doing much for the welfare of women and children, dis- cussed with the commune's leadership the work women members are doing, facilities for nurseries and special con- veniences and consideration for expec- tant mothers, etc. She was pleased to learn that more than 350 creches and 170 nurseries had been set up and that the commune gives every pregnant

member a 40-day maternity leave with full pay. When she said good-bye she told the commune members that she had witnessed the advantages of the people's commune system and the sprouts of communism. It is clear, she added, that led by the Communist Party the energy and wisdom of the peasants are inexhaustible.

National Minorities Leap Ahead Kwangsi, in south China, which be-

came an autonomous region for the Chuang people earlier in the year, is very much in the limelight these days. A poor industrial area not so long ago, it has suddenly jumped to a leading position in iro~ production. One of its counties hold~

A Tai couple in Yun- nan harvest ing bananas.

Chinese water-colour paint ing by Yeh Chten-blu

the national record of over 200,000 tons of iron produced in a day and another of its counties mined 670,000 tons of coal in a day. It is doing very well in agriculture, too.

But there is another reason why the Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region has been making the headlines of the national press. The Sanchiang Tung Autonomous County in this region, bordering on Kwei- chow and Hunan Provinces, was chosen as the venue of the recent national conference on national minority work called by the United Front Work Department of the Communist Party's Central Com- mittee.

Sanchiang is inhabited by 180,000 people of the Tung, Miao, Chuang, Yao and Han nationalities. In the old days, it used to depend mainly on Hunan and Kwei- chow for its rice supply. Although land reform i.n 1954 led to increases in its grain output year by year, its chronic food short- age was not fully solved. But great changes have taken place since last year when the county conducted the rectification campaign and subsequently the struggle against the rightists and repudiated local nationalism. Its early rice yield this year shot up more than 900 per cent above last year's. Starting from scratch, it built more tha~ 4,000 big and small factories in a matter of months.

The example of Sanchiang and the reports of "big leaps" in industry as well as in agriculture in Yunnan, in Kwei- chow, in Inner Mongolia and in other places point to one fact: that the national minority areas in China are perfectly capable of building iocialism at top speed

like the rest of the country,

Comrade Mao Tse-tung on "Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers"

RenminRibao Editorial Department, October 27, 1958

H OW to assess the forces of revolution and the forces

of reaction in their true light is still a major problem

in China and in the world as well. Many people invariably

fail ~0 figure this out. Imperialism and its running dogs

in al~ countries are like the setting sun in the western sky;

whereas socialism and the national revolutionary move-

ments which it supports are like the rising sun in the eastern

sky. This is characteristic of our times. The days when

the imperialists could ride roughshod are gone for ever

and they are on their last legs. It is the reactionaries

that should fear the revolutionary forces, and not vice

versa. At present, there are quite a few people who still

fail to see this, who still cherish superstitions and illusions,

who still stand in awe of the imperialists in general and

the U.S. imperialists in particular. As far as this problem

is concerned, they still remain in a state of passivity. All

progressives and all Marxists and revolutionaries must do

some persuading among them so that the broad masses

can have revolutionary confidence and determination, have

revolutionary farsightedness and firmness. This is an in-

dispensable spiritual condition for speeding up the

triumphant advance of the revolutionary cause.

Comrade Mao Tse-tung often tells us that in consider-

ing a problem, one must grasp its essentials and must not

be confused by the superficial phenomena. During the

last three decades and more, at every crucial moment in

the class struggle in our country, Comrade Mao Tse-tung

has always made a penetrating analysis of the state of the

s truggle on the basis of the science of Marxism-Leninism,

and showed that all reactionaries are doomed to perish

and that the revolutionary cause is bound to triumph.

He uses "'paper tiger" to illustrate that imperialism and

all reactionary forces appear to be powerful but are

actually weak; he uses the old saying "a single spark can

s tar t a prairie fire" to illustrate the new-born forces grow-

ing up day by day in the course of revolution, and on t h e

basis of this estimation, works out his strategic plans.

Comrade Mao Tse-tung's idea that the forces of revolu-

On October 31, 1958 Renmin Ribao publ ished a collection of ~ornrade Mao Tse- tung ' s wri t ings on " imperia l ism and all reac- t ionaries are paper t igers," which is divided into three parts. Here is the first part. The second and third parts, too, will be published.

in Peking Repiew. --Ed~

tion are invincible and that the reactionary forces, tem-

porarily powerful, are bound to come to grief, has armed

the Chinese Communists, educated and inspired the Chi-

nese people and led us to our great victories. This wise

conclusion of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, that "imperialism

and all reactionaries are paper tigers," has already been

borne out by the victory of the Chinese revolution and it

will be further borne out by the successful develop-

ment of the cause of revolution in China and the entire

world.

The editorial department of the magazine S h i j i e Z h i s h i

(World Culture) recently collected and published the

articles, speeches and interviews of Comrade Mao Tse-tung

to date on the theme that "imperialism and all reactiona-

ries are paper tigers." This is of great political significance.

It is very useful to the people's fight against aggression and

oppression by the imperialists, especially the U.S. impe-

rialists. We publish here the material it has collected, with

the addition of some important related materials and some

stylistic changes and re-paragraphing.

The whole article remains divided into three parts.

The first part deals wi th the point that imperialism and

all reactionaries representing the moribund forces have

no future, and that their momentary rampancy is only

an indication of the last kicks of their deathbed struggle.

The second part points out that imperialism and all re-

actionaries are outwardly strong and internally dried up,

and there is every reason for the revolutionaries to slight

them, but they deserve our full attention in the course of

every concrete struggle. The third part describes the

essential features of the current international situation, in

which the East wind prevails over the West wind and the

forces of socialism have outstripped the imperialist forces.

Although most of these articles, speeches and interviews

were published previously and only a small part has not been

published before, although they range over a period of

twenty years and are published in the form of a collection,

they still read like a fresh and integrated political essay.

That is because the fundamental contradiction between

imperialism and its running dogs on the one hand, and

the peoples of all la~.ds on the othvr, has not yet bee~

solved, because U.S. imperialism especially is baring its

teeth and threatening world peace with an atomic war,

because the minds of the oppressed and menaced people

are attracted by this tense situation and they urgently

demand the solution o] this contradiction. That is why

the readers are naturally interested in Comrade Mao Tse-

tung's discussion on this question of being or not being

paper tigers, which is the primary and major issue

in the manifold problems relating to the solution of this

contradiction.

In On New Democracy, a w o r k of h is tor ic s igni f icance publ i shed in January 1940, Comrade M a o T s e - t u n g pointed out that cap i ta l i sm has reached the s tage of decay and dea th w h i l e c o m m u n i s m is " s w e e p i n g the w o r l d w i t h the m o m e n - t u m of a lands l ide and the pov~er of a thunderbol t":

"Communism is at once the complete pro le tar ian ideological system and a new social system. Different from any other ideological system or social system, it is the most complete, the most progressive, the most revolu t ionary and the most ra t ional system since human his tory began. The ideological system and social system of feudal ism have a place only in the museum of history. The ideological system and social system of capi ta l ism have also become museum-pieces in one par t o~ the world, in the Soviet' Union, while in other countries they resemble 'a person on the br ink of death sinking fast l ike the sun set t in~ beyond the western hills, ' and they too wil l soon be rele- gated to the museum. On the other hand, the communist ideological system and social system enjoy perpe tua l youth and are sweeping the world with the momentum of a landslide and the power of a thunderbol t . "

In On New Democracy, Comrade Mao T s e - t u n g fur ther pointed out that the unres tra ined v i o l e n c e of al l reac t iona- r ies represent ing the d e c a y i n g forces ind ica tes that they are engaged in dea thbed s truggles :

"The unres t ra ined violence of all these dark forces of reaction, domestic and foreign, has brought calamity to our nation, but this very violence indicates that, while the dark forces have still some s t rength left, it is their final struggle and that the masses of the people are approaching victory. This is t rue of China, of the East and of the whole world."

On June 17, 1945, Comrade Mao T s e - t u n g po inted o t in an address de l ivered at a m e m o r i a l m e e t i n g for Chinese revo lut ionary m a r t y r s that the more reac t ionary the reac- t ionaries become, the nearer they are to their doom:

"All react ionaries a t t empt to s tamp out revolut ion by mass murder and they think that the mere people they massacre, the weaker the revolut ion will become. But, contrary to this wishful th inking of reaction, the facts are that the more people the react ionaries massacre, the greater the s t rength of the revolut ion becomes and the nearer the react ionaries are to thei r doom. This is an irresist ible law."

On N o v e m b e r 6, 1957, Comrade Mao T s e - t u n g dec lared at the m e e t i n g of the S u p r e m e Sov ie t of the U.S.S.R. ce le - brat ing the 40th a n n i v e r s a r y of the October Revo lut ion:

"The socialist system will replace the capi tal is t system in the end. This is an objective law independent of human

will. No mat te r how hard the reactionaries, t ry to prevent the wheel of his tory f rom advancing, revolut ion will take place sooner or la te r and will surely t r iumph. 'Lift ing a rock only to have his own toes squashed' is a Chinese saying to describe the action of some fools. The reac- t ionaries of every country are just such fools. Their var ied persecution of revolu t ionary people can only end in arousing the people to wider and more intensive revolution. Didn ' t the var ious persecutions of the revolut ionary people b y the Russian tsar and Chiang Kai-shek serve precisely to s t imulate the great Russian and Chinese revolut ions?"

In a speech ent i t l ed " N e w - D e m o c r a t i c Const i tut ional G o v e r n m e n t " d e l i v e r e d in Y c n a n on February 20, 1940 before the Assoc ia t ion for A d v a n c i n g the Es tab l i shment of Const i tut ional G o v e r n m e n t , Comrade Mao T s e - t u n g e x - posed C h i a n g Ka i - shek ' s decept ive propaganda about the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a cons t i tu t iona l g o v e r n m e n t and s h o w e d that in the end "their [ the react ionar ies ' | s c h e m e s a l w a y s backfire."

"The diehards in the world may be diehards today, tomorrow and even the day af ter tomorrow, but they cannot be diehards for ever; they will have to change in the end. Take Wang Ching-wei, for instance; af ter being a d iehard for a long time, he could not keep on playing the d iehard any longer in the an t i - Japanese arena and had to fall into the arms of Japan. Take Chang Kuo-tao as another example; he was also a d iehard for a long time, but he, too, took to his heels af ter we held a number of meet ings to wrest le with him. The diehards are hard, but not hard unto death; af ter p laying the diehard for some time, in the end they have to change, to change into something so filthy as to be beneath contempt, l ike a heap of dog's dirt. There are some who have admit ted their mistakes and changed for the bet ter af ter we had wrestled with them and won them over. At any rate, it is certain that the diehards will change. They a lways have a number of schemes in hand, schemes to reap profits at the expense of others, to act the double-dealer , and so on. But their schemes a lways backfire. They always start by doing harm to others but end by ruining themselves. We once said that Chamber la in was ' l i f t ing a rock only to have his own toes squashed, ' and we were right. Chamber- lain was former ly bent on picking up Hit ler as a rock to squash the toes of the people of the Soviet Union, but on that day in September last year, when war broke out between Germany on the one side and England and France on the other, the rock in Chamber la in ' s hand dropped on his own toes. I t is stil l hur t ing him. There are many s imilar instances in China as well. Yuan Shih-kai wanted to squash the toes of the common people, but he finally got his own squashed and died af ter having been emperor for a few months. Tuan Chi-jui, Hsu Shih-chang, Tsao

Kun, Wu Pei-fu and others all wanted to repress the people, but were all overthrown by the people in the end. Anyone who tries to reap profits at the expense of others will come to a bad end."

On April 24, 1945, Comrade Mao Tse-tung delivered his famous political report On Coal i t ion G o v e r n m e n t to the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In the section headed "Our Specific Programme" Comrade Mao Tse-tung warned against the attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to carry out anti-popular con- spiratorial activities by convoking a "national assembly," and predicted that by implementing this reactionary line "they are putting a noose round their own necks" and are heading to their own disaster. Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"The measures which our anti-popular heroes are going to adopt in accordance with their line of disunity, will lead them to disaster. They are putting a noose round their own necks which will never be loosened, and this noose is the 'national assembly.' They planned to use the so-called 'national assembly' as a magic wand, first, to counter the proposal for a coalition government, second, to maintain the dictatorship, and third, to find some justification for a civil war. History, however, will by its own logic take a course contrary to their wishes, and they are 'lifting a rock only to have their own toes squashed.' "

In a commentary "On the Danger of the Hurley Policy" that he wrote for the Hsinhua News Agency on July 12, 1945, Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that the U.S. policy towards China had created the crisis of civil war in China; he warned that the U.S. policy which was hostile to the Chinese people would plunge the U.S. Government and people into "endless trials and tribulations":

"From the lips of the selfsame Hurley, the Kuomin- tang government represented by Chiang Kai-shek suddenly became the Beauty while the Chinese Communist Par ty became the Beast; he even bluntly declared that the United States would co-operate only with Chiang Kai-shek and not with the Chinese Communist Party. This, of course, is not just Hurley's personal view but the view of a group in the U.S. Government; it is a wrong and dan- gerous v i e w . . . . If Hurley's policy continues, the U.S. Government will fall hopelessly into the deep, stinking cesspool of Chinese reaction; it will place itself in opposition to the hundreds of millions of awakened or awaken- ing Chinese people, and become a hindrance to the Anti- Japanese War at present and to world peace in the future . . . . One thing is certain however: if Hurley's policy, which aids and abets the anti-popular forces in China in opposition to such vast numbers of Chinese people, is to continue, it will place a crushing burden on the government and people of the United States and plunge them into endless trials and tribulations; this is a point that should be brought home to the people of the United States."

In his concluding speech at the Seventh National Con- gress of the Communist Party of China on June 11, 1945, "How" The Foolish Old Man Removed the Mountains," Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"The U.S. Government 's policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek and opposing the Communist Par ty shows the aggressiveness of the American reactionaries. But all schemes on the part of reactionaries, domestic or foreign,

to prevent the Chinese people from achieving victory are doomed to failure. In the world today democracy is the main current and reaction against democracy is only a little eddy. Reaction is at tempting to sweep away the movement of national independence and people's democracy, but this little eddy can never become the main current."

The reactionaries are bound to collapse and the revolution is bound to triumph. In his concluding speech at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Comrade Mao Tse-tung called on the people to be confident in the certain victory of the revolution. He cited the ancient Chinese fable, "How The Foolish Old Man Removed the Mountains," to show that as long as the revolutionary people have confidence, do not fear the reactionaries and have the determination to persist in the struggle to the end, the revolution wi l l certainly triumph:

"To popularize the line of the Congress is to inspire the whole Par ty and the whole people with confidence that the victory of the revolution is certain. First of all, we must inspire the vanguard of the revolution so that, resolute and ready for self-sacrifice, they will overcome all difficulties in the struggle for victory. This, however, is not enough; we must also inspire the mass of the people throughout the country so that they too will whole- heartedly join us in the common struggle for victory. We must instil into them the belief that China belongs to the Chinese people and not to the reactionaries. In ancient China there was a fable called 'How The Foolish Old Man Removed the Mountains. ' I t is the Story of an old fellow in north China in ancient times, known as The Foolish Old Man of the North Mountain. His house faced south and its doorway was blocked by two big mountains, Taihang and Wangwu. With great determination, he led his sons to dig away the mountains with pickaxes. Another grey- beard known as The Wise Old Man watched their attempts and laughed, saying: 'What fools you are to attempt this! To dig away two huge mountains is utterly beyond the capacity of you and your sons.' The Foolish Old Man replied: 'When I die, there are my sons; when they die, there will be their sons, and so on to infinity. As to those two mountains, high as they are, they cannot become higher but, on the contrary, with every bit dug away they will become lower and lower. Why can't we dig them away? ' He thus refuted The Wise Old Man's mistaken view and resolutely went on digging day after day. His perseverance finally touched the heart of God in heaven who sent down two celestial beings to carry the mountains away on their backs. Today there are two big mountains lying like a dead weight on the Chinese people: imperialism and feudalism. The Chinese Communist Par ty has long made up its mind to remove them. We must per- severe and work unceasingly, and we too may touch the heart of God in heaven. This God is none other than the mass of the Chinese people. And if they rise and dig together with us, why can't we dig away these two mountains?"

In the commentary "On the White Paper" that he wrote for the Hsinhua News Agency on August 11, 1949, Comrade Mao Tse-tung made a very penetrating analysis of the two entirely different logics governing the development of the reactionary forces and the people's forces. He also pointed out that advanced people must organize forces to struggle against the reactionaries and that they must

educate, unite and win over all those people who are still wavering and vacillating so as to isolate the reactionaries completely:

"The logic of the imperialists is different f rom that of the people in the following way. Disrupt, fail, disrupt again, fail again, till their d o o m - that is the logic of imperialism and all reactionaries in the world. They will certainly not go against this logic. This is a Marxist law. We say: ' Imperial ism is very vicious.' That is to say that its fundamental nature cannot be changed. Till their doom, the imperialist e lements will never lay down the butcher 's knife, nor will they ever become Buddhas.

"Struggle, fail, struggle again, fail again, struggle again, till v i c t o r y - - t h a t is the logic of the people. They too will certainly not go against this logic. This is another Marxist law. The revolution of the Russian people was based on this law, and the revolution of the Chinese people is also based on this law.

"Class struggle---some classes are victorious and some classes are eliminated. That is history. That is the history of several thousand years of civilization. The interpretation of history f rom this viewpoint is called historical materialism. The contrary viewpoint is historical idealism.

"The method of self-criticism can only be used among the people. It is vain to hope that the imperialists and the Chinese reactionaries can be persuaded into being good-hearted and repentant . The only way is to organize forces to struggle against them, as for example, our Peo- ple's Liberation War, our agrar ian revolution, exposing imperialism, 'nett l ing' them, defeat ing them and punish- ing their criminal acts, and 'only permit t ing them to be- have themselves properly and not allowing them to speak or act wildly.' Only then is there hope to deal with the foreign imperialist countries in conditions of equali ty and

mutua l benefit. Only then is there hope to e d u c a t e - - s o as to turn bad people into good p e o p l e - landlord class elements, bureaucrat ic bourgeois class elements, and Kuo- mintang reactionaries and their accomplices who have been disarmed and who have surrendered and, as far as possible, turn them into good people. Many Chinese li]3eral elements, namely old democratic elements, supporters of the so-called 'democratic individualism' upon whom Tru- man, Marshall, Acheson and Leighton Stuart are pinning their hopes and are always striving to win over, are fre- quently in a state of passivity and f requent ly incorrect in their view of p r o b l e m s - they, are f requent ly incorrect in their view of the American rulers, of the Kuomintang, of the Soviet Union and also of the Chinese Communis t Party. That is because they do not use or are against using the method of historical mater ia l ism to observe problems.

"Advanced people, Communists , all democratic parties and groups, conscious workers, young students, and progressive intellectuals have the duty to unite the middle strata, middle-of-the-roaders, backward elements of various strata and all people who are still waver ing and vacillating within People's China (these people will continue to waver for a long time, they will waver again af ter being firm, and will waver whenever they encounter difficulties), to give them well- intentioned help, to criticize their waver - ing, to educate them and win them over to the side of the broad masses of the people and not let imperial ism drag them to its side, to tell them to shed their illusions and prepare for struggle. Do not think that work is no longer needed af ter victory. Work, much more work and patient work, has to be done before these people can be genuinely won over. Once they are won over, imperial ism will be isolated completely, Acheson will have no chance to use his tricks."

{To be cont inued)

A ,,ff" RENMIN RIBAO

On the Chiang Kai-shek- Dulles Talks The lo l lowing is the t rans la t ion ol an edi tor ial w h i c h

appeared in " R e n m i n Ribao" (People 's Daily) on October 30, 1958. - - Ed.

N OT long ago, U.S. Secretary of State Dulles went to Taiwan and held talks with Chiang Kai-shek. Now

the United States is ballyhooing these talks as marking a change in U.S. policy towards China, as having s t rengthened the unity between the United States and Chiang Kai- shek and as a manifestat ion of U.S. peaceful intentions. There is indeed a change in U.S. policy towards China its plot to create "two Chinas" is coming out into the open. This change, however, merely amounts to the implementa- tion in another form of its policy of aggression and war

against China. There are no peaceful intentions what- soever about it. Dulles' a im in these talks was to force Chiang to accept the "two Chinas" scheme. He has actually made some gains in this respect. However, his dream is far f rom being realized. As to the lip service paid to greater unity, that is just so much eyewash.

Imperia l ism always bullies the weak and submissive; it is afraid of the firm and strong. Faced with the Chi- nese people's daily growing strength, the old U.S. methods of aggression against China are already of no avail. The United States has met with shameful defeats in its several serious tests of s t rength with the Chinese people. Of late, U.S. mil i tary provocations and war threats against China in the Taiwan Strai ts a r e a have aroused even greater in-

9

dignation a m o n g the Chinese people. The 650 million Chinese people have launched a mighty campaign to defend the motherland and oppose U.S. aggression; they are ready to deal telling blows at any time against the aggressor who dares invade their land. The just struggle of the Chinese people has won the support of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, of many Asian-African countries and all the peace-loving countries and peoples. The whole world strongly condemns the United States for playing with fire; even among its allies, no one besides Syngman Rhee and Nobusuke Kishi has openly indicated his willingness to act as a U.S. accomplice. Inside the United States, public opinion universally opposes these war provocations against China. It is this very unfavourable situation that has forced the United States to change to some new tricks in its policy towards China. By this change the Republican Administration in the United States tries to allay denunciations by world opinion and the discontent of its allies and also to fool the voters in the forthcoming congressional elections.

T HE plot to create "two Chinas" was hatched by the United States a long time ago. In the past, the U.S.

mostly stayed behind the scenes, spinning the plot while other countries that took their cue from it put the scheme into action. Now, it has openly come forward on its own. On the eve of publication of the communique on the Chiang-Dulles talks, U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon declared publicly that there was a "need for an independent Chinese government to which both the twelve million people on Formosa and the millions more of overseas Chinese can owe allegiance." In the Chiang-Dulles joint communique of October 23, Dulles forced the Taiwan authorities to accept the so-called principle of no recourse to the use of force, and granted the Chiang Kai-shek clique the right to represent only "free China." This appeared to be an agreement between Chiang Kai-shek and Dulles. In fact, as early as October 16, in his interview with the correspondent of the British Independent Television Serv- ice, Dulles had already taken Chiang Kai-shek's accep- tance of this U.S. decision for granted. In that interview, DuUes conferred upon the Chiang Kai-shek clique the title of a small China while declaring that he saw that Com- munist China actually existed and was willing to deal with it. This was obviously a public bid for "two Chinas." :~

The creation of "two Chinas," it must be pointed out, is merely a matter of expediency for the United States. The United States wants first to separate Taiwan from China and isolate it completely, so as to facilitate its control over the Chiang Kai-shek clique and strengthen its occupation of Taiwan. But this is only a first step. Once Taiwan should become a "de facto political unit" independent of China, the United States could then use some pretext or other to place it under trusteeship. In this way, the United States: would make a double gain: on the one hand, it would legalize its seizure of Taiwan and turn that island into a U.S. colony; at the same time, by in- volving certain other countries, it would get them to share its responsibility :for aggression. The Chiang Kai-shek clique clearly has no place in this sinister U.S. scheme. Nixon declared that the aim of the United States in the Far East was to make Taiwan an "island of freedom"

i0

rather than "to tie the United States policy to Chiang Kai-shek." Isn't the meaning of these words clear enough?

It is very absurd for the United States to abuse the principle of no recourse to the use of force in international relations, by trying to apply it to China's internal affairs. By so doing, the United States aims to tie the hands of the Taiwan authorities and make them completely sub- servient to the U.S. The Taiwan authorities are not unaware of this. That is why, after the release of the Chiang- Dulles joint communique, they made such a hullabaloo about there being reservations to their declaration on renunciation of the use of force. However, the United States featured this same declaration as its major victory. Both parties are clinging to their own interpretation and making a big fuss about it. It was in these circumstances that, at his press conference on October 28, Dulles as if handing down a verdict, came out bluntly with the remark that, despite all their reservations, the Taiwan authorities "didn't have much chance of winning by force." Coming from Dulles, isn't this a deliberate at tempt to make it difficult for the Taiwan authorities even to drag on their miserable existence?

We stated long ago that it is absolutely impossible for the U.S. to carry through its plot of creating "two Chinas" so as to occupy Taiwan indefinitely. The Chinese people who have stood up are confident that they can smash this U.S. plot. There is only one China in the world, not two. Every patriotic Chinese opposes the "two Chinas" scheme. The masses of overseas Chinese oppose it. Even the Taiwan authorities do not agree to it. On October 24 Chiang Kai-shek said that Taiwan and the mainland were part of the same entity, with a flesh and blood relationship, sharing the common weal and woe. We believe that the U.S. scheme to split China and create "two Chinas" will be utterly defeated if the whole Chi- nese people unite and face the foreign foe.

T HE United States realizes that a direct proposal of the "two Chinas" scheme just will not work. That is why

it is employing a series of crafty devices such as demands for a cease-fire, renunciation of the use of forte, reduction of Chiang Kai-shek's troops on the offshore islands, and so on and so forth. But no patriotic Chinese will permit the U.S. to use such devices to meddle in the internal affairs of China and realize its aim of creating "two Chinas."

The U.S. is purposely confusing public opinion in order to sell the world its scheme for the creation of "two Chinas." The U.S. says: just as there can be two Koreas, two Viet-nams, two Germanys, why can't there be "two Chinas"? But this is absolutely ridiculous. The existence of two Germanys is an outcome of the Second World War. The division of Korea and Viet-nam into northern and southern parts is a temporary state of affairs provided for by the relevant international agreements. They provide no basis for comparison with the forcible U.S. occupation of Taiwan and its obstruction of the unification of China. The U.S. has used every possible means and clone its utmost to obstruct the unification of Germany, Korea and Viet-nam, and now it is trying to turn division of these three nations into a justification for creating "two Chinas" and perpetuating its occupation of Taiwan. Not

only is this an utterly untenable position; it exposes the U.S. crimes of ~ggression all over the world.

F ACED by the resolute opposition of the Chinese people, the U.S. is planning to implement its "two Chinas"

plot by means of a so-called international settlement. It is trying to get the question of the situation in the Taiwan Straits area submitted to the United Nations. It is true that U.S. aggression against and interference in China have created tension in the Taiwan Straits area and the United Nations should have dealt with it, but since the People's Republic of China is deprived of its legitimate place in the United Nations, the United Nations has lost its competence to handle this question. As to the Chinese people's liberation of Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu to complete the unification of their motherland, this is an internal matter and the U.N. has no right to interfere in it at all. No Chinese with any sense of self-respect will ever agree to the submission of this question to the U.N. The U.S. is also trying to interfere in China's internal affairs and obstruct the Chinese people's liberation of Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu through some sort of international court, referendum, international mediation or other kind of so-called international settlement. The Chinese people will tolerate none of this. We are convinced that no fair-minded nation or people will fall into these U.S. traps.

The U.S. knows perfectly well that the Chinese people will never, under any circumstances, allow the U.S. plot for creating "two Chinas" to succeed. The Chinese people are determined to liberate Taiwan and accomplish the sacred task of uniting their motherland. Yet the U.S. is

trying hard to split China and is even using military p row ocations and threats of war in its attempt to compel the Chinese people to accept "two Chinas." This is bound to result in a continuation of tension in the Taiwan Straits area and even in a worsening of the situation. For this reason, the key to eliminating tension in the Taiwan Straits area is for the U.S. to stop its military provocations against China immediately, abandon its interference in China's internal affairs and pull out all its armed forces from Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits.

There are quite a few people who are worried that U.S. war provocations in the Taiwan Straits area may lead to world war. Such apprehensions are understand- able. There are some war maniacs in the United States who very much want to start a war in the Taiwan Straits or in other parts of the world; we must be on our guard. But U.S. imperialism is tough-looking outside but really timid within, strong-lo0king outside but brittle within. Such things as the U.S. policy of positions of strength and the policy of brinkmanship cannot blackmail the Chinese people into submission. On the contrary, sabre-rattling by the U.S. and its war cries can only isolate it still more from the rest of the world. Although the U.SI aggressors are bellicose by nature, they will have to think twice before they launch a war against a powerful China which has the support of the people throughout the world. The people of all of China and of the world can see once again from recent developments in the Taiwan Straits area that U.S. imperialism is a mere paper tiger. As long as the peoples of the world strengthen their unity and are resolute in the struggle, the U.S. imperialist policy of aggression and war can be utterly defeated.

HONGQI

RAISE THE RED BANNER OF THE OCTOBER

REVOLUTION STILL HIGHER

Following is a translation of the full text of the editorial that appeared in "Hongqi" (Red Flag), No. 11, Noveraber I, 1958, theoretical fortnightly published by the Central Commit- tee of the Chinese Communist Party. - -Ed .

F ORTY-ONE years ago, the Great October Socialist Rev- olution burst like a clap of spring thunder; the east

wind covered the vast land of Russia with verdure and the socialist New World was born under the leadership of Lenin. From the day of its birth, this New World has continually displayed a vitality vastly superior to that of the capitalist Old World. Socialism gains in strength rapidly and after World War II, thanks to the victory of the Soviet Union in the anti-fascist war and the founding of the Chinese People's Republic and a number of other socialist countries, an epoch-making change took place in the relative strength of classes on a worldwide scale. Last

year, during the celebration of the October Revolu- tion, the Soviet Union launched two artificial earth satellites and meetings of representatives of the Commu- nist and Workers ' Parties were held in Moscow. These two events mark a new turning point in the development of world politics: the strength of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union further, and more clearly, surpasses that of the imperialist camp headed by the United States.

The forty-first anniversary of the October Revolution is also the first anniversary of the Moscow meetings of the Communist and Workers ' Parties. All people can see that the past year was a year full of great revolutionary struggles and revolutionary victories, a year in which the road of the October Revolution scored new victories and the viewpoints set forth in the declarations of the Mos- cow meetings received new verifications. A vivid picture

11

i l lustrating the East wind prevail ing over the West wind is unfolded before the people the world over: the New World is a blossoming garden in the spring while the Old World is a world of desolation.

The mighty and peerless Soviet Union has continuously scored new, brilliant achievements in building communism. She has continuously made m a n y great contributions in strengthening the power of the socialist camp and in the cause of safeguarding world peace, opposing imperialist aggression and opposing war, which are acclaimed by peace-loving and freedom-loving people throughout the world. The great Soviet people, standing in the fore- front of the New World, widely disseminate the good and happy prospects of communism in the hearts of the peoples of the world with each passing day. The great Chinese people, by doubling grain and steel output in their big leap forward in production and carrying forward the movements to set up people's communes and to organize t.he whole people in militia forces, prove to the whole world the t remendous youthful vital i ty inherent in socialism-communism. The peoples in other socialist countries are all quickening their pace of socialist construction. The entire socialist camp ia an exhibition hall of the bright fu ture for humani ty blazed by the October Revolution and at tracts the people of the whole world to socialism,

T HE great Octobe~ Revolution built a bridge between socialist revolution and national revolution. In the cir-

cumstances when the East wind prevails over the West wind, this role of the bridge has become part icularly striking. The new storm of national revolution as evidenced by the victory of the Iraqi national revolution has become a mighty whirlwind in full force in the Arab countries and this s torm is spreading to the African con- tinent and Latin America. All the national independence movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America have the sympathy and support of the socialist countries and are hated and opposed by the imperialist countries. With the support of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, no force in the world can check the development of the national revolut ionary movements . The days of the colonialist system are numbered.

The victory of the October Revolution started the general crisis of the capitalist world and this crisis became more serious af ter World War II. In the past year, the international reactionaries headed by the United States imperialists again and again encountered the most shameful failures. The U.S. aggressors stand fully exposed as a paper tiger. Whether in West Asia, in South America or in the Taiwan Straits area, U.S. imperial ism has completely uncovered its ugly face as an aggressor. The U.S. aggressors, however, not only failed of their purpose, but found themselves in a position of unprecedented isolation both at home and abroad. Precisely as the Moscow declaration puts it, the aggressive policy of the U.S. reactionaries is "courting their own ruin, creating their own grave-diggers."

The Moscow declarations called to the people of all countries in the world that they must mainta in the sharpest vigilance against the war danger created by the imperialists and that they should regard waging resolute

battle against war as their foremost task. To oppose war, however, the people's confidence in victory must be s t rengthened and we should educate the people not to fear war. In August this year, Comrades Mao Tse-tung and N. S. Khrushchov pointed out in the communique on their meeting: "If the imperialist war maniacs should dare to impose war on the people of the world, all the countries and peoples who love peace and f reedom will unite closely to wipe out clean the imperialist aggressors and establish an eternal world peace." This voice, speaking for the 800 million people of China and the Soviet Union, has greatly reinforced the struggle of the people the world over in the defence of peace and their struggle to expose the United States as a paper tiger and smash its atomic war blackmail.

T HE economic crisis which star ted in the United States has cast dark clouds over the capitalist world. Many lead-

ing capitalist countries are plagued by declining production, economic depression and increased unemployment . This contrasts sharply with the big leap forward in production in the countries of the socialist camp. I t has become easier for people to see clearly the incomparable superiori ty of socialism and the certainty of its victory over the rot ten capitalist sys tem in peaceful competition.

The rise of socialism and the fall of imperialism are the inevitable law of historical development independent of the will of men. With the support of the U.S. reactionaries, the react ionary ruling classes of France and certain other countries a t t empt to find a way out of the crisis by the method of establishing mil i tary dictatorships. These reactionaries can only play the role of teachers by negative examples for the masses of the people. Their react ionary policies are mere textbooks of negative examples. The history of the October Revolution itself and of the period following the October Revolution has proved t ime and again that in order to achieve victory in revolution, the people must be imbued with the consciousness that there must be a revolution, that there is no way out other than revolution. In order to instil such a consciousness in the people, it is absolutely not enough to rely solely on positive education by the Communists. There mus t also be the education by negat ive example of the reactionaries. Without ruthless oppression by the Russian tsarist government , there could be no victory in the Rus- sian Revolution of 1917. Without ruthless oppression by the imperialists and the Kuomin tang reactionaries there could be no victory in the Chinese revolution in 1949. The reactionaries who resort to brute force in dealing with the people can only educate the people to pay them back in their own coin. The Moscow declaration points out that Marxist-Leninist part ies str ive to realize the socialist revolution by peaceful means. However, "in the event of the ruling classes resort ing to violence against the people [another possibility, i.e.] the possibility of non- peaceful transit ion to socialism should be borne in mind."

The ranks of the Communis t Part ies of the various countries headed by the Communis t Par ty of the Soviet Union and the uni ty among them have been fur ther s trengthened no mat te r how the imperialist reactionaries t ry to undermine such unity. The ant i -Communis t tide engi- neered by the imperialist countries have steeled the ranks

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of the Communists in the various countries and made the Communists more resolute. The Communist Parties and Workers' Parties in all the socialist and capitalist countries h~ve severely repudiated and condemned the Yugoslav revisionist group and have drawn a clear line

be tween themselves and the renegades of the working class. People understand that the more thoroughly such specimens of modern revisionism, which came into being at a time when imperialism is nearing its death, are repudiated, the higher the revolutionary consciousness of the international working class is raised.

T HE victory of the Great October Revolution and of the great forty-one years is the victory of Marxism-

Leninism. The declarations of the Moscow meetings summed up the basic experience of the forty years since the October Revolution, further developed Marxism- Leninism and enriched the theoretical treasure house of social ism-communism. The basic principle of Marxism- Leninism is the unity of theory and practice. As the great revolutionary teachers Marx and Lenin taught us: "Our teaching is not a dogma, but a guide to action." " . . . it has only laid the cornerstones of the science which Socialists must advance in all directions if they do not want to lag behind the march of life." Comrade Mao Tse-tung often said that in accordance with the principle of the unity of theory and practice, theories originate first of all in practice and through the test of practice some are proved correct and some incorrect. Those theories that have been proved correct, in turn, serve practice and through practice, the theories are further developed. First there was the practice of class struggle reflected in the minds of the pioneers Marx, Engels and Lenin and only afterwards was theoretical summing up possible. To avoid making mistakes politically, we Communists must learn from the examples of Marx, Engels and Lenin, be able to respect and reflect revo lu t ionary practice, ceaselessly sum up experience through practice, constantly develop theory further so that theory may be constantly applied to guide practice. The reason Marxism-Leninism is invincible is because it can reflect and give guidance to the constantly changing new historical practice.

The Great October Revolution and the great movements of socialist revolution and socialist construction which took Jplace in a series of countries following the October Revolution are mass movements unprecedented in scope and profundity in the history of mankind. When the masses of the people compare socialism with capitalism, they consciously choose socialism and show great initiative in opposing imperialism and capitalism and in resolutely taking the road of socialism-communism. The big leap forward in production that occurred in our country during the past year is a manifestation of the full development of socialist-communist initiative of the masses of the people. Whether one fully believes in the superiority o[ the socialist system, whether one bel ieves in the power of the masses of the revolut ionary people, h o w much courage one has to achieve victory, have become a key to the question of whether the socialist cause in our ¢o,jntry can achieve victory and h o w great a victory can be achieved. In our country, such conservative ideas as insufficient confidence in the superiority of the socialist system, underest imation of the power inherent in the masses of the people, gross underrating of the speed of development and not daring to think of taking gradual steps towards the more advanced communis t society, have been proved to be incorrect by the lessons of innumerable facts during the past year. As the great Lenin said: "But it is important to realize how infinitely mendacious is the ordinary bourgeois conception of socialism as something lifeless, petrified, fixed once for all, whereas in reality only under socialism will a rapid, genuine, really mass forward movement, embracing first the majority and then the whole of the population, commence in all spheres of public and personal life."

Let us raise the banner of Marxism-Leninism, the red flag of the road of the October Revolution, even higher and march forward. Let us master the weapon of the Moscow declarations and march forward. We firmly believe: socialism will certainly tr iumph over capitalism, the proletariat will certainly triumph over the bourgeoisie, the oppressed nations will certainly tr iumph over the imperialists and the forces of the new will certainly triumph over the forces of decay.

For the Happiness of Mankind by P. NIKITIN

Candidate of Historical Sciences, U.S.S.R.

W ORLD history knows no event more pregnant with meaning for the fate of mankind, more sublime and

heroic, than the Great October Socialist Revolution, whose fol:ty-first anniversary will be celebrated this year by the Soviet people and the working people of all lands.

The October Revolution was a turning point in the destinies of the peoples not only of Russia, but throughout thewor ld . It marked the opening of a new era in the life of m a n k i n d - the era of socialism.

It was under the most unfavourable and incredibly difficult conditions that the Soviet people and the Com- munist Par ty set their hand to the task of creating a new social system. At that time the capitalist countries had centuries of industrial development behind them and some of them, like the U.S.A., Germany and Britain, had succeeded in creating a heavy industry with well-equipped technique. At that time, as Lenin said, Russia was equipped with machines four times worse than those of

I3

Britain, five times worse than those of Germany and ten times worse than those of America. Difficulties were legion, but the Par ty was not deterred by them.

Rapid Changes in the Soviet Union

In these forty-one years the face of the land of the Soviets has changed beyond recognition. Further rapid changes are taking place before our eyes. As a result of the selfless labour of the Soviet people and their inspired efforts, Russia, once so poor, poverty-stricken and backward, has been transformed into a mighty socialist country covered with a thick network of factories, giants of heavy ferrous industry, chemical and engineering industries, a network of electric power stations; day by day it continues to develop its economic power at a rapid pace.

To evaluate the results of the intense creative effort put forth by the Soviet people, let us take a glance at the path they have travelled and see how the Soviet Union has grown and developed over these years. DespiLe the fact that the Soviet economy suffered huge losses during the Second World War, the Soviet Union has continued in the post-war years to increase its productive power. In 1957 the total volume of industrial production had increased 33 times compared to 1913, and 46 times compared to 1917. The production of capital goods increased 74 times and the amount of engineering and metal products, 200 times compared to 1913. In the first two years after the 20th Congress of the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union, industrial production in the U.S.S.R. increased by 22 per cent.

It is true that the Soviet Union still lags behind the U.S.A. in the level of production of some of the most important types of products, but it is now quite clear that the level of production in the U.S.A. is by no means something unattainable for the U.S.S.R. The Soviet Union has already surpassed the level of American production in wheat, sugar, wool, and wood pulp. The gap between them has been narrowed in extraction of iron ore and coal, in the production of pig iron and steel, some types of machines and instruments, in cotton and woollen fabrics. The Soviet Union has surpassed the most highly developed capitalist countries not only in its pace of development but in the absolute figures of growth in many types 'of products.

The collective farm system has transformed the very character of agricultural production, the moral and spiritual outlook of the peasants; it has changed the whole way of life in the villages and has secured the technical re-equipment of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The opening up of waste and virgin lands and also the work done by the Par ty and government in recent years to raise the all-round level of agriculture has enabled the country to produce a large amount of grain to satisfy its needs. In the period 1954-57, for example, the total output of grain increased by 27 per cent compared to the previous four-year period. The last four years have seen an increase of 11 million head in the country 's herds of large, horned livestock. Meat and fat production (calcu- lated in live weight) has increased by 26 per cent. The output of milk has gone up 150 per cent and in the collective and state farms, more than 200 per cent. The Soviet people are now successfully fulfilling the task set by the C.P.S.U. - - to overtake the U.S.A. in the next few years in per capita production of meat, milk and butter.

A cultural revolution on a gigantic scale has taken place in the U.S.S.R. under the banner of the October Revolution. A country of mass illiteracy has been turned in record time into a country of universal literacy. In number of students the Soviet Union has surpassed all other countries. More than 2 million students are now studying in higher educational institutions in the Soviet Union. This is more than all the students in higher educational institutions in Britain, France and the other West European capitalist countries taken together.

Soviet science has grown tremendously. Our technol- ogy has made a giant leap from the wooden plough, iron plough, and primitive machines to the most powerful synchrotron in the world, to the finest jet passenger plane, inter-continental ballistic rockets and artificial earth satellites.

The Vanguard of the New World

The Great October Socialist Revolution roused all the nations and peoples of Russia, formerly condemned to ignorance and lack of culture, to active political and cultural life. The economic, political and cultural development of the Soviet peoples has led to a basic change, a change in principle, in the sphere of national relations. The fraternal friendship of all the peoples of the Soviet Union has blossomed out. The solidarity of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. has multiplied the strength of this multi- national state in the struggle for the victory of the new system.

The victories of the Soviet Union have demonstrated the vitality of socialism; they have increased the influence of the U.S.S.R. in the world arena, and strengthened the urge to socialism of the working people of the whole world.

Under the influence of the October Revolution a powerful workers ' movement has developed in all countries and it gains fresh victories every year in the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism.

The leader of the Communist Par ty and the people of China, Comrade Mao Tse-tung, in his evaluation of the significance of the October Socialist Revolution, has said:

"Forty years ago the Soviet people under the leadership of Lenin, the great teacher of the revolution, and of the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union, became the vanguard of the New World, and created the first socialist state. This was a turning point in the history of mankind . . . in the example of the Soviet people the working people of the whole world saw the bright road to their liberation and the building of a happy human society." (Pravda, April 18, 1957.) Following that path pointed out by the October Revolution, more than 900 million people, more than a third of mankind, have already cast off the shackles of capitalist slavery and, following the example of the Soviet land, have set about building a new life.

In its competition with capitalism, socialism has emerged the victor in every sphere of life, and this victory is speeding up the process of the decay and death of capitalism.

Great s~accesses in the building of socialism have been achieved by People's China. Overcoming grave difficul-

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ties resultant on the economic and cultural backwardness of the country, the Chinese people have succeeded in carrying through t h e socialist t ransformation of the coun- tryside in a very short time and are now industrializing their country at unprecedented speed. On the basis of the successes gained in industry and agriculture, the living standards of the working people are being steadily raised; education, culture and art are developing.

Remarkable results in the development of their economy and culture have also been achieved by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of Viet-nam, the Mongolian People's Republic. The success of the Chinese People's Republic and other people's democratic countries in Asia are exerting a powerful moral influence on the national liberation struggles of the colonial peoples. The victory of the people's power in China, north Korea and north Viet-nam, the tr iumph of the national-liberation struggle in India, Indonesia, Burma, the United Arab Republic, Iraq and other countries has speeded up and advanced that process of rebirth of the peoples of the East that was begun by the Great October Revolution.

The Soviet Union and the people's democratic countries consistently stand up for the idea of the peaceful co- existence of countries with different social systems. They are active partisans of peace responding to the cherished desires of tens and hundreds of millions of people throughout the world.

Marxism-Leninism showed theoretically, and the historical experience of the U.S.S.R. and also China and the other people's democratic countries has confirmed in practice, that the only system that can guarantee a bright fulure for the peoples and the full development of the individual - - is socialism.

Capitalism appears as a force that is inimical to man, that suppresses and enslaves him, that distorts human personality both physically and spiritually. And this is not a matter merely of the evil will of the bourgeoisie, but that the very economic basis of capitalism stands in contradiction to the essence of humanism, and is reactionary and anti-popular.

What has capitalism given to the masses in these last forty years and more? • A sharp increase in exploitation, unemployment, an intensification of labour that exhausts, oppresses and literally deadens the worker; several big economic crises which have multiplied the misery and sufferings of the masses of the people, reduced tens of millions of people to the uttermost depths of poverty and ruin; brutal reaction, terror against the masses, suppres- sion of the national-liberation movements by military force and the pouring out of rivers of human blood.

As a result of the building of socialism in the U.S.S.R. there has been created for the first time in the history of mankind an actual material, political, and ideological basis for the flourishing of the human personality and the development of all its potential possibilities.

The Soviet social system has opened up unlimited possibilities for the development of the creative initiative of the working people and the swift growth of the productive forces of society. Drawing a picture of the perspectives of socialist construction in our country, the great Lenin,

even at the start of the Soviet state, wrote: "We have the material in natural resources, in reserves of human strength and in the splendid sweep that the great revolution gave to the creative spirit of the people, to build a really powerful and prosperous Russia." (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 27, pages 134, 135.)

What is it that inspires our Soviet people? What is it that urges them on to overcome so many difficulties and hardships and continue to press ahead with such enthusiasm? They do this for the happiness of mankind.

The Fundamenta l Source of A c h i e v e m e n t

The fundamental source of all the mighty achievements of the Soviet people in the last forty-one years can be found in the fact that they are working for the people themselves. The whole meaning of the selfless struggle waged by the Communist Par ty and the Soviet people to build communism consists in the fact that they are working to secure a real flourishing of human personality, so that man can fully develop his abilities and talents, and live a full-blooded, rich and many-sided life.

In the past forty-one years the Soviet people have built socialism and are now successfully building communism, showing the whole of mankind the way to real progress.

All these world historic victories have been gained thanks to the fact that the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union stands at the head of the Soviet peop le - -bu i lde r s of the new society. Armed with Marxist-Leninist theory, rallied together in a mighty mass organization, vitally linked with the working people of town and country, the Communist Par ty acts as a great transforming revolutionary force, the inspirer and organizer of the struggle of the Soviet people for the victory of communism.

At this forty-first anniversary of the start of their advance along the road opened by the October Socialist Revolution, the Soviet land stands at a new stage of development of a powerful political and creative upsurge.

In order to speed up a solution of the basic economic tasks the Central Committee of the Communist Party has decided to hold in January 195g a special 21st Congress of the C.P.S.U. which will approve the control figures for the development of the national economy of the U.S.S.R. for the years 1959 to 1965.

If the significance of this forthcoming Congress of the Par ty has to be expressed shortly, then it may be said to be to secure in the next few years a still greater growth of Soviet industry, agriculture and culture in the interests of all the people, in the cause of building a communist society in the Soviet Union.

• • •

The Great October Socialist Revolution was the re- alization of the dreams of the best minds of mankind. It marked a new epoch in the history of m a n k i n d - - t h e epoch of proletarian revolutions, the epoch of the step by step replacement of capitalist society by socialist society. The great cause of the October Revolution shines like a bright torch, lighting the path of the peoples to peace, democracy and socialism.

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Grand Welcome for C.P.V.

Our Heroes Return from Korea by OUR CORRESPONDENT

H UGE crowds lined Peking's streets on the wintry afternoon of October 28. Fire crackers kept explod-

ing. The sound of drums, gongs and cymbals filled the air. Gaily coloured banners and bunting punctuated the holiday atmosphere. Confetti hailed a convoy of slowly passing cars. Cheers and chanting of slogans rolled across the city in roaring waves. Two hundred thousand Peking citizens turned out to give a hero's welcome to a 150- member delegation of the Chinese People's Volunteers whose withdrawal from Korea was completed two days earlier.

Meeting the C.P.V. representatives at the railway station, Premier Chou En-lai warmly grasped the hands of Generals Yang Yung and Wang Ping, Commander and Political Commissar of the C.P.V., and said: "On behalf of the Central Committee of the Communist Par ty and Chairman Mao, in the name of the government and the people, I extend the warmest welcome to you, our heroes returning in triumph."

On the following day, Chairman Mao Tse-tung received the C.P.V. delegation. A grand banquet was given in their honour in the evening. On October 30, the Standing Com- mittee of the National People's Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held an enlarged joint session at which General Yang Yung reported on the achievements of the C.P.V. The session adopted a resolution paying high tribute to the C.P.V.

The joy of the Chinese people is very natural. They were not only welcoming home their best beloved sons and daughters, but also celebrating a victory, the historic significance of which cannot be over-emphasized.

U.S. Paper Tiger Exposed Eight years ago, the Chinese People's Volunteers

crossed the Yalu River, in a nationwide movement "to resist American aggression, aid Korea, safeguard our homes and protect our motherland." At that time, U.S. imperialism was wanton in its arrogance. MacArthur was bragging that "by occupying all of Korea, we can hammer the only supply lines which connect Soviet Siberia with the South . . . . We could control the whole area between Vladivostok and Singapore . . . . Nothing would then be beyond the reach of our power." Despite repeated Chinese warnings, he told Truman that the new-born Chinese People's Republic would not openly, assist Korea with all her might, for "there are many fundamental logical reasons against it."

A few weeks later, however, the same MacArthur was desparately calling for help in a report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. He wailed that his troops were "mentally fatigued and physically battered" while "the Chinese troops are fresh, completely organized, splendidly trained and equipped and apparently in peak condition for actual operations."

But the U.S. aggressors still placed blind faith in their weapons. Typical of this line of thinking was a statement by the late General Soule. "The Chinese cannot maintain supply lines, their commanders don' t understand modern warfare. They have few planes, little artillery and they don't know how to use them . . . . We can lick them, we can defeat them." Meanwhile, MacArthur mustered his remaining strength and launched the infamous "home-by- Christmas," "end-the-war" general offensive. The outcome is now history. In a matter of a few months, the aggressors were beaten back to south of the 38th Parallel where they had begun their adventures. And, in July 1951, they had to accept the proposal to hold armistice negotiations in Kaesong.

The protracted truce talks were a record of Washing- ton's reluctance to talk it over at the conference table and its inability to fight it out on the battlefield. Their "limited summer offensive" and "autumn offensive" in 1951, as "military pressure" on the Korean-Chinese side, proved costly and abortive. Their "operation s t rang le" - - indiscriminate bombing of the rear characterized by the notorious order to "shoot everything that m o v e s " - - a l s o failed to cut the Korean-Chinese supply lines. During the war, the U.S. air pirates hurled an average of one bomb on every seven metres of railway line in north Korea; but the railway traffic, instead of being reduced, was nearly quadrupled.

Early in 1952, the U.S. aggressors launched germ warfare against the Korean-Chinese side. This was confirmed by on-the-spot investigations conducted by an Interna- tional Scientific Commission and the International As- sociation of Democratic Lawyers. But Washington's army of rodents and flies proved no more effective than its napalm bombs and sabrejets.

In an even more desparate at tempt to tilt the armistice negotiations in their favour, the U.S. invaders, in October 1952, touched off the great battle of Sangkumryung. Madly, they rained 1.9 million rounds of shells and more than 5,000 bombs on positions which covered an area of 3.7 square kilometres. After 43 days of fierce duel, however, the much-vaunted offensive personally directed by U.S. Eighth Army Commander Van Fleet collapsed. Twenty-five thousand aggressive troops were wiped out and the C.P.V. held their positions firm.

In these months, the strength of the Korean and Chinese forces kept on growing, on the ground~ as well as in the sky. The summer of 1953 witnessed a series of successful offensives against the aggressors. In the famous offensive south of Kumsong, powerful field troops aided by heavy artillery barrages smashed a line guarded by four enemy divisions in one hour 's fighting. Enemy troops t h e r e were routed in 24 hours.

Panic stricken, the enemy hurriedly asked for the signing of the armistice agreement while Korean-Chinese

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troops were still on the offensive. An armistice was finally 'signed in Korea on July 27, 1953. U.S. imperialism paid a price of 390,000 casualties and 20,000 million dollars of war costs to show the world that it is just a paper tiger.

The significance of this victory won by the C.P.V. together with the Korean People's Army was stressed by Peng Chen, Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Par ty of China, when he greeted the C.P.V. delegation at a Peking mass rally on October 28. He said:

The myth that the U.S. imperialists are invincible is now exploded. The U.S. paper tiger has been exposed. The conclusion that the U.S. imperialists can be defeated is of great importance to the whole world because it arms the people ideologically. With this moral prerequisite, the people's struggles throughout the world against the aggression and oppression by the imperia l is ts- mainly the U.S. imperial ists- can assuredly go forward with full steam.

Example of Internationalism During their eight-year stay in Korea, the C.P.V.

together with the Korean people provided the world with a living example of proletarian internationalism in action. They shared life and death, hardship and privation with their Korean brothers and sisters. They fought arm in arm with their Korean comrades. Speaking at the Peking mass rally in honour of the returning C.P.V., Commander Yang Yung related many moving instances of this Chinese-Korean comradeship. The General declared:

A Chinese People's Volunteer could leave his home town and his motherland and, without the slightest hesitation, make the supreme sacrifice for the sake of the independence and freedom of another country. Similarly, an ordinary Korean could, without the slightest hesitation, shed his last drop of blood to save a soldier from a foreign land, who is neither his kinsman nor his personal friend and with whom he doesn't even have a common language of communication. For those gentlemen in capitalist countries, this is completely incomprehensible. This is, General Yang Yung added, not only because

the Korean and Chinese peoples have identical interests in the face of enemy aggression. It is, more important still, the concrete manifestation in international relations of the communist spirit of "one for all and all for one."

Chairman Mao Tse-tung told the C.P.V.: "Treasure and protect every mountain and river, every blade of grass and tree in Korea." From the first day of their entry into the country, the C.P.V. scrupulously abided by these words of their great leader. Immediately after the cease- fire, for instance, they pitched into the work of Korea's rehabilitation with everything they had. The railway corps helped in restoring all demolished lines. The engineering corps took part in rebuilding Pyongyang, Ham- heung, Wonsan and other cities. The C.P.V. in Korea rebuilt eight reservoirs and built 1,300 dykes and embank- ments totalling 313.5 kilometres in length up to the end of 1957.

The fraternal unity between the Chinese and the Korean peoples and all the peoples in the camp of socialism headed by the Soviet Union was one of the decisive factors making for the victory against the imperialist war maniacs in Korea. In his memoirs, for instance, former U.S. President Harry S. Truman disclosed Washington's great misgivings about the formidable strength of the Sino-Soviet alliance throughout the Korean war. "Peiping (Peking m Ed.) and Moscow were allies, ideologically as

Peking welcomes home the C.P.V. Sketch by Cheng Feng

well as by treaty," he wrote. "If we began to attack Com- munist China, we had to anticipate Russian intervention." It was the united strength of the great camp of socialism that made Washington think twice before enlarging the scope of the Korean war.

A Powerful Move for Peace Having fulfilled their historic task in Korea, the

C.P.V. began their withdrawal on March 15, 1958. Fair- minded people all over the world have recognized this as an important peace move opening up a new and realistic road to the peaceful settlement of the 'Korean question.

The withdrawal of the C.P.V., as the American news agency INS admitted earlier this year, leaves the U.S. troops "sitting in south Korea and sticking out like a sore thumb on the Asian mainland." On October 27, the day after the complete withdrawal of the C.P.V., the Korean- Chinese side at the Military Armistice Commission in Panmunjom demanded that all U.S. and "U.N." troops clear out of south Korea immediately. The U.S. member of the commission shamelessly rejected the demand with the lame excuse that the withdrawal of foreign troops was not within the competence of the armistice commission.

On October 28, the Government of the Korean Demo- cratic People's Republic issued a statement in Pyongyang. It pointed out that more than five years had elapsed since the end of the Korean war and the C.P.V. had taken the lead in withdrawing; there is no pretext whatever for the U.S. a rmy of aggression to remain in south Korea. "If only the U.S. imperialist aggressive troops get out of south Korea," the statement stressed, "our fatherland can be unified peacefully on a democratic basis by the Korean people themselves."

17

rt appears, however, that Washington is bent on keeping south Korea under its mi l i ta ry occupation. On October 27, U.S. State Depar tment spokesman Lincoln White crudely rejected the demand that U.S. troops pull out of Korea. Moreover, in the post-armist ice years, the United States has commit ted provocat ive acts violating the armistice agreement in or across the demilitarized zone on 792 occasions (up to June 26, 1958); unilateral ly abrogated Paragraph 13-d of the armistice agreement prohibiting the introduction of any reinforcing combat weapons f rom outside Korea; shipped atomic and rocket weapons into south Korea and reorganized U.S. troops there into "pentomic" divisions. All these are clear proof that the blame for the deadlock over the Korean question lies squarely with Washington.

Demonstration Against U.S. Aggressors The Chinese and Korean peoples, however, are ful ly

confident that they will be able to smash U.S. aggression. The warm welcome given to the re turned C.P.V. by the Chinese people is also a powerfu l demonstra t ion against U.S. imperialism. Speaking at the Peking mass meeting in henour of the C.P.V. delegation, P e n g Chert f i rm ly declared, amidst tumultuous applause, that the U.S. troops must get out of Korea and that they mus t get out of Taiwan.

Dwelling on the Taiwan situation, Peng Chen pointed out that the United States was scheming to create "two Chinas," to perpetuate its forcible occupation of Taiwan and attack the Chinese mainland when it saw the oppor- tunity. Dulles' recent talks with Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan clearly exposed this U.S. at tempt, he said. Peng Chen rei terated the hope that the Taiwan authorities can wake up to the necessity of turning back f rom the wrong road and act in unison against the foreign aggressors. Chinese problems must be settled by the Chinese themselves, he stressed, and the Americans have no right what- soever to speak in the matter .

General Yang Yung also served a sharp warning to the U.S. aggressors on behalf of the C.P.V. Noting the immense growth of the s trength of China and the entire socialist camp as compared with the years of the Korean war, the C.P.V. Commander said that should the U.S. imperialists "venture to test their s trength with us once again, then the result would not mere ly be that they would suffer casualties, but together with the debacle of their aggression would come the total obliteration of U.S. imperialism." These words carried added weight as they were the voice of the t r iumphan t C.P.V. - - the heroic people's fighters who have already poked big holes in the U.S. paper tiger.

National Minority

Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region by LI FANG

T HE Hui people are one of China's bigger national minorities. They number about 4 million; many live

in small groups widely scattered in various parts of the country. Ningh'sia is the area where they live in their largest single compact community. I t is here that the Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region was established on October 25, with Yinchuan as its seat of government .

The Huis in the past were brutal ly exploited and oppressed by the react ionary ruling classes of both the Hui and the Hart nationalities. The Kuomin tang regime even refused to recognize their national identity. But they fought back with tenacity and rare courage. In Yun- nan, Shensi, Kansu and Sinkiang they rose repeatedly against their national oppressors but each t ime their rulers using the tried tactics of "divide and rule" and ruthless terror succeeded in throwing them back. Bloody mas- sacres and oppression great ly reduced their numbers and kept them in pover ty and backwardness. They preserved their national identi ty despite every at tack and made no small contribution to the struggle for f reedom of all the Chinese peoples.

National Equality

The Chinese Communis t Pa r ty f rom the first recognized that the Hui people constitute a distinct nationality and has consistently upheld their r ight to national equality in the mult i -nat ional family of China.

During the War of / ' ~ . ~ ~ ~ q ) Resistance to Japanese Aggression (1937-1945), the Communis t Pa r ty

founded an autonomous ~ ~ ~ .~..~ o,o,,.~,~ ~ ~ . , , . ~ area for the Hui people in the Shensi -Kansu- Ninghsia Border Region, ___~.. .r___ _(~ and led Hui communities in various par ts of the country in fighting the Japanese aggressors. During the War of Liberation (1946-1949), the Com- munis t Pa r ty led the Hui people in playing their part in the struggle of the whole Chinese people against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

The founding of the People 's Republic of China brought national oppression to an end. National equality was wri t ten into the Constitution, and this right has been ensured to the Huis whether living in small communities or intermingled with other nationalit ies in various parts of the country. National au tonomy was granted in areas where the Hui people live in compact communities. Four Hui autonomous chou* were set u p - those of Ninghsia,

*An autonomous chou is an administrative unit which comes under the jurisdiction of an autonomous region or a province a,nd is itself divided into counties, autonomous counties or municipalities.

18

Kuyuan and Wuchung in Kansu Province and the Chang- chi Autonomous Chou in Sinkian'g. There are besides nine Hui autonomous counties, one coalition autonomous county and about 100 Hui townships in Various parts of the country. Public functionaries of Hui nationality have been trained for work at all administrative levels. Now the formation of the Ninghsia Autonomous Region carries this process a big step forward. Democratic reforms and socialist transformation have of course been carried out in all these Hui inhabited areas and the economic and cultural progress made has already ended the historical legacy of poverty and backwardness among the Hui people. The fraternal relations and unity between the, various nationalities have been given a chance to develop and grow.

A Fert i l e Area

The Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region covers an area of 77,800 square kilometres (see Peking Re v i e w , No. 19, p. 6). It has 17 counties and two municipalities. Thirty- three per cent of its population of 1,822,000 are of Hui nationality; 66 per cent are Hans. The rest are Mongo- lians and Manchus.

The Region lies in a part of the Yellow River basin that offers many economic advantages. Farmlands thickly intersected with irrigation ditches line the banks of the Yellow River. In the northern part of the area abundant crops of rice, wheat and fruit are produced on the Yin- chuan plain, which is noted for its resemblance to the fertile lands south of the Yangtse.

There are rich mineral depos i t s - -coa l , iron, oil, copper, lead, zinc, etc. The Shihchushan coal m i n e - - biggest coal field in the n o r t h w e s t - - i s here. The moun- tainous areas in the south are rich in animal and forest products.

~rhe area can take a large number of settlers; much of its wasteland can be reclaimed. It has great pastures suited for stock-raising.

The opening of the Paotow-Lanchow Railway and the Peking-Paotow-Yinchuan-Lanchow airline have greatly improved its communication facilities.

The rectification campaign and socialist education movement in 1957 have heightened the socialist consciousness of the various nationalities in the area. This year, with socialist construction in full spate throughout the country, the area has spurted ahead both in agriculture and industry.

It reaped its biggest crops ever in 1958. It produced 2,700 million j in of grain, more than twice as much as the 1957 f igure--1 ,200 million fin. This averages out at 1,500 j in per head. The highest yield of spring wheat was 5,801 j in per mu, and that of paddy rice, 7,092 fin. In 1959, the region plans to increase its grain output to 5,000 million j in and oil-bearing crops to 240 million fin, so as to provide 2,500 j in of food grains and 36 j in of edible oil a year per head.

The original irrigated area here created in the 2,000 years before liberation was 2 million mu. In 1958 alone, this was increased by another 1,530,000 mu. When tho Chingtung Gorge water conservancy project on the Yellow River is completed it will be able to generate 260,000 kilowatts of electricity and irrigate up to 10 million m u of farmland.

More than 310,000 peasant households, or 95.9t per cent of all households in the area have joined 157 people's communes which have been merged with the townships.

Industr ia l G r o w t h

The Ninghsia area previously had little industry in the old days. Up to 1957, it had only 66 factories and mines. The present drive for local industry has rapidly changed all that. Now it is dotted with iron and steel, engineering and textile workshops and factories, electric power plants and coal mines.

The Paotow-Lanchow Railway has enabled quite large projects to be started. These include a dozen or so fairly large projects including steel mills, flax factories, sugar refineries and coal mines which are now under construction. Many enterprises in other parts of the country are helping to build these plants. Active preparations are going ahead to build another 90 even larger factories.

The Shihchushan coal reserves are estimated at 560 million tons. When this colliery' is completed during the Second Five-Year Plan, with an annual capacity of 8 million tons, it will be able to satisfy not only the industrial needs of the Ninghsia Region but help supply Kansu Province and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region as well. The first pair of modern inclined shafts here were commissioned on August 1, 1958, with a daily capacity of 500 to 600 tons. Hydraulic mining is being used.

There were only a few tumbledown factories here before liberation, with 300 workers and employees. Now there are 9,500 factories and mines, large and small, in the region, with 55,000 workers and employees.

Education, culture and the health services are keeping pace with these economic strides. Before liberation there were only 10 middle schools and 500 pr imary schools here. Now there are three institutions of higher learning with 322 students, 140 middle schools of various types with 27,560 pupils and 3,500 primary schools with 273,490 pupils. Elementary education is now being given to 94.5 per cent of the children of school age. More than 350,000 illiterate or semi-literate young persons can now read and write. In 1959, illiteracy will be completely wiped out amon~ the youth of the region. Few medical institutions existed here before liberation. Now there are 140 hospitals and health centres.

The establishment of the Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region brings to four the number of autonomous regions with provincial status now formed in New China. The ctbers are the Inner Mongolian, the Sinkiang Uighur and the Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Regions. National autonomy has now been extended to no less than 35 nationai minorities with a total population of 25 million, making up over 90 per cent of the minori ty peoples living in compact groups .

The establishment of the Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region is a notable achievement in carrying out the Party 's policy of national autonomy, the key to the solution of China's national problem. It is an important event in the political life of the Hui people there as well as of the Other nationalities in the area. It will help to strengthen the Unity among them, particularly between the Hui and Han peoples. By giving fresh impetus to the revolutionary drive that has characterized people there already, it will speed up their socialist economic and cultural advance.

19

LITERATURE

S o v i e t L i t e r a t u r e a n d C h i n a

Soviet l i terature and the progressives of Russian writ ing have played a key role in the l i terary life of the Chinese people. Popular interest in Soviet literature has been growing steadily with the years. A steady stream of transla- tions is being published. Among the new books which came off the presses in October was Nikolai Chukovsky's Bal t ic Sk ies , about the exploits of the Soviet air force in battle against the

Nazi invaders, V. Kavelin 's The Open " B o o k , woven around the life of a bio-

chemist, and selected poems by Dmitri Gulia and Kerbabayev. Forthcoming publications are A. Smirnov-Cherkesov's M y Y o u n g Friends, V. Latsis's The Fisher- man ' s Son and the first of six volumes of the selected works of V. Be]insky.

It is true to say that revolutionary Chinese l i terature took shape and blossomed under the direct influence of Soviet literature. There is not a single Chinese wri ter belonging to the people who has not been taught and inspired by it. "S!nce the May the Fourth Move- ment in 1919," wrote Mao Tun, one of China's foremost contemporary writers, "both in theory and in creative methods, the revolutionary Chinese l i terary movement has received invaluable inspiration f rom and been profoundly influenced by Soviet literature and classical Russian literature."

Chu Chiu-pai, the distinguished l i terary critic and one of the early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, was a pioneer in introducing Soviet l i terature to the Chinese reader. He regarded this work as one of the chief tasks of the proletarian writer. It was under the direct influence of Lenin's P a r t y Organ i za t ion and P a r t y L i t e r a t u r e that he wrote many articles refuting the views of reactionary writers in the early 'thirties, at a time when Kuomintang reaction seemed to many people to be triumphant.

"A T e a c h e r and Fr iend"

Lu Hsun, standard-bearer of modern China's r~ew cultural forces, was another who did much to introduce Soviet l i terature to China. The October Rev- olution and Soviet l i terature convinced him that " a society of the proletariat will inevitably arise" and that "our hope lies only in the rising working class." Using li terature as a weapon to reform society, Lu Hsun devoted his whole life to the cause of the Chinese people's liberation and a better future. He regarded Soviet l i terature as "a

teacher and friend" and "a flame that lights up the night." In the days when the Chinese people suffered under Kuo- mintang rule, he placed great importance on the task of introducing Soviet literature to educate the millions of Chinese youth.

Lu Hsun first made acquaintance with works dealing with Soviet l i terary theory in the early 'twenties. Later, to meet the ~argent needs of the revolutionary struggle, he translated Plekhanov's On Ar t , Lunacharsky's Li f e ra ture and L i ter - ary Cri t ic ism, and documents relating to the Soviet Communist Party 's policies on art and literature. In the same period, Chu Chiu-pai translated several of Gorky's essays on literature. Lu Hsun also translated Fadeyev's The N ine teen , checked and published Sera- fimovich's I ron Flood, Gladkov's Cement , and several short and long-short stories by Constantin Fedin, Vsevolod Ivanov, Boris Lavrenyev, Lydia Seifulina and others. Introduced into China, these works took their place in the arsenal of the revolutionary struggle being led by the Chinese Communist Party; they gave encouragement, strength and guidance to the Chinese people at a crucial time, and helped to combat those reactionary bourgeois ideas in the field of l i terature and art which were being defended by the decadent and the aesthetic schools of "art for art 's sake." They helped Chinese writers chart out the future course of Chinese revolu~tion -

ary literature.

Of all Soviet writers, Gorky has exerted the greatest influence on Chi- nese literature. Eleven of a twenty- volume set of selected works by Gorky have already been published. Gorky's name has become a li terary household

word.

Kuo Mo-jo, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said: "Gorky's influence on Chinese w~:iters is not limited to the domain of literature. Gorky is respected and admired by them . . . his works are highly valued and revered. His theory of literature, in particular, has been no less influential in China than in his own country. In both their outlook and creative work, Chinese writers are profoundly indebted to his guidance. They have not only learnt from Gorky how to write and what to wri te about, but also how to live and what sort of men they should strive to be. In the long history of Chinese literature, t h e r e is hardly anyone who holds a place equal to that held by Gorky in the hearts of Chinese writers."

Mayakovsky's influence on modern Chinese poets and poetry has also been profound. Generally speaking, b e c a u s e

of its rhythm and rhyme, poetry is harder to project across a country's border than prose. But Mayakovsky's poems l]ave never failed to strike a chord in the hearts of Chinese poets. His revolutionary verse inspired them to integrate their poetry with revolutionary practice and wield it as a weapon against the enemy. Ho Chi- fang, a noted poet and critic, once said: " O f all contemporary poets, Mayakovsky is the one who stirs our hearts most." Mayakovsky's famous l i n e s - "Poems and songs - - t he se are bombs and banners," he said, had become a programme of action for China's revolutionary poets and composers.

T r e m e n d o u s Effect

The impact of Soviet prose on Chinese l i terature has been even more striking. Such works as The Nine teen , I ron Flood, T h e A r m o u r e d Train, H o w the S t ee l W a s T e m p e r e d , to mention only a few, have had a tremendous influence on the Chinese people. In his Talks at the Y e n a n F o r u m on A r t and L i tera ture , Chairman Mao Tse-tung said, "Fadeyev's T h e N i n e t e e n . . . has produced a worldwide effect, at least . . . a tremendous effect in China." And Lu Hsun said: " T h e A r m o u r e d Train, The Nineteen, I ron Flood and other novels are inter- esting and helpful to me. And to present- day China it's the war novels that are of more importance."

Soviet l i terature has not only helped revolutionary Chinese l i terature to grow up, but insprred its readers in China to join the revolution. The novels mentioned, and such others as Chapayev and Days and Nights , have been a tangible force in China. In the long years of revolutionary struggle before the liberation of the country, Soviet novels, and war novels in particular, have been a torch-light to Chinese readers in general.

Soviet l i terature means much more to the Chinese people than is usually com- prehended by the word "l i terature"; to them it is literally a handbook and a textbook on living. It has been a source of inspiration to the Chinese people both in their struggle for liberation in the past and in their building of socialism today. Outstanding characters in Soviet literature, such as Pavel Korchagin, Alexander Matrosov, Zoya, Guria, Oleg Koshevoi, Meresyev and others have been held up as examples' for all to follow. Writers are "engineers of the human soul," and the works of Soviet writers have nobly fulfilled the role of moulding the souls of the ris~n~

generation.

• -- WU P I N

CHINESE PRESS OPINION W a s b i n g t o n ' s S h a m e f u l F i a s c o

" T h e w i t h d r a w a l of U.S. forces f r o m L e b a n o n shows t h e b a n k r u p t c y of W a s h - i ng ton ' s aggress ive p lans in t he Midd le East," wri tes Renmin R~bao on Oc tobe r 28. "Th i s is a m a j o r v ic tory for t he peoples of t he Midd le Eas t and of t h e wor ld in t he f ight aga ins t co lon ia l i sm a n d for peace."

" W h e n the U.S. aggressors , h a n d in g love w i t h Br i ta in , l a n d e d t roops in L e b a n o n and J o r d a n , " the p a p e r recal ls , " t h e i r aggress ive p lans w e r e not l imi t ed to these two countr ies . They had in m i n d the n e w - b o r n I r aq i Republ ic , the U n i t e d A r a b Republ ic and the people of t he whole Midd le East . T h e U.S. w a n t e d to s t r ang le t h e A r a b n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t in t he Midd le East , en s l ave the peoples of those count r ies , p l u n d e r the i r r ich oil r e sources a n d bu i ld up i t s colonial ru le t h r o u g h o u t th i s a r ea . "

Now, t h r e e a n d a ha l f m o n t h s la ter , t he once cocky U.S. i n v a d e r s h a v e h a d to c l ea r out. Th i s is the r e su l t of t he pe r s i s t en t f ight w h i c h the peoples of t h e Midd le Eas t and of the peace - lov ing coun t r i es and people all o v e r t he wor ld h a v e w a g e d aga ins t t he colonial is ts .

Once again , t he ed i to r ia l s t resses , th i s p roves t h a t " i t is on ly by f i rmness in t h e s t rugg le t h a t n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e can be m a i n t a i n e d and peace d e f e n d e d . . . . I t also proves t h a t un i t ed ac t ion by t he people can de fea t U.S. imper i a l i sm, t h e mos t vicious of i ts k ind, a n d ha l t i ts w a r plots. Those w h o a r e d e t e r m i n e d to f ight unf l inch ing ly for peace and n a t i o n a l i n d ep en dence see t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s as m e r e l y a p a p e r t iger ."

Renmiir Ribao, howeve r , w a r n s t h a t W a s h i n g t o n wi l l no t wi l l ing ly reconc i l e i tself to t he s h a m e f u l fiasco it has suf fered in t h e Midd le East . " T h e r e a re i n d i c a t i o n s tha t i t is i n t ens i fy ing its ef for ts to u n d e r - m i n e the so l ida r i ty of the A r a b coun t r i e s

Blotting the Record by Hung Huang in "Wen Hui Bao'"

Elsenhower: "A new and honourable chapter has been opened in American historyW

a n d spl i t the A r a b League so t h a t i t can s u b j u g a t e the peoples of those coun t r i e s one by one . . . . The big U.S. m i l i t a r y bases in Turkey , I s r ae l and L ibya re - m a i n to m e n a c e peace in the Midd le Eas t a n d the i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d sove re ign ty of t he coun t r i e s of t h a t a rea . " " T h e people of t he se coun t r i e s shou ld r e m a i n a l e r t a.nd not r e l a x t h e i r effor ts aga in s t t he enemies of peace a n d n a t i o n a l independence , " t he ed i to r ia l concludes.

U . S . - - G e t O u t o f S o u t h K o r e a /

C o m m e n t i n g on t he U.S. S t a t e D e p a r t - m e n t ' s refusal , on Oc tobe r 27, to w i th - d r a w the A m e r i c a n t roops f rom sou th Korea , Renmin Ribao's c o m m e n t a t o r wr i t e s (October 30) t h a t i t exposes " t he b r u t i s h face of t he aggressors . "

W a s h i n g t o n c l a imed t h a t cond i t ions for a " l a s t i ng s e t t l e m e n t " of the K o r e a n ques t ion h a v e not yet been fulf i l led and t h a t " t he h e a r t of t h e m a t t e r " is no t " w i t h d r a w a l of t roops" bu t " f ree elec- t ion ." R e f u t i n g this , t h e c o m m e n t a t o r poin ts out : "The people of the wor ld be l i eve t h a t on ly by f i rs t w i t h d r a w i n g a l l fo re ign t roops f r o m Korea , c an t h e n e c e s s a r y cond i t ions be c rea ted for f ree e lec t ions a n d t he peacefu l un i f i ca t ion of K o r e a . . . . B u t t he U n i t e d S ta t e s ' logic is d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed to this. I t a r g u e s t h a t on ly a f t e r a ' l a s t ing s e t t l e m e n t ' of the K o r e a n ques t ion is real ized, c an t he U n i t e d S ta te s pu l l i t s forces ou t of Korea . " " A n d w h a t is th i s so-ca l led ' l a s t i ng s e t t l e m e n t ' t h a t i t seeks? I t is a n n e x a t i o n of t he n o r t h e r n p a r t of K o r e a w h i c h t h e , U n i t e d S t a t e s s o u g h t to a c h i e v e by l a u n c h i n g the K o r e a n w a r e igh t yea r s ago. Th i s aggress ive p l an was s m a s h e d by t he K o r e a n a n d C h i n e s e peoples. I t was no t rea l ized in the past , no r wi l l i t be rea l i zed in t he fu tu r e . "

At a p ress con fe rence on Oc tober 28, Dul les a d v a n c e d a n o t h e r " r e a s o n " for

r e fus ing to w i t h d r a w U.S. forces f r o m sou th Korea . He a r g u e d t h a t w i t h d r a w a l of the C.P.V. on ly m e a n t t h e i r r e t u r n to the o t h e r s!de of the Ya lu R i v e r w h e r e a s in the case of the Un i t ed S ta tes , th is m e a n t a w i t h d r a w a l of a d i s t ance of 10,000 mi les t h a t would m a k e it incon- v e n i e n t for the U n i t e d S ta te s to send i ts t roops back to K o r e a again. But , t he com- m e n t a t o r asks, " w h o s e f au l t is t h a t ? T h e U.S. ha s b e e n 10,000 mi les a w a y f r o m Ko- rea for t h o u s a n d s of years . T h e r e was no r ea son for t h e Un i t ed S ta te s to send its

t roops to i n v a d e Korea in the first place."

K i s h i W a r n e d on F i s h i n g S p i e s

C o m m e n t i n g on the fac t t ha t the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t ha s coerced J a p a n e s e f isher- m e n to c a r r y on esp ionage ac t iv i t ies aga in s t C h i n a (see page 22J a Renmi~ Ribao c o m m e n t a t o r on N o v e m b e r l po in t s ou t t h a t "Th i s is i n s e p a r a b l e f rom t h e policy of the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t to fo l low even m o r e closely the aggress ive policy of the U.S. imper i a l i s t s and f rom its hos t i le a t t i t ude t o w a r d s ' t h e Chinese people ; th i s is p a r t of t he c l andes t i ne ac t iv i t i es of t he Kish i g o v e r n m e n t in re- v iv ing J a p a n e s e mi l i t a r i sm . "

" T h e c r i m i n a l s w e r e c a u g h t r e d h a n d e d w i t h al l t he m a t e r i a l evidence ," the com- m e n t a t o r s ta tes , " N o b u s u k e Ki sh i has once a g a i n exposed his impe r i a l i s t face. His is a g r im imper i a l i s t v i sage w h i c h is no d i f f e ren t f r o m t h a t of Hidek i Tojo . . . . T h e Kish i g o v e r n m e n t is r ev iv ing m i l i t a r i s m in t h e n a m e of ' an t i - c o m m u n i s m ' ; i t is ve ry c l ea r t h a t i t w a n t s to lay h a n d s once a g a i n on Ch i - ne se soil. T h e Ch inese people m u s t be a l e r t a n d pay p r o p e r a t t e n t i o n to this ."

No t ing t h a t t he J a p a n e s e s e a m e n eager ly exposed t he way t he Kish i gov- e r n m e n t , on the i n s t ruc t i ons of the U n i t e d S ta tes , h a d coerced t h e m to engage in e sp ionage ac t iv i t i es aga ins t China , the c o m m e n t a t o r wr i t e s : "Th i s shows t h a t t he J a p a n e s e w o r k i n g people a r e aga in s t t h e Kish i g o v e r n m e n t ' s policy of t a i l ing a f t e r t he U n i t e d S ta t e s in hos t i l i ty to t he Chinese . This is a good a t t i t u d e and we we lcome it. T h e Ch inese people h a v e a l w a y s d r a w n a c lea r dis- t inc t ion b e t w e e n t h e K i sh i g o v e r n m e n t a n d the Japa.nese people ; once aga in this h a s p r o v e d to be co r rec t a n d necessary ." " A l t h o u g h J a p a n e s e f ishing vessels in t h e pa s t r e p e a t e d l y i n t r u d e d into Chi- ne se a r ea s f o r b i d d e n to m o t o r t r a w l e r f i sh ing and engaged in i l legal acts, the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t , in a sp i r i t of f r i end - sh ip for the J a p a n e s e people, acted w i th l en i ency t o w a r d s al l the J a p a n e s e f ishing boa ts a n d t h e i r c r ews whose c r imes were r e l a t i ve ly l igh t a n d who s h o w e d greater . r e p e n t a n c e . Good proof of th i s is the r e c e n t r e l ease of six J a p a n e s e f ishing boa t s a n d 122 m e m b e r s of t h e i r c rews by t he S h a n g h a i B u r e a u of Pub l i c Secur i ty ."

But , t he c o m m e n t a t o r says, "We mus t a lso g ive a g r a v e w a r n i n g to the Kishi g o v e r n m e n t of J a p a n : the Chinese people, p r o t e c t i n g the secur i ty o f the i r coun- t r y a n d t h e i r in te res t s , wil l no t pass ive ly t o l e r a t e its c o n t i n u e d send ing of J a p a n e s e f i sh ing boats into Ch ina ' s coas ta l regions to e n g a g e in mi l i t a ry r econna i s sance . " The sen tence passed on t he two J a p a n e s e c r i m i n a l s on Oc tober 31 i n . S h a n g h a i is a beg inn ing , the c o m m e n t a t o r concludes.

21

C H I N A AND THE

WORLD C h l n a . N | o r o c c o D l p i o n i a t l c

R d a t i o . s

T h e Peop le ' s Repub l i c of C h i n a a n d t he K i n g d o m of Morocco h a v e dec ided to e s t ab l i sh d ip lomat i c re la t ions . Th i s was a n n o u n c e d in a jo in t commu.nique issued by the two coun t r i es on N o v e m b e r 1. A t a da te to be f ixed upon l a t e r by m u t u a l a g r e e m e n t lega t ions wi l l be e s t ab l i shed in P e k i n g a n d Raba t .

F l d a i n g f o r I n t e l l i g e n c e

Two J a p a n e s e " f i s h e r m e n " c a u g h t in t he act of spying in Ch inese coas ta l w a t e r s l lave been s en t enced to four and th r ee years i m p r i s o n m e n t by the S h a n g h a i Munic ipa l I n t e r m e d i a t e People ' s Court . Announcing the sen tences passed respec- t ive ly on Yoshio Ki~osh i ta , ch ief t r a w l e r - man, and Sachio Kinosh i t a , wire less opera tor , of the Himejima Maru and Mijima Maru, t h e cour t s t a t ed on Octo- be r 31, t h a t the two J a p a n e s e f i sh ing boats w e r e c a u g h t on M a y 6 w h e n they i n t r u d e d in to Ch ina ' s coas ta l w a t e r s to g a t h e r mi l i t a ry in te l l igence . The two vessels h a v e been confiscated.

Accord ing to depos i t ions m a d e by t he two accused, b e t w e e n 1955 and M a y th i s year , these two f ishing vesse ls on no less t h a n 21 occasions i l legal ly i n t r u d e d into Chinese mi l i t a ry r e s t r i c t ed w a t e r s a n d wa te r s w h e r e mo to r t r a w l e r f i sh ing is forb idden . A c t i n g on i n s t ruc t i ons g iven t h e m by t he J a p a n e s e M a r i t i m e Sa fe ty Agency, they sp ied on t he m o v e m e n t s of Ch inese n a v a l vessels and p lanes , collected i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t m i l i t a r y ins t a l - la t ions on offshore i s lands , on sea- depths , and c u r r e n t s off Ch ina ' s coasts.

They c o m m i t t e d s im i l a r acts of espio- nage in 1954 a n d in t he w i n t e r of 1956; they t r i ed to f ind ou t the rad io call s ignals of Chinese ships and a i r c r a f t and on six occasions d a m a g e d f ishing g e a r belonging to Ch inese f i shermen.

In Februar :y th is year , ac t ing u n d e r the d i rec t ion of the U.S. i ,ntell igence se rv ice in J apan , the J a p a n e s e M a r i t i m e S a f e t y Agency of the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t s t epped up its ac t iv i t ies in g a t h e r i n g m i l i t a r y in te l l igence a b o u t C h i n a t h r o u g h cer ta i~ of the J a p a n e s e f i sh ing c o m p a n i e s and forced some of t he c rews of J a p a n e s e f ishing vessels to engage in the col lec t ion of m i l i t a ry in te l l igence a b o u t China . I t also suppl ied J a p a n e s e f i sh ing vessels engaged in such ac t iv i t i e s w i t h c a m e r a s

w i t h t e le -photo lenses, special te lescopes, sec re t codes and cal l -s ignals , and com- m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t for use in m i l i t a r y r e c o n n a i s s a n c e work.

In M a r c h and Apr i l th i s y e a r as p roved by m a t e r i a l evidence , J a p a n e s e s e a m e n g iven in te l l igence se rv ice a s s i g n m e n t s took p h o t o g r a p h s of m i l i t a ry in s t a l l a t ions on the Ch inese i s lands of Yushan , Ch iu - shan , T u n g f u s h a n and T u n g t a o and h a n d e d t h e m over to the J a p a n e s e M a r i - t ime Sa fe ty A g e n c y w h i c h in tu rn for- w a r d e d t h e m to the U.S. in t e l l igence serv ice in J a p a n .

T a k i n g accoun t of the fac t t h a t Yoshio K i n o s h i t a a n d Sach io K i n o s h i t a commi t t ed t h e i r c r i m i n a l ac ts of esp ionage u n d e r du re s s f r o m the J a p a n e s e Mar i - t ime Sa fe ty A g e n c y of t he Kish i gove rn - men t , t he S h a n g h a i Mun ic ipa l I n t e r - m e d i a t e People ' s C o u r t dec ided to give t h e m l en i en t sen tences .

F o r N o r m a l S l n o . J a p o n e s e I H t ~ i a t l o n s More t h a n 3.5 mi l l ion J a p a n e s e w o r k -

ers and s t u d e n t s jo ined s t r ikes and m a s s ra l l ies he ld t h r o u g h o u t J a p a n on Oc tober 28 in a n a t i o n w i d e c a m p a i g n p ro te s t ing aga in s t the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t ' s bi l l to r ev i se t h e "Pe l i ce Dut ies L a w " and de- m a n d i n g ac t ion to b r e a k the deadlock in J a p a n - C h i n a re la t ions . A reso lu t ion adop ted by m a s s ra l l ies in Tokyo de- m a n d e d t h a t t h e K i sh i c a b i n e t t a k e s teps to r e s t o r e J a p a n - C h i n a t r a d e a n d d ip loma t i c re la t ions .

On t he s ame day, a n a t i o n a l confe rence ca l led to b r e a k t h e dead lock in J a p a n - C h i n a r e l a t ions and barn n u c l e a r w e a p - ons, opened in Tokyo. I t was a t t e n d e d by over 1,000 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f rom al l p r e f e c t u r e s in the count ry . The confe r - ence adop ted a reso lu t ion d e m a n d i n g U.S. w i t h d r a w a l of i ts t roops f rom J a p a n and t he T a i w a n area , a n n u l m e n t of t he J a p a n - U.S. "Secu r i t y T r e a t y " a n d t he Japa,n- C h i a n g K a i - s h e k Trea ty , and r e s to r a t i on of J a p a n - C h i n a d ip loma t i c re la t ions .

In t h e i r speeches to t he conference , K e n z o N a k a j i m a , C h a i r m a n of the J a p a n - C h i n a C u l t u r a l E x c h a n g e Associa- t ion and K a o r u Ota, V i c e - C h a i r m a n of t he G e n e r a l Counc i l of T r a d e U n i o n s of J a p a n , s t r e s sed t h a t the dead lock in re- l a t ions b e t w e e n J a p a n a n d C h i n a could be b r o k e n only if t he K i sh i g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h p u r s u e d a policy of w a r a n d hos t i l i ty t o w a r d s Ch ina , w a s o v e r t h r o w n . N a k a j i m a sa id t h a t th i s pol icy h a d t u r n e d J a p a n in to a n i m p o r t a n t l i nk in t he U.S. aggress ive w a r sys t em d i rec ted aga ins t C h i n a a,nd t he Sovie t Union .

T h e c o n f e r e n c e also m a p p e d ou t a p rac t i ca l p r o g r a m m e to b r e a k t he dead - lock in J a p a n - C h i n a re la t ions . A m o v e - m e n t wi l l be s t a r t e d to h a v e t en mi l l ion people w e a r badges ca l l ing fo r r e s to ra - t ion of J a p a n - C h i n a d ip lomat i c re la t ions .

FOREIGN TRADE NOTES

a Sino-Moroccan Trade Agreemenk The f i rs t d i r ec t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t be tween

the Ch inese and Moroccan Governments was s igned in R a b a t on Oc tober 27. The a g r e e m e n t is va l id for one year.

T h e a g r e e m e n t env i sages t ha t t r ade b e t w e e n the two coun t r i e s wil l be con- duc ted on a b a l a n c e d basis. Each coun- t ry wil l e x p o r t goods to the a m o u n t of 5,100 mi l l ion Moroccan f rancs . This is m u c h h i g h e r t h a n l a s t year . T h e agree- m e n t also s t ipu la te s d i r ec t t r ade and p a y m e n t s on a c lea r ing basis.

U,nder t he a g r e e m e n t , C h i n a will im- po r t f r o m Morocco p h o s p h a t e , super - phospha t e , sa rd ines , co t ton and o the r goods. Morocco wil l impor t f r o m China tea, m a c h i n e s a n d s i lk fabrics .

In a speech a t t h e s ign ing ce remony , Lei J e n - m i n , V i c e - M i n i s t e r of Fore ign T r a d e and h e a d of the t r a d e de lega t ion of the C h i n e s e G o v e r n m e n t , s t ressed t ha t the f irst t r a d e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n the two coun t r i e s was conc luded on t he p r in - ciple of equa l i t y a n d m u t u a l benefit . Th i s a g r e e m e n t wil l p lay an i m p o r t a n t ro le in the d e v e l o p m e n t of the economic re l a t ions as wel l as in the s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t he f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n the Chinese and Moroccan peoples . I t conforms wi th the in t e re s t s a n d wi shes of the two peoples , h e said.

Bouce t ta , U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y of Foreign Affa i r s a n d h e a d of the Moroccan Gov- e r n m e n t de lega t ion , s t r e s sed the impor - ta 'nce of t he a g r e e m e n t to t he Moroccan economy. He sa id t h a t i t would enab le Morocco to p lay an i m p o r t a n t role in i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r ade .

D u r i n g t h e i r s t ay in R a b a t , Lei J e n - m i n and his d e p u t y Ko H u a w e r e received by t h e M o r o c c a n P r e m i e r and Fore ign M i n i s t e r A h m e d Ba la f re j . They were also rece ived by M e h d i Ben Barka , Pres i - d e n t of t he C o n s u l t a t i v e Assembly of Morocco, who conveyed to the vis i tors his a d m i r a t i o n for Ch ina ' s a c h i e v e m e n t s in r e c e n t yea r s and exp re s sed his des i re to p r o m o t e f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n the Chi- nese a n d Moroccan peoples.

* China Broken Black Tea Welcomed Abroad C h i n a B r o k e n Black Tea, m a n u -

f a c t u r e d in l a rge quan t i t i e s this year , has been p laced on t r i a l sa le in Br i ta in , Aus - t ra l ia , L a t i n Amer i ca , H o n g k o n g and Macao a n d ha s ga ined a h igh r e p u t a t i o n i,n these areas. A v a r i e t y of Broken B lack Tea m a n u f a c t u r e d in L i n e h a n g County , Y u n n a n Prov ince , was r ecen t ly pu t on sa le in t he L o n d o n tea marke t . I t fe tched . 186 pence pe r pou,nd, 20 pence more t h a n the pr ice of the h ighes t g rade B lack Tea auc t i oned in London this year.

~2

Th e only k ind of B lack Tea C h i n a produced before 1958 was Congou Tea. It h a s compac t ly ro l led l eaves of d i f - f e r en t sizes. A cup of Congou can be infused twice or t h r e e t imes a n d st i l l p rese rves i ts s t rong l iquid and f r ag rance .

Congou Tea was once t h e on ly k ind of Black Tea in t he world. Today it is st i l l a f avou r i t e in some countr ies . B u t in o thers the h a b i t has b e e n f o r m e d of d r i n k i n g t he k ind of B r o k e n Black Tea f rom wh ich l iquid can be b r e w e d quickly.

S ince Chi.na's tea e x p o r t t r a d e ha s been ex t ens ive ly developed, c u s t o m e r s who a r e a c c u s t o m e d to B r o k e n B lack Tea h a v e f r e q u e n t l y a sked C h i n a to sup- p ly t h e m w i t h th i s k ind of C h i n a tea. E a r l y th i s year , in o rde r to sa t i s fy the r e q u i r e m e n t s of fo re ign m a r k e t s , B r o k e n B lack Tea was m a n u f a c t u r e d on a t r ia l bas is in t h e t e a - g r o w i n g a reas in Yun- nan, H u n a n , Anhwe i , F u k i e n and K w a n g - t ung Provinces . Now it is p roduced in l a rge quant i t i es . Fo re ign b u y e r s a n d domes t i c t a s t e r s a re al l of the op in ion

t h a t t hey a r e exce l l en t bo th in qua l i ty a n d in appea rance .

C h i n a Congou Tea has long been r e n o w n e d for its f ine qua l i ty on the wor ld tea m a r k e t . By v i r t u r e of i ts f ine qua l i t y the C h i n a B r o k e n Black Tea wil l also w in top ra t ing .

C h i n a B r o k e n Black Tea is expor t ed by the S h a n g h a i B r a n c h of the C h i n a N a t i o n a l Tea E x p o r t Corpora t ion , No. 74, T i e n c h i h Road, S h a n g h a i ; a n d the Can- ton B r a n c h , No. 486, 623 Road, Canton .

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s are s u b j e c t to change . W h e r e t imes are no t l is ted consu l t t hea t re or dal ly press.

P E K I N G O P E R A

• THE R E M O V A L OF T I t B E E E V I L S A t r ad i t i ona l ope ra . How an a s t u t e d i s t r i c t m a g i s t r a t e r e f o r m s a local bul ly . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Nov. 6, 7:00 p .m. Chang A n T hea t r e

• SON OF T H E W O R K I N G C L A S S A n e w o p e r a b a s e d on the a u t o b i o g r a p h y of Wu Yun- to , one of C h i n a ' s b e s t - l o v e d r e v o l u - t i o n a r y he roes . T h r i c e s e r i o u s l y w o u n d e d , he n e v e r s topped w o r k i n g f o r t he r e v o l u - l ion. P r o d u c e d by the Ch inese O p e r a School .

Nov . 6, 7:30 p .m. Y u a n En St T h e a t r e

A W I L D H O R S E W I T H T H E RED M A N E T h i s t r a d i t i o n a l o p e r a u n d e r the n a m e of L a d y Prec ious S t r e a m once c a u g h t t h e f a n c y of L o n d o n t h e a t r e g o e r s . A g a i n s t t he wil l of h e r f a t h e r , the p r i m e m i n i s t e r of t h e T a n g Cour t , W a n g P a o - c h u a n g i v e s h e r h e a r t a n d h a n d to H s u e h P l n g - k u e l , a p o o r m a n . F o r s e v e n t e e n years she l i v e s f r o m h a n d to m o u t h w h i l e h e r h u s b a n d is a w a y s e e k i n g h i s f o r t u n e . T h e y a r e h a p p i l y r e - un i t ed w h e n h e r h u s b a n d r e t u r n s a s a h i g h cou r t official . P r o d u c e d b y the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Nov. 5, 7:15 p .m. R e n m t n T h e a t r e

P I N G J U O P E R A

• T H E G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S A y o u n g gir l helps u n c o v e r a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y g a n g in P e k i n g . P r o d u c e d by t h e P i n g J u O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Nov . 4-10, 7:00 p .m. Da Z h o n g T h ea t r e

T H E A T R E

• F L A M E OF Y O U T H A p l a y by t h e S o v i e t p l a y w r i g h t P. Gorbatov ,~ P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e a b o u t t he e x - p lo i t s of y o u n g S o v i e t f i g h t e r s in the c a m - p a i g n s a g a i n s t the G e r m a n i n v a d e r s a n d Whi te G u a r d s ,

Nov. 4-6, 7:15 p.m. S h o u d u T h e a t r e Nov. 7-10, 7:30 p . m . China Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

• F R I E N D S A N D FOES-about the f r i e n d - s h i p b e t w e e n a Sov ie t e x p e r t a n d a Chi- nese w o r k e r w h o s a v e d h i s l i fe in 1945. A f t e r l i be ra t ion , t h e y m e e t a g a i n . W o r k i n g t o g e t h e r in a p o w e r p l a n t in n o r t h e a s t Ch ina t h e y o v e r c o m e s o m e b a f f l i n g d i f f icu l - t ies in r e h a b i l i t a t i n g the p l a n t a n d u n c o v e r an e n e m y plot . P r o d u c e d b y the E x p e r i - m e n t a l T h e a t r e of the C e n t r a l D r a m a School . Nov. 5-10, 7:30 p .m. P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club

B A L L E T

A spec ia l p e r f o r m a n c e of T c h a i k o v s k y ' s S w a n L a k e in h o n o u r of t he r e t u r n i n g C.P.V. by stuclents of the Peking School of D a n c i n g . At Tianqtao T h e a t r e on Nov. 5.

F I L M S

• B A T T L E FOR S T E E L H o w a S h a n g h a i s tee l p l a n t g a i n s a v i c t o r y in the ba t t l e to boos t s tee l p r o d u c t i o n .

Nov . 4-6, S h o u d u Cinema, P e k t n g E x - hibi t ion Cen tre Cinema, X t n Jte K o u , Z h o n g y a n g , G u a n g A n Men, P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club, Da Hua, Jiao Dao Kou

• H U A N G P A O - M E I T h e t r u e s t o r y of H u a n g P a o - m e i . a y o u n g w o m a n t ex t i l e w o r k e r of S h a n g h a i w h o is a n a t i o n a l l a b o u r mode l . H u a n g P a o - m e i h e r s e l f p l a y s the lead in the film. P r o d u c e d by the T i a n Ma F i l m S tud io .

Nov. 4-6, S h o u d u Cinema, P e k i n g E x - hibi t ion Cen t re Cinema. Xtn Jie Kou, Z h o n g y a n g , G u a n g A n Men, P e k l n g W o r k e r s ' Chtb, Da Hua, J tao Duo KOU

~ - - - - = ~ S o v i e t F i l m W e e k ...... C e l e b r a t i n g the 41st

A n n i v e r s a r y of t he G r e a t O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n

• A N D Q U I E T FLOWS T H E DON A d a p t e d f r o m S h o l o k h o v ' s f a m o u s nove l of t he s a m e title. T h e l i fe a n d s t r u g g l e s of the D o n C o s s a c k s d u r i n g Wor ld W a r I; the love s t o r y of a C o s s a c k y o u t h . A S o v i e t co lou r f i lm d u b b e d in Ch inese .

Nov. 7-10, Jiao Dao K o u , Da Hua

• T H E O C T O B E R L I G H T A f u l l - l e n g t h d o c u m e n t a r y in colour , a r e c o r d of ,h ~ h e r o i c h i s t o r y of the S o v i e t peop le d u r i n g the l a s t 40 y e a r s .

Nov. 7-10, S h o u d u Cinema, Xin J te Kou . P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen tre Cine- ma. G u a n g A n Men, Z h o n g - yang , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club

• T H E C O M M U N I S T A f i lm a b o u t t he s n i r i t t h a t a n i m a t e s a t r u e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y member. A young Communist after being wounded at the front in 1918, helps to build the Soviet Union's first electric power station and gives his life in its defence. A Soviet colour film dubbed in Chinese.

Nov. 7-10 S h o u d u Thea t re , X in J~e Kou , P e k t n a Exh ib i t ion Centre Cinema. Z h o n g y a n g , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club, G u a n g A n M e n

• T H E U L I A N O V F A M I L Y A Sov ie t f e a t u r e f i lm a b o u t the y o u t h of Len in . D u b b e d in Ch inese .

Nov. 7-10 Ertong, P e k i n g Thea t re , Dong Dan W o r k e r s ' Club, S h o u d u T h e a t r e

• M A L W A A S o v i e t f i lm a b o u t a y o u n g f l s h e r w o m a n , Ma lwa , w h o fights fo r f r e e d o m a g a l n s t t he t s a r i s t r e g i m e . Co lou r f i l m d u b b e d In Chlnese .

Nov . 7-10 Ertong, P e k l n g Thea t re . Dong Dan Worker s" Club, S h o u d u T h e a t r e

C O N C E R T

Music I r o m Czechos lovak ia • T H E S M E T A N A Q U A R T E T , F i r s t - C l a s s

S t a t e P r i z e W i n n e r Mozart: String Quartet in D minor, KV421 Jamd~ek: Second Quartet -- "Intimate Letters"

Smetana: String Quartet in E minor from " M y L i f e " Nov. 4, 7:30 p.m. China Y o u t h Ar t T h e a t r e

E X H I B I T I O N S

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S O p e n da i l y ( excep t Mon.) 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p .m.

At P e k l n g Exh ib i t ion Centre and Bui ld- Ing Cons t ruc t ion Exhib i t ion Centre

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N O L O G I C A L A C H I E V E M E N T S Open da i l y ( e x c e p t Men.) 8:30 a.m.-6:08 p .m. till Nov . 15 a t t he n e w b u i l d i n g of the Central M u s e u m oi Na tura l His tory in T i e n c h i a o .

• P A I N T I N G S B Y I R A Q I A R T I S T S O v e r one h u n d r e d w o r k s , a r e c o r d of the I r a q i p e o p l e ' s s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m and i n d e p e n - dence , an a r t i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n of t he i r Joy at the s u c c e s s o f the J u l y 14 R e v o l u t i o n , and t h e i r c o n f i d e n c e in the f u t u r e . Open dal ly 8:30 am.-5:00 p.m.

At Palace M u s e u m

• G R A P H I C A R T E X H I B I T I O N B Y MOS- COW A N D P E K I N G A R T I S T S - - o v e r 260 p r in t s . W o o d c u t s in b l a c k a n d w h i t e and in colour, etchings, lithographs, etc., by rep- resentative artists of Peking and Moscow. Sponsored by the Union of Chinese Artists.

Open daffy from Nov. 7, 9:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. At the Gal lery o~ the Art is ts ' Union on S h u a t F u Y u a n . off W a n g f u e h i n g St,

• F O L K D E S I G N S F R O M T H E MONGO- L I A N P E O P L E ' S R E P U B L I C Open daily ( excep t Men. ) 8:00 a.m.-6:OO p .m.

At Z h o n g s h a n P a r k

• H U N G A R I A N G R A P H I C A R T AND M E D A L E N G R A V I N G S T h e more t h a n 200 w o r k s of a r t on d i s p l a y i n c l u d e Ch inese l a n d s c a p e s a n d f i g u r e p a i n t i n g s m a d e by H u n g a r i a n a r t i s t s d u r i n g t h e i r v i s i t s to China . O p e n da i l y 9:00 a.m.-5:30 p .m.

At Belhal P a r k

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

• Spec ia l d a i l y s h o w i n g s : " T h e S p u t n i k " " M i r a c l e s in t he S k y " " T r i p T h r o u g h the U n i v e r s e "

F L O W E R S H O W

T h e g r a n d a n n u a l c h r y s a n t h e m u m s h o w is n o w open at B e i h a i P a r k . O v e r e igh t h u n d r e d v a r i e t i e s a r e on d i sp lay .

S P O R T S

A V O L L E Y B A L L M A T C H E S T h e v i s i t i n g S o v i e t S p a r t a k M e n ' s a n d W o m e n ' s Vol ley- ball T e a m s wil l p l a y s e v e r a l m a t c h e s in P e k i n g : Nov. 5 v. S h a n g h a i M e n ' s a n d W o m e n ' s

T e a m s

Nov. 8 v. S h e n y a n g M e n ' s a n d W o m e n ' s T e a m s

Nov. 20 v. " A u g u s t 1" M e n ' s and W o m e n ' s T e a m s

A t P e k i n g Gymnasium • N A T I O N A L F O O T B A L L LEAGUE, S E C O N D R O U N D

N o v . 5 P e k i n g T e a m v. S h e n y a n g T e a m Nov. 9 Peking Team v. Team of the First

M i n i s t r y of M a c h i n e - B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y Nov . 12 P e k i n g T e a m v. C h a n g c h u n T e a m

23

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