8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 1/18

Manuel II of PortugalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain

unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please

help to improve this article by introducing more precisecitations. (October 2011) 

Manuel II

Manuel II's Acclamation photograph

King of Portugal and the Algarves

Reign 1 February 1908  –  

5 October 1910

Predecessor Carlos I

Successor  Monarchy abolished  

Teófilo Braga (President of the Provisional Government

of the Portuguese Republic) 

Spouse Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern-

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 2/18

Sigmaringen 

Full name

Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael

Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio de Bragança

House House of Braganza 

House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and

Gotha (disputed) 

Father Carlos I of Portugal

Mother Amélie of Orleães

Born 15 November 1889

Belém Royal Palace, Lisbon,Kingdom of 

Portugal 

Died 2 July 1932 (aged 42)

Fulwell, London, England,United Kingdom 

Burial 2 August 1932

Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty 

Religion Roman Catholicism

Manuel II (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛɫ]; English: Emmanuel II ; 15 November 1889  – 2 July 1932)

was the last King of Portugal, "the Patriot" (Portuguese: "o Patriota" ) or "the Unfortunate"(Portuguese: "o Desventurado" ), ascending the throne after the assassination of his father,

King Carlos I of Portugal, and his elder brother, Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal. Before

ascending the throne he was Duke of Beja. His reign ended with the dissolution of the monarchy with

the 5 October 1910 revolution, and Manuel lived the rest of his life in an exile enforced by the

new Portuguese First Republic. 

Contents

[hide] 

  1 Early life 

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 3/18

  2 Lisbon regicide 

  3 King of Portugal and the Algarves 

  4 Questão Social 

  5 Revolution 

  6 Personal life 

  7 Exile 

  8 World War I 

  9 Monarchy and its status 

  10 Dover Pact 

  11 Monarchy of the North 

  12 Paris Pact 

  13 Bibliographer    14 Death 

  15 Titles, Honours, and Styles 

o  15.1 Titles and Styles 

o  15.2 Honours 

  16 Ancestry 

  17 References 

  18 External links 

Early life[edit] 

Infante D. Manuel, Duke of Beja,

c. 1901, around age 12.

Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio

de Bragança was born in the last year of the reign of his grandfather, King Luís I; he was the third

child,[1] and last son, born to Carlos I of Portugal and  Amélie of Orleans in the Palace of Belém,

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 4/18

Lisbon, seven months before his father ascended the Portuguese throne. He was baptized [2] a few

days later, with his maternal grandfather as godfather. The former Emperor  Pedro II of Brazil, who

had been deposed from the Brazilian throne on the day of Manuel's birth, attended the ceremony.

He received the traditional education bestowed on a member of the royal family, without the politicalpreoccupations that befell his older brother, who was destined by birth to become King. Although

Manuel was raised as member of the upper classes, he took a more public tone after ascending to

the throne, and abandoned many of the customary protocols of the court.[3] He studied history and

languages, and at the age of six already spoke and wrote in French. He studied music under 

pianist  Alexandre Rey Colaço). From the beginning he demonstrated an inclination to literature and

reading, which contrasted with his older brother, who was more interested in physical activities. In the

style imposed by his great-grandparents (Queen Maria II and King Fernando II), Manuel's upbringing

included horse riding, fencing, rowing, tennis and gardening. He was a great admirer of music,

listened to Beethoven and Wagner, and played the piano.

 As a youngster, Manuel played with the children of Count of Figueiró, the children of Count of 

Galveias and with the rest of the families of the Court in pleasant and cordial relations. In 1902, he

was taught by Franz Kerausch (in literature Latin and German), later by Father João Damasceno

Fiadeiro (in Portuguese history); Marquês Leitão (in Mathematics); M. Boeyé (in French and French

literature); Alfredo King (in English and English literature), Father Domingos Fructuoso (in Religion

and Morals) and  Alexandre Rey Colaço (his piano teacher).

He travelled in 1903 with his mother, Queen  Amélie of Orleans, and his brother to Egypt, on boardthe royal yacht Amélia, expanding his understanding of ancient civilizations. Later in 1907, he began

his studies in order to enter the Portuguese Naval Academy, in preparation to follow a career in the

Navy.

Lisbon regicide[edit] 

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 5/18

 Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal and Infante Manuel, Duke of Beja, 1907.

His future career in the Navy was abruptly shelved on  1 February 1908. On that day, the royal family

returned from the palace of  Vila Viçosa to Lisbon, travelling by coach to Barreiro and from there tooka boat across the Tagus River  and disembarked in Cais do Sodré, in central Lisbon. On their way to

the royal palace, the carriage carrying King Carlos and his family passed through the Terreiro do

Paço. While the royal family was crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by at least two

men: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça. It was unclear whether the assassins were attempting to kill

the King, the Prince Royal or the prime minister, João Franco, who had dissolved Parliament and

was ruling as a dictator. The murderers were shot on the spot by members of the royal bodyguard

and later recognized as members of the Portuguese Republican Party. The King was killed; his heir-

apparent, Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal was mortally wounded; Infante Manuel was hit in the

arm; Queen Amélie of Orleans was unharmed. It was Amélie's quick thinking that saved her 

youngest son. About twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died, and days later Manuel was

acclaimed King of Portugal. The young King, who had not been groomed to rule, sought to save the

fragile position of the Braganza dynasty by dismissing the dictator João Franco and his entire cabinet

in 1908. The ambitions of the various political parties made Manuel's short reign a turbulent one. But,

even so, in free elections held on 28 August 1910, the republicans only won 14 seats in the

legislature.

King of Portugal and the Algarves[edit]

 His first act was to meet with his Council of State and request the resignation of  João Franco, whose

politics may have been responsible for the tragedy. He immediately appointed a government of 

national unity, presided over by Admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral. This quieted the

republican momentum, but in retrospect was seen as weakness by the same republicans.

He solemnly opened the Royal Court Assembly on 6 May 1908 in the presence of national

representatives, and invoked his support of the constitution: he would continue to remain faithful to

the constitution, even in exile, when he was pressured to support other forms of government as part

of a possible restoration. The King received general sympathy from the public, owing to the deaths of 

his father and older brother, and his ascendency to the throne under these tragic circumstances.

Consequently, he was always protected by his mother, Amélia, and sought out the support of the

experienced politician José Luciano de Castro. Judging that the direct intervention of King Carlos

was a principal reason for the events of 1908, he declared that he would reign, but not govern .[4] 

For his part, the new King regularly attempted to increase the monarchy's connection with its

subjects. The King visited several areas of the country: on the 8 November 1908 the King Manuel

travelled to Oporto accompanied by his mother and other members of the Cortes. His trips also

included stops in Braga,Viana do Castelo, Oliveira de Azeméis, Santo Tirso, Vila Nova de

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 6/18

Gaia,  Aveiro, Guimarães, Coimbra and Barcelos. During these visits his subjects were captivated by

the young monarch, and the circumstances of his enthronement, and was received with sympathy.

On 23 November he travelled to Espinho in order to attend the inauguration of the Vale do Vouga

Railway, and took the opportunity to visit the Royal Factory of Canned Food, Brandão Gomes Inc.

Between 8 November and 4 December he had visited several populations, received various requests

and ingratiated himself with the people for his candour and pious character.

Manuel II with the Civil Governor of  Porto on the King's national trip in 1908.

The warm welcomes he received during his visits were countered by republicans. One

republican, João Chagas, the anti-monarchist journalist and propagandist of the Republican Party,warned the King of the problems that would develop when he declared:

"...your Highness arrives too young into a very old world...!"  

Questão Social[edit] 

During the 19th century, many intellectuals and politicians were preoccupied with the growth of 

the urban proletariat as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. In Portugal, owing to lower 

levels of industrialisation, this was not an important question, but it was exacerbated by an

economic crisis and the interventions of the Republican Party, who believed a  republic would

resolve the problems. The reaction taken to analyze and find solutions to this phenomenon was

the Questão Social (social question) of the times.

The Socialist Party was one of the main proponents, and had existed since 1875, but it never 

had representation inParliament. This was not only because it was not popular, but also

because the Republican Party was the principal body to channel radical discontent within the

political system. The King made some initiatives that did not necessarily infringe his

constitutional restrictions, but which created incentives for the Socialist Party to retract or 

diminish their support for the Republican Party. In 1909, Manuel invited the French sociologist,Léon Poinsard, to travel the country, examine the social environment, and report back to him. In

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 7/18

his document, Léon defended that the only way to combat clientelism, created by the system of 

rotational governments, would be a reorganisation of the work and duties of the local

administrations. Enthusiastic, the King wrote, on June 1909, to the President of the Council of 

Ministers (the Prime Minister) Wenceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima, to make him aware of the

reorganisation of the Socialist Party (under Alfredo Aquiles Monteverde) and to remind him of 

the importance of collaborating with the Socialists, "...so that, we will empty their supporters from

the Republican Party, and orient them into a useful and productive force."

King Manuel II in the royal procession to the official opening of the Portuguese

Cortes inLisbon; 1908.

Notwithstanding the contacts made by the government of Artur Alberto de Campos Henriqueswith the Socialist Azedo Gneco, Venceslau de Lima considered this difficult after the Congresso

Nacional Operário, which was boycotted by anarchists and republicans. For their part, the

Socialists were enthusiastic about Royal support between Manuel and Aquiles Monteverde.

Monteverde would later inform the King of the failure of the October 1909 trade union congress,

but little was formalised between the socialists and the government, although they supported the

work of Poinsard. During the government of  António Teixeira de Sousa, in July 1910, that the

government created a commission to study the establishment of an Instituto de Trabalho

Nacional ("Institute of National Work"), that had three socialists and included Azedo Gneco.However, Aquiles Monteverde would complain that the commission lacked the resources to be

effective: specifically that permanent members and unlimited transport, in order for the Socialists

to promote their propaganda. Manuel II informed the government, through the Minister of Public

Works, that he agreed with the establishment of the Instituto de Trabalho Nacional, but by

September, it was too late for the constitutional monarchy.

During his reign he visited many parts of northern Portugal, in addition to Spain, France and the

United Kingdom, where he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Garter , in November 1909.

He cultivated a foreign policy that was close to Great Britain, which was not only the geo-politicalstrategy that his father maintained, but it also reinforced his position on the throne by having a

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 8/18

strong ally. The court also considered the marriage of a King of the House of Braganza to a

British princess would secure the protection of the United Kingdom in any impending conflict.

But, the country's instability, the assassination of the King and Prince Royal, and the drawn-out

negotiations that were ended with the death of Edward VII, ended these pretensions. The old

British monarch, a personal friend of Carlos, would have been the great protector of the House

of Braganza, and without him, the liberal government of Britain had no interest in maintaining the

Portuguese monarchy.

Revolution[edit] 

Manuel II and the Portuguese Royal Family survived the revolution by fleeing on the

royal yacht from Ericeira. 

The stability of the government deteriorated; seven governments were established and fell in a

period of 24 months. The monarchist parties continued to fragment, while the Republican Party

continued to gain ground. The legislative elections on 28 August 1910 had elected 14 new

representatives (resulting in an assembly that was divided: 9% Republican, 58% Government

and 33% Opposition) which helped the revolutionary cause, but which made little importance

since the Setubal Congress (on 24 –25 April 1909) had determined that the Republicans would

take power by force.[5] The murder of a prominent republican precipitated the coup d'etat that

had been so long in coming.[6] 

Between 4 and 5 October 1910, the Republican Revolution erupted in the streets of Lisbon.

What started as a military coup commenced by soldiers, was joined by some civilians and

municipal guards attacking the loyal garrisons and the royal palace, while the guns from a

warship added to the cannonade. ThePalace of Necessidades (then official residence of the

young King) was bombarded, forcing Manuel to move to the  Mafra National Palace, where he

rendezvoused with his mother, Queen Amélia, and his grandmother, the Queen Mother  Maria

Pia of Savoy. Strangely, popular reaction to the events did not materialize: pictures from the

square in front of the City Hall in Lisbon, where the declaration of the Republic occurred, did not

show an overwhelming multitude, and even some in the military were fearful that their actions

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 9/18

would not be successful. One republican commander, Admiral Cândido dos Reis, even

committed suicide when he believed that the events had not succeeded.

One day later, once it was clear that the Republicans had taken the country, Manuel decided to

embark from Ericeira on the royal yacht Amélia IV for Oporto, with armed Republicans arriving asthe ship departed. It is unclear whether his advisers motivated Manuel to change his

intentions[7] or whether he was forced to change his destination en route,[8] but the Royal Family

disembarked in Gibraltar shortly later, after they received notice that Oporto had fallen to the

Republicans. The coup d'etat was complete, and the Royal Family departed for exile,[9] arriving

in the United Kingdom, where he was received by the King.

Personal life[edit] 

Manuel II and Augusta Victoria's wedding at Sigmaringen Castle. 

During a visit to Paris in July 1909, the King met  Gaby Deslys, an actress and dancer, andimmediately began a relationship[10] that would last until the end of Manuel II's reign. It was

thought that after this first meeting the King sent Deslys a pearl necklace worth $70,000: more

gifts soon followed, including a diamond necklace with black and white pearl drops set in a

platinum band. Their relationship was anything but discreet (she would arrive before night at

thePalácio das Necessidades and would pass through Portugal unnoticed); abroad, meanwhile,

they were on the front pages of newspapers in Europe and North America, especially after he

was deposed. In public interviews, usually on trips, Gaby Deslys never negated the obvious, but

always refused to comment on her relationship with the King. After his exile, they would continue

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 10/18

to meet, especially while she had stage engagements in London. When Gaby moved to New

York, in the summer of 1911, their relationship broke off.

In the spring of 1912, Manuel visited Switzerland, where he met   Augusta Victoria of 

Hohenzollern, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1890 –

1966) and was deeply impressed byher. In the following year, on 4 September 1913, Manuel married Princess Augusta Victoria, his

cousin (she was the granddaughter of the Infanta  Antónia of Braganza) and daughter of 

Prince William, Prince of Hohenzollern. During the mass, which was celebrated in the Chapel

of  Sigmaringen Castle, Manuel, wearing his Order of the Garter  medallion and the sash of the

Three Portuguese Orders, stood on a crate containing soil brought from Portugal. The ceremony

was presided by José Neto, Cardinal of Lisbon, then exiled in Seville, who had baptized Manuel

when he was the Prince Royal; Manuel was also assisted by the  Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) 

and King Afonso XIII of Spain, as well as representatives of the Royal Houses of Europe

(including Spain, Germany, Italy, France and Romania, in addition to the principalities

and Germankingdoms). After festivities which lasted two days, the couple went on their 

honeymoon to Munich, where the Princess fell ill and withdrew from the public. The marriage, a

calm and serene union, lasted until the death of the former King, but the couple did not have any

children.

Exile[edit] 

In exile, Manuel remained in his residence in Fulwell Park,  Twickenham, near  London and his

British properties (and where his mother had been born). At Fulwell Park he tried to recreate a

Portuguese environment, as the attempts to restore his throne (1911,  1912 and 1919) kept on

failing. He remained active in the local community, attended services at the Catholic Church of 

St. James, and became godfather to several children. His influence in the area is recalled by a

number of toponymic references: Manuel Road , Lisbon Avenue and Portugal Gardens. He

followed political events of Portugal, while in the circle of familiars, such as local monarchist

associations, and showed strong concern with the anarchy of the First Republic, fearing that it

could provoke a Spanish intervention and risk the country's independence. Although considered

exaggerated, this concern was not without foundation.

While in exile, there was one case where the former King's direct intervention had an effect[when?].

 After the overthrow of the government of  Gomes da Costa, by General Óscar Fragoso Carmona, 

Costa was appointed Ambassador to London. Given the continued instability and rapid

succession of ambassadors during this period, the British government refused to recognize the

new official's credentials. As the ambassador was to negotiate the liquidation of the Portuguese

debt to the United Kingdom, which was of great importance, the Minister of Foreign Affairs

asked Manuel to exercise his influence to clarify the situation. The former monarch was charmed

by the opportunity to help his homeland and communicated with many of his British contacts

(including, probably, King George V) in order to resolve the dispute. Even in exile Manuel

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 11/18

continued to be a patriot, going as far as declaring in his 1915 testament his intention to transfer 

his possessions to the Portuguese State for the creation of a museum, and showing his interest

in being buried in Portugal.

Manuel II in full Garter dress during a 1909 Order of the Garter procession.

World War I[edit] 

Being an  Anglophile and admirer of the British spirit, Manuel defended the entry of Portugal intothe First World War and its active participation. He asked monarchists to desist from restoration

efforts as long as the war continued. He even met with republicans, and at one time, solicited his

involvement in the Portuguese army. But, contrary to his hopes, a majority of the monarchists

did not follow his pleas for cooperation. Many of them backed the aspirations of Germany, and

had hoped to see the victory of the Kaiser as another channel to restore the monarchy. Manuel

believed that supporting Great Britain would guarantee the retention of overseas colonies, which

would have been lost to German aggression even if the Germans were supported in the conflict.

Of his close subordinates who offered their support to the Republic, none was accepted.

Manuel attempted to make himself available to the Allies, wherever they saw use, but was

disappointed when he was assigned a post in the British Red Cross. He characteristically put all

his efforts into the role, participating in conferences, fund drives, visits to hospitals and the

wounded soldiers on the front, which ultimately gave him a lot of gratification. The visits to the

front were difficult on the French government, but his friendship with George V was sufficient

enough to alleviate their concerns. Regardless, most of his efforts were not credited; years later,

in an interview to António Ferro, he lamented, "The operating room in the Portuguese Hospital in

Paris, during the War, was constructed by me. Do you know what they put on the plaque? 'From

a Portuguese in London'." [11] The King was also responsible for the creation of the Orthopedic

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 12/18

Department at Shepards Bush Hospital which, at his insistence continued to function until 1925,

in order to continue to treat the disfiguring affects of the war. A proof of his recognition by the

British was by his friend George V, who invited him to be with the King during the victory

celebrations during the parade of soldiers in 1919.

Monarchy and its status[edit] 

Since 1911, the Portuguese monarchists-in-exile concentrated in Galicia, Spain in order to enter 

Portugal and restore the monarchy but without the tacit approval of the Spanish government.

The monarchists were led by the charismatic Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro, a veteran of 

the African colonial campaigns. The Paladin, as the Portuguese newspapers called him,

believed that demonstrating a show of force would force the rural people to rise-up and support

the restoration. But he was wrong; poorly prepared and badly financed, his forces encountered

apathy from the rural population and the incursions ended with retreats into Galicia.

King Manuel II, with his mother, Queen Amélie, and wife, Queen Augusta; 1913.

For his part, Manuel supported these incursions the best way he could, but his financialresources were limited. He also faced a group of monarchists who were not clear supporters of 

his claim to the throne: one attack was made under a blue and white flag, but without the crown,

while Paiva Couceiro himself declared at one time that his movement was "neutral" and wanted

a plebiscite on the form of the new regime. It was only after he traded correspondence with

Couceiro that the King was able to support the Galician monarchists, who had promised to

support the 1826 Constitution. The second incursion, in 1912, although better prepared did not

succeed because the Spanish government was forced to cede to Republican diplomats the

illegality of monarchist encampments in Galicia and disarmed the remaining combatants within

its territory. Manuel was never able to restore his kingdom by force and always defended that

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 13/18

the monarchists should organize internally in order to reach power legally (by elections). This

was not accepted by militant monarchists who, in the following years, continued their badly

prepared attempts to restore the monarchy (for example on 20 October 1914), creating anarchy

in the streets. His preoccupation worsened at the beginning of the Great War: Manuel was

fearful that the United Kingdom would ally with Spain, in light of Portugal's instability, and that

Spain would want to annex Portugal, as the price for Spain's entry into the War.

Dover Pact[edit] 

 After the failure of the first monarchist incursion, and what appeared Manuel's apparent

disinterest in restoring the monarchy (and his abandonment of armed counter-revolution),

another group of royalists attempted to legitimize the claims of the descendants of the

pretender  Miguel to the throne. Miguel's line had been excluded from the line of succession,

owing to Miguel's usurpation of the throne and subsequent civil war. In order to counter this, the

King entered into direct negotiations with Miguel's representatives: he attempted to fix himself as

rightful King and, according to the Integralismo Lusitano group, he re-recognise the descendants

of Miguel as secondary heirs to the throne of Portugal, thereby re-establishing their rights and

Portuguese citizenship. In fact, there was an encounter between Manuel II and Miguel II, in

Dover, England, United Kingdom on 30 January 1912, where both exchanged protocols. The

results of this meeting remains controversial: although there was an accord on challenging the

republic, there remained no clear agreement on hereditary lines of succession, and Manuel still

retained his right to the throne. A secondary Paris Pact was attempted but failed.

Monarchy of the North[edit] 

The "Monarchy of the North" was proclaimed in Porto on 18 January 1919.

Main article: Monarchy of the North 

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 14/18

Some monarchists continued unsuccessful counter-revolutionary activities during the War, while

the former King continued to condemn their actions and to exhort them to restore the monarchy

at the ballot-box. This option seemed viable after the dictatorship of General Pimenta de

Castro (January 1915) broke the momentum of the Democratic Party, who attempted to garner 

sympathies from the conservative right, by removing restrictions imposed on monarchist groups

on 5 October. Between April and May 1915, 55 monarchist centres opened (33 in the north and

12 in the centre of the country), causing many republicans to close ranks and on 14 May 1915

the revolution returned to the streets, when 15,000 armed-civilians and the soldiers from the

Navy tried to maintain the loyalty of the Army to the government. After three days of combat 500

deaths and more than 1,000 wounded, the Democratic Party retained control and the monarchist

groups were once again declared illegal. During the Sidónio Pais government, Pais cultivated

support from conservative factions and incorporated a re-establishment of a regime based on

universal male suffrage. His assassination allowed moderate republicans to re-establish control,

but the creation of military juntas in the provinces of the north, with monarchist tendencies,

created expectations of a possible monarchist restoration through a military coup d'état.

Manuel continued to plead for calm at the end of the War; while not abandoning the possibility of 

taking action in the future, he insisted on waiting to the end of peace negotiations in Paris: he

was fearful that continued anarchy in Portugal would prejudice its negotiating possession. But,

for Paiva Couceiro and the other Integralists, this was the moment: they awaited the royal

authorization of the King's adjunct Aires de Ornelas. Receiving a memorandum that requested

this authorization, and convinced that this action would not occur immediately, Ornelas wrote on

the margin, Go on. Palavras de El-Rei and signed the document. On 19 January 1919 a

thousand soldiers and some artillery, under the command of Paiva Couceiro occupied Oporto, in

order to restore the Constitutional Monarchy, and its King Manuel II. A provisional government

was established that abridged[clarification needed ] Minho, Trás-os-Montes (with the exception

of  Chaves), Mirandela and Vila Real), as well as part of the district of Aveiro, but contrary to

Couceiro's expectations, the rest of the country did not rise.

In Lisbon, Aires de Ornelas was caught completely by surprise, but he could not escape with

other monarchists to the safety of the 2nd Regimental Lancers, in Ajuda. There the number of 

refugees, who suffered republican reprisals increased, and the commander removed his forces

and those civilians, marching them to Monsanto, where the 4th, 7th and 9th Cavalry and the

30th Infantry Battery from Belém were entrenched. Aires de Ornelas wavered in his support,

which risked the possibility that Integralists would transfer their loyalty to Miguel's supporters, or 

assume the leadership of the monarchist movement. In a small area, and circled by Republican

forces, the monarchists surrendered on 24 January. With the failure of the Restoration in the

centre and south of the country, luck turned on Paiva Couceiro. On 13 February a part of the

Republican National Guard deserted and restored the Republic in Oporto. Those monarchistswho did not escape were imprisoned and sentenced to long-term imprisonment. The King, in

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 15/18

exile, did not hear of the failure and was informed only after reading the reports in the

newspapers.

Paris Pact[edit] 

The alleged Pact of Paris in a postcard published by the Integralismo Lusitano

group in 1922.

In 1922, with cooling of relations between monarchists,  Integralismo Lusitano and the King, and

mindful that his marriage to Augusta Victória had not produced heirs, Manuel is said by the

 Absolutists to have made overtures to Miguel's descendants. In a Paris meeting in April 1922,

represented by his adjunct Aires de Ornelas, and Miguelist representatives Infanta Adelgundes,

who was by now calling herself Duchess of Guimarães, and tutor to Duarte Nuno, they are said

to have agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession would pass to Duarte Nuno. At

that time, Constitutional monarchists were never satisfied with the accord, bacause it denyed all

the laws of Constitutional Monarchy that were still rulling in 1910. Integralists also were not: the

agreement failed to make reference to the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, which was

fundamental to their assertions. Integralismo lusitano withheld their support, and on September 

1925, Aldegundes in a letter to Manuel, repudiated the agreement owing the continue operation

of the Constitutional Newspaper (the Integralist paper was closed as part of the accord) and the

lack of Integralist participation. This ended the tentative reconciliation between the two branches

of the House of Braganza. This did not stop the heirs of Duarte Nuno from using the title of 

«Duque de Bragança», as if they were rightful heirs of King Manuel II.

Bibliographer [edit] 

Manuel was always an avid reader and, during his exile, dedicated himself to the study of 

literature, penning treatises on Medieval and Renaissanceliterature in Portugal. Following the

First World War and with more free time, apart from his contacts with monarchist organizations,

he dedicated himself to these studies (a tradition that was instilled in him by his father). Initially,

he was interested in writing a biography, and began research on a biography o f Manuel I of Portugal, whom he believed was badly treated by other historians. He contracted the services of 

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 16/18

the bibliographer Maurice Ettinghausen in 1919, to find older books for his project, and was

helped by the dissolution of many private collections after the implementation of the Republic.

By 1926, Manuel had abandoned the idea of a biography and concentrated on descriptions of 

older books in his library (itself, a complete library of older works). More than a simple list, thework allowed Manuel to write of the glories of Portugal, writing not just a bibliography but also an

examination of the authors and the context of their writings. His interpretation was scientifically

rigorous, and resulted in a final work that was marked by a nationalism and the exaltation of 

ancestral valor. His examples were limited and illustrated by facsimiled copies of the works, both

written in English and Portuguese. The first volume of the work Livros Antigos Portuguezes

1489 –1600, da Bibliotheca de Sua Magestade Fidelíssima Descriptos por S. M. El-Rey D.

Manuel em Três volumes was published in 1929. Manuel delivered, by hand, a copy of his work

to his friend George V at Windsor Castle. The work was received well by critics, and the King

dedicated himself to the second volume, which covered the period 1540 to 1569. But the project

was terminated prematurely in 1932, when Manuel died unexpectedly: the third volume was

posthumously published under the supervision of his librarian, Margery Winters. His completed

works gave the King a respectful reputation among Portuguese historians, and his bust was

added to the entrance atrium of the National Library in Lisbon.

Death[edit] 

Manuel II just hours before his death at Fulwell Park; 2 July 1932.

He died unexpectedly in his residence on 2 July 1932 suffocated by an abnormal swelling in the

vocal folds of his larynx, or tracheal oedema.[12] The Portuguese government, at that time led

by  António Oliveira de Salazar , authorized his burial in Lisbon, after a state funeral. His body

arrived in Lisbon on 2 August 1932, on board the British cruiser HMS Concord  which had made

the journey from the United Kingdom and sailed into the Tagus River  to deliver the coffin of the

former King. The body was received at Praça do Comércio, where a crowd of people had

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 17/18

gathered to follow the coffin to São Vicente de Fora and the roads were inundated with people

interested in seeing the funeral procession. His body was interned in the  Royal Pantheon of the

House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora. 

By some he was given the nickname O Patriota (The Patriot ), for his preoccupation with thenational identity; O Desventurado (The Unfortunate), because he lost his throne to the Republic;

and O Estudioso or O Bibliófilo (The Studious or The Bibliophile) for his love for Portuguese

literature. Monarchists also referred to him as O Rei-Saudade(The Missed King ), for the longing

that was felt when the monarchy was abolished.

His death has been regarded as suspicious by some because of the fact that he had been

playing tennis on 1 July and was apparently in excellent health. An incident surrounding his

sudden death was mentioned in the autobiography of Harold Brust, a member of  Scotland

Yard Special Branch in charge of protecting public figures. In his memoirs, Brust speaks of anincident which probably occurred in 1931 in which an intruder was discovered in the grounds of 

Fulwell Park who, when arrested, the Police confirmed as being a prominent member of a

Portuguese republican terrorist group known as the Carbonária and who was subsequently

deported to Lisbon. To date the identity of the intruder has not been confirmed. Questions

remain as to the reason for the man's intrusion.[13] 

Since both the Dover and Paris «Pacts» did not resolve the issue of succession and there are

no known documents proving them, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne. Manuel also

made it clear that the branches of the Portuguese royal family (including the Imperial family of Brazil, the Braganza-Orleans, and the descendants of the Duke of Loulé) ended with the last

direct male heir to the House of Braganza. Still, the monarchist Integralismo Lusitano movement

acclaimed Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza as King of Portugal, since Miguel I of Portugal, on

the death of his grandchild, was head of the Portuguese Royal Family. Their justification,

ironically, included the fact that both branches had met to determine the line of succession in

Dover and Paris, even though those accords were both later repudiated.

 After King Manuel's death, the dictator   António de Oliveira Salazar  authorized the return of the

«banned» branch of the Braganças (ex-King Miguel's descendents) and founded, with the salethe King's English estate and some of his remaining personal possessions, the Foundation of 

the House of Braganza, according to King Manuel's desire to leave his personal fortune «to the

Portuguese People».

Titles, Honours, and Styles[edit] 

Royal styles of  

King Manuel II of Portugal 

8/22/2019 Manuel II of Portugal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manuel-ii-of-portugal 18/18

 

Reference style His Most Faithful Majesty 

Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty

Alternative style Sire

Main article: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown 

Titles and Styles[edit] 

  19 March 1889 - 19 October 1889 His Highness Infante Manuel of Portugal

  19 October 1889 - 1 February 1908 His Royal Highness The Duke of Beja

  1 February 1908 - 5 October 1910 His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the

 Algarves

  5 October 1910 - 2 July 1932 His Most Faithful Majesty King Manuel II of Portugal and the

 Algarves

Manuel's official styling as King of Portugal: 

By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Manuel II, King of Portugal and 

the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and 

Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc. 

Honours[edit] 

 As King of Portugal, Manuel was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:

  Order of Christ 

  Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 

  Order of Saint James of the Sword 

  Order of the Tower and Sword 

  Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa