MANGO VARITIES FOR DIFFERENT AGRO ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, TOLERANCE AND PURPOSE

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VARIETAL WEALTH

Majority of these cultivars are of Indian origin and representation from other parts of the world is limited in number.

Most of these varieties have originated as chance seedlings selected earlier and further maintained asexually.

In mango, apart from numerous seedling varieties, more than a thousand vegetatively propagated mango cultivars also exist.

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Exotic varieties

Country CultivarsAustralia Kensington Pride, Banana, Early Gold, Glenn,

Haden, Irwin, Keitt, Kent, ZillBangladesh Aswina, Fazli, Gopal Bhog, Himsagar,Khirsapati,Langra,

Kishan Bhog, Kohinoor, Kua Pahari, Mohan BhogBrazil  Bourbon,Carlota,Coracao,Espada, Itamaraca, Maco, Rosa, Tommy AtkinsChina Baiyu,Guixiang,Huangpi,Huangyu,Sannian,YuexiNo1Costa Rica  Haden,Irwin,Keitt,Mora,Tommy AtkinsEcuador  Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy AtkinsEgypt  Alphonso, Bullock’s Heart, Hindi Be Sennara, Langra, Taimour, ZebdaGuatemala  Haden, Kent, Tommy AtkinsHaiti  Francine, Madame Francis (Cont)

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Important mango cultivars in major producing countries are as follows:

India Alphonso,Banganapalli,Bombay,Green,Chausa,Dashehari,Fazli,Fernandian, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mallika, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Samar Behisht Chausa, Swarnarekha,Totapuri,Vanraj,Zardalu,Amrapali,Bangalora, Gulabkhas, Rumani and Imam Pasand

Indonesia Arumanis, Dodol, Gedong, Golek, Madu, Manalagi, Cengkir,Wangi Israel Haden, Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Maya, Nimrod, Kent, Palmer Kenya  Boubo, Ngowe, Batawi Malaysia Arumanis, Kuala Selangor 2, Golek, Apple Rumani, Malgoa, Apple Mango, Maha-65, Tok Boon Mali  Amelie, KenMexico  Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Myanmar Aug Din, Ma Chit Su, Sein Ta LonePakistan Anwar Ratol, Baganapalli, Chausa, Dashehari, Gulab Khas,Langra,

Siroli, Sindhri, Swarnarekha, Zafran

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Peru  Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkin Philippines Carabao, Manila Super, Pico, Binoboy, Carabao

Dudul, Pahutan,Senora Singapore Apple Mango, Arumanis, Golek, Kaem Yao, Mangga

DadolS.Africa  Fascell, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Sensation,Tommy Atkins, Zill.Sri Lanka Karutha Colomban, Willard, Vellai Colomban, Pettiamba,

Malwana amba, Parrot, Mango, Peter pasand, Dapara and HingurakgodaThailand Nam Doc Mai, Ngar Charn, Okrong, Rad, Choke Anand,

Kao Keaw,Keow Savoey, PimsenmumUSA Keitt, Kent, Tommy AtkinsVenezuela  Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy AtkinsVietnam Combodiana

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Characteristic of important exotic varieties

Kent

‘Kent’ was selected in a coconut grove, Florida in 1945.

The flesh is deep yellow, sweet, aromatic and virtually fiberless.

It is a mid season variety and fruit ripens from July to August.

Fruit is large, regular ovate, greenish yellow with red shoulder.

The tree has a large, vigorous, upright growth habit and can attain a height of fifty to sixty feet.

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Haden

The fruit is large, regular ovate, yellow almost covered with red blush. The flesh has a sweet flavor, and it is of good eating quality.

‘Haden’ is the first superior mango cultivar selected and named in Florida. The tree is vigorous type with an open rounded canopy.

The fruit ripens from June to July. It is susceptible to anthracnose and it has alternate bearing habit.

The fruit is eye catching having a deep yellow base with a crimson blush and has a tendency to have “jelly seed”.

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Tommy Atkins

Tommy Atkins is another Haden seedling selected in Florida.It is commercially grown for export market in Florida.The tree has vigorous and dense growth habit.

The fruit also ripens well if picked immature.

It is resistant to anthracnose. It is an early season variety and the

fruit ripens from June to July.

Flesh is firm, juicy, medium fibre content, fair to good quality.

Fruit is medium to large in size with thick skin, regular ovate, orange-yellow covered with red and heavy purple bloom.

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Kensington Pride (Syn: Pride of Bowen, Bowen Special)

Kensington Pride originated in Bowen, Queensland during 1960s and it is the standard Australian mango cultivar.It is generally propagated as seedling strain.It is a polyembryonic and midseason variety.The tree is vigorous in habit and has round canopy.

The fruit is medium to large, almost round with pink blush, sweet flavour and tends to drop at small size.

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Irwin ‘Irwin’ is a fiberless Florida cultivar renowned for its consistent and heavy production.

The skin is a showy, deep crimson to garnet in color. Fruits ripen from June to early July.

The tree is a moderately vigorous grower attaining a height of 15-20 feet with fruit that hangs in clusters.

The flesh is sweet, melting, aromatic and of good eating quality.

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Indian varietiesIndia has the richest collection of mango cultivars. There are more than thousand mango varieties in India.However, only about 30 varieties are grown on commercial scale in different states.

States Varieties

Andhra Pradesh : Banganapalli,Bangalora, Cherukurasam, Himayuddin, Swarnarekha, Neelum, Peddarasam, Chinnarasam, Panchadara –Kalasa, Kothapalli Kobbari, Mulgoa, Jehangir, Allumpur Baneshan, Imam Pasand

Bihar : Langra, Fazli, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul, Bathua, Zardalu, Mithua, Chausa, Taimuria, Sepia, Kaitki, Bombai

(Cont)….

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Important mango varieties cultivated in different states of India are as follows:

Goa : Fernandin, Mankurad, Alphonso, Hilario

Gujarat : Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj, Jamdear, Karanjio, Sardar, Domadio

Haryana : Dashehari, Langra, Bombay Green

Karnataka : Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Raspuri, Mundappa, Banganapalli

Kerala : Mundappa, Olour, Pairi, Senga varukkai, Kalepad, Muvendan, Neelum,Banganapalli.

Madhya Pradesh : Alphonso, Langra, Dashehari, Fazli, Chausa, Saroli, Safeda, Daihad, Karela Sunderja, Madhu Kuppi,Totapuri, Swarnarekha, Baneshan, Neelum

Maharashtra : Alphonso, Kesar, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi, Vanraj,

Orissa : Baneshan, Langra, Neelum, Swarnarekha

Punjab : Dashehari, Langra, Chausa

Tamil Nadu : Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum,Rumani,Mulgoa, Alphonso, Senthura Kalepad, Imam Pasand.

Uttar Pradesh : Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fazri, Langra, Safeda Lucknow, Chausa

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Characteristic of important Indian varietiesAlphonso (Syn: Gundu, Khader, Appas, Badami, Hafus and Kagdi Happus) Alphonso is the leading commercial variety

of Maharashtra.It is one of the choicest varieties of the country and is ideal for export market because of its attractive pink color and taste.

The fruit is medium in size (single fruit weight is 250-300 g), ovate oblique in shape and orange yellow in colour. Fruits are excellent in taste with a good sugar/acid ratio and good keeping quality. It is an early and mid season variety.

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Bangalora is a commercial variety of South India.The fruit size is medium to large. Shape of the fruit is oblong with necked base and golden yellow in colour.Fruit quality is poor but with very good keeping quality.It is widely used for processing.The pulp is used for mixing with other varieties to form different flavor and taste.It is a mid season variety and regular in bearing.

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Bangalora (Syn: Kilimookku, Sundar Shaw, Kallamai, Totapuri)

Banganapalli (Syn: Baneshan, Rajapalayam sappattai, Safeda)

This is a commercial variety of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

The flesh is fibre less, possesses a characteristic flavour and is good for canning. It is an early season variety.

Fruit quality and keeping quality are good and ideal for export market.

The fruits are attractive pale golden-yellow in colour with very smooth skin.

It is a regular bearer with moderate yield. Fruit is large in size with an average weight of 400-500 g and obliquely oval in shape.

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Bombay Green (Syn: Malda)

This is commonly grown in North India due to its early ripening habit.

It yields moderately but has biennialbearing habit Incidence of malformation

is high in this variety.

Fruit quality is good and keeping quality is medium.It is a very early variety.

Fruit is medium in size, ovate oblong in shape and spinach green in colour.

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Chausa originated as a chance seedling in the orchard ofSandila district, Uttar PradeshIt is commonly grown in North India due to its characteristicflavour and taste.Fruit is large in size, ovate to oval oblique in shape and lightyellow in colour with sweet but fibrous flesh.Fruit quality is good and keeping quality is medium.It is a late season variety, moderate yielder but an alternatebearer.Incidence of malformation is comparatively more in this variety.

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Chausa (Syn: Khajri, Samar Bahisht)

Pulp is primuline yellow and is sweet to taste

It is mainly grown for juice purpose.

Skin is light cadmium in color and has smooth surface.

Chinnarasam is a juice variety and bears large size fruits having oblong shape

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Chinnarasam

Dashehari

This variety derives its name from the village Dashehari near Lucknow.

It is a leading commercial variety of North India and one of the best varieties of our country.The fruits are very attractive in appearance with good taste and flavour.

Fruits are medium sized with an individual fruit weight of 200-250 g.

The shape of the fruit is elliptical-oblong and the colour is greenish yellow.Fruit quality is excellent and keeping quality is good. It is a mid season variety and is mainly used for table purpose.

It is a high yielder but a biennial bearer.

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Fazli

Fruit quality and keeping quality are medium.

Fruit is very large, obliquely oval in shape and light chrome in color.

Fazli is commonly grown in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

This is a late season variety and a biennial bearer.

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Fernandin

Fernandin is one of the oldest varieties of Bombay.Fruit size is medium to large, shape is oval to obliquely oval and colour isyellow with a red blush on shoulders.Fruit quality and keeping quality are medium.It is a late season variety mostly used for table purpose.

Gulabkhas

This variety is indigenous to Bihar.Fruits are small to medium in size and amber yellow in colour with

reddish blush towards the base and sides.It has good rosy flavor and sweet taste.Keeping quality is good. It is a regular and heavy bearer.It is a mid season variety.

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Himayuddin (Syn. Himam pasand or Imam pasand)

Himayuddin is a choice variety considered to have been grown by Moghul kings.Fruit is large and shoulders oblique.Flesh is firm, fibreless, lemon chrome in colour with delightful flavour and taste.Fruits have good keeping quality.It is a shy as well as an irregular bearer.

HimsagarHimsagar is indigenous to Bengal.This is one of the choicest varieties of Bengal and has gained extensive

popularityFruit quality and keeping quality are good.The pulp is very sweet and the flavour is pleasant. It is an early variety. It is a heavy cropper but has the tendency of biennial bearing.

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Jehangir

Jehangir is a choice variety.Fruits are large with high quality and ovate in shape.Flesh is firm and fibreless, lemon chrome in colour with delightful flavour.It is a shy and irregular bearer.

Janardhan pasand is a late season variety producing medium sized attractive fruits. Fruits are oblong in shape with yellow skin having red blush. Pulp is yellow coloured and fibreless.

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Janardhan pasand

Jamadar

Jamadar is a famous variety of Gujarat.Fruit is medium in size with good quality.Flesh is firm, yellow in colour and fibreless with pleasant flavour. Keeping quality is good.It is a heavy and regular bearing variety.

Fruits resemble Neelum in all respects except the skin colour which isdark green turning to light green after complete ripening. Fruits do not develop deep yellow skin colour as in Neelum. The flesh is yellow, very sweet and juicy.

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Kalepad

Kesar

Kesar is a leading variety of Gujarat with a red blush on theshoulders.Fruit size is medium, shape oblong and keeping quality is good. It is an early variety.

Kishen Bhog is indigenous to Murshidabad in West Bengal.Fruit is medium in size, roundish oblique in shape and yellow in colour.Fruit quality and keeping quality are good.It is a mid season variety.

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Kishen Bhog

Langra

langra is indigenous to Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.It is extensively grown in North India.Fruits are medium to large in size each weighing 250-300 g.The fruits are lime green in colour and oblong oval in shape.The taste is excellent with good sugar/acid blend and pleasant

flavour.Keeping quality is medium.It is a heavy yielder but a biennial bearer.It is a mid season variety.

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MankuradMankurad is a commercial variety in Goa and in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.The variety develops black spots on the skin in rainy season.Fruit is medium in size, ovate in shape and yellow in colour.Fruit quality is very good.Keeping quality is poor.It is a mid season variety

Mulgoa is a commercial variety of South India.It is quite popular owing to high quality of its fruit.The fruits are large with an individual fruit weight of 450-500 g.The shape of the fruit is oblique round with sunken basal cavity. The taste is excellent with high quality flavour.Keeping quality of the fruit is good.It is a shy and biennial bearer. It is a late season variety.

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Mulgoa

MundappaMundappa produces medium to large size fruits.Fruits are round in shape.Skin is deep chrome in colour with dots on the surface.Pulp is light cadmium in colour having good flavour and sweet to taste.It is a mid to late season variety.

Neelum is a commercial variety indigenous to Tamil Nadu.Fruit is medium in size, ovate oblique in shape and saffron yellow in

colour.Fruit quality is goodIt is an ideal variety for transporting to distant places owing to its high

keeping quality. It is a heavy yielder and regular bearer.It is a late season variety with unique aroma and wide adaptability.

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Neelum (Syn: Kazhalattu)

Neelum (Syn: Kazhalattu)

Neelum is a commercial variety indigenous to Tamil Nadu.Fruit is medium in size, ovate oblique in shape and saffron yellow in

colour.Fruit quality is good.It is an ideal variety for transporting to distant places owing to its high

keeping quality.It is a late season variety with unique aroma and wide adaptability.

Olour

Olour is a poly embryonic variety grown in Kerala.Fruit is medium in size, oval in shape and basal stalk inserted squarely.Fruit quality is medium to poor. It is a regular bearer.

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Paiyur 1

Paiyur 1 is a selection from Neelum tree grown in Karukkanchavadi of Dharmapuri district developed at Regional Research Station, Paiyur of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

Trees are dwarf in stature and suited for high density planting with 400 plants per hectare.

Fruits are medium in size with an average weight of 150-200 g.

Peddarasam is a variety grown generally for juice purpose.Fruits are large in size, oblong in shape and yellow in colour.Pulp is yellow coloured, fibrous and tastes sweet.It is a mid season variety.

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Peddarasam

Peter (Syn: Nadusalai, Peter-Pasand, Raspuri, Pairi,Yerra Goa)Peter is one of the commercial varieties of West India.

Fruits are medium ovate with prominent red blush, shoulder equal and leveled, beak broadly mammiform, base slightly to obliquely flattened and apex round.

Skin is leathery and possesses a pleasant aroma.Flesh fibreless with characteristic aroma and colour varies from golden

yellow to orange yellow.It is a heavy bearer but an alternate bearer.RumaniRumani is a popular variety in Tamil Nadu. Fruit is medium, roundish and apple shaped.Skin is yellow in colour with a red blush on shoulder.The skin is thin with a characteristic camphor odour.The fruit quality is moderately good and keeping quality is good.It is a heavy yielder.

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Fruits are medium in size, ovate in shape and yellow in colour.Pulp is cadmium yellow coloured and tastes sweet.It is a fairly regular and mid season variety.

Salem Bangalora

Fruits are medium in size, ovate in shape and yellow in colour with smooth surface. Pulp is apricot yellow in colour having good flavour.Juice is abundant.It is mid season variety.

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Rataul

Sindhura

Fruits are medium in size and oval in shape and deep chrome in colour.Pulp is papucine yellow in color.It has good flavour.Pulp is firm and sweet to taste.It is a mid season variety

Swarnarekha (Syn: Chinna Swarnarekha,Sendhuram, Sundari, Lal Sundari)Swarnarekha is a commercial varietyof Visakhapatnam district of AndhraPradesh.It is an ideal table purpose variety because of its sweet taste.Fruits have highly attractive pinkish red blush on the shoulders.Fruits are medium sized with an individual fruit weight of 200-250 g and keeping quality is good.The shape is ovate-oblong.The yield is moderate.It is an early season variety but biennial bearer.

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Vanraj Vanraj is a highly prized variety of Vadodra district of Gujarat.Fruit is medium in size, ovate oblong in shape and colour is deep

chrome with a blush of jasper red on the shoulders.Fruit quality and keeping quality are good. It is a mid season variety. It is one of the promising export varieties.

Zardalu

Zardalu is indigenous to Murshidabad in West Bengal. Fruit size is medium, oblong to obliquely oblong in shape and

golden yellow in colour. Fruit quality is very good. Keeping quality is medium. It is a mid season variety.

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Menaka

Menaka is selected as a chance seedling from Gulabkhas at Sabour and released in 1991.Due to its attractive colour, name Menaka was given.Fruit is medium in size (300g) with very attractive red blush on yellow back ground.Fruits have firm pulp, 200 TSS and 0.14 percent acidity.Keeping quality is good.It is a late maturating variety.

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Indian hybrid mangoesAlfazli

Alfazli is from a cross of Alphonso x Fazali, developed at Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour in 1981.

Tree is tall and regular bearer. Fruit is medium to large in size (228.70 to 460 g) with 79% pulp,

moderate TSS content (16.20 to 18.5 0 Brix) 0.24 % acidity. Keeping quality is good. Fruit characteristics are similar to Fazali, but the maturity of fruits is

earlier. It is late maturing cultivar and free from malformation and fruit fly.

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Amrapalli is from a cross of Dashehari x Neelum, developed at IARI, New Delhi.It is dwarf, regular bearing and late maturing variety.The variety is suitable for high density planting and about 1600 plants may be planted in a hectare.It yields on an average 16 tonnes per hectare

Ambika  Ambika is from a cross between Amrapali and Janaradhan Pasand. Fruits are medium sized with an average weight of 225g, oblong in

shape with slight sinus and beak broadly pointed apex, smooth and tough skin.

Colour of the fruit is bright yellow with dark red blush, flesh dark yellow, firm with scanty fibre and TSS 210 Brix.

It is a late season variety.

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Amrapali

Arka Aruna

Arka Aruna is a progeny of the cross between Banganapalli x Alphonso developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore.

It is a regular bearer with a dwarf stature suitable for high density planting.

Fruits are large sized (400 g) with attractive reddish tinge on the skin.

Pulp is fibreless, cream in colour with good consistency as that of Alphonso, sweet with 20-220 Brix TSS.

Pulp percentage is 80 and the fruits are free from spongy tissue.

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Arka Puneet

Arka Puneet is a regular and prolific bearing hybrid between Alphonso x Banganapalli developed at IIHR, Bangalore.Fruits are medium sized (200 to 300 g) with attractive skin colour having red tinge.Pulp is free from fibre, deep orange in colour, pulp percentage being 70.Fruits are sweet in taste (20-220 Brix) with good keeping quality and free from spongy tissue and fruit fly.

Arka Anmol Arka Anmol is a semi-vigorous hybrid developed at IIHR, Bangalore by crossing Alphonso and Janardhan Pasand.It is also a regular bearer, good yielder and free from spongy tissue.The average fruit weight is 300g.Pulp is orange in colour.

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Arka Neelkiran

Arka Neelkiran is a hybrid developed at IIHR, Bangalore by crossing Alphonso x Neelum and is ideal for high density planting.

The trees are semi vigorous in nature and have regular bearing habit.

A spacing of 7 m x 7 m is followed and it accommodates 204 trees/ha.

Fruits are medium in size (260g) with smooth skin and uniform golden hue and develops good red blush upon ripening.

The pulp is deep yellow in colour free of fibre and spongy tissue and suited for export.

Pulp recovery is 67 per cent, TSS 19.50 Brix and keeping quality of fruit is very good.

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Au Rumani

Au Rumani is from a cross between Rumani x Mulgoa, evolved at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh.

The tree is medium, precocious, vigorous, heavy yielder and regular bearer.

Fruit is large (450g) with yellow cadmium skin colour. Peel is smooth and yellow, pulp moderately firm, fibreless and

good in flavour.

Jawahar Jawahar is from the cross Gulab Khas x Mahmood Bahar. Fruit is oblong, elliptical in shape, sweet to taste and has pleasant

flavour. Pulp is less fibrous and pulp recovery is 79.5%. It is precocious, seedling bears at the fourth year and graft bear at

the third year.

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Konkan Ruchi (Neelum x Alphonso)

Konkan Ruchi was evolved at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurla, Maharashtra and released in 1999.

It is a regular bearing mango variety developed for pickle making.

The tree is heavy yielder, large fruit size (430 g) and pulp recovery is about 78%.

KMH 1

KMH 1 is from the cross Cherukurasam x Khader. It is a semi dwarf type having regular bearing habit.The fruits are fibreless having high brix and low acidity.

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Mallika

Mallika is a cross between Neelum x Dashehari developed at IARI, New Delhi.

Fruit is large in size, oblong elliptical in shape and cadmium yellow in colour.

Keeping quality of the fruit is good. It is a mid season variety and a regular bearer.

Manjeera

Manjeera was evolved from a cross between Rumani x Neelum and released at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh.

Fruit is very attractive and large in size (300 – 350 g) and looks like Rumani.

The peel is light yellow, pulp is firm, fibreless and sweet. Average yield varies from 120-150 kg/tree from 10 years old tree.

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Neelphonso

Neelphanso was evolved at Agricultural Experiment Station, Partia, Gujarat from a cross between Neelum x Alphonso and released in 1986.

Tree is moderately vigorous, moderately regular bearer with late ripening tendency (120-140 days after flowering i.e., 2nd week of July).

Fruit is medium in size (196 g), thick peel with apricot colour at ripening.

The pulp texture is firm and non fibrous. Fruit quality is excellent, TSS 19.0 0 brix, total sugar 13.13 percent,

acidity 0.07 percent and vitamin C content 22.80 mg/100 g pulp. It is suitable for table and juice purpose.

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PKM l PKM 1 is a hybrid between Chinnaswarnarekha x Neelum,

developed at the Horticultural Research Station, Periyakulam of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

Individual fruit weighs 250-300 g.Fruits are long and narrow with prominent beak. It is a regular and cluster bearing variety and highly suitable for

long distant transport. It is a mid-season variety.

PKM 2PKM 2 is a hybrid between Neelum x Mulgoa developed at

Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

Fruits are large with vertical stalk insertion, long ovate, base slightly oblique and flattened, basal sinus marked, ventral shoulder not prominent and apex obtuse.

Each fruit weighs 650-700 g. It exhibits hybrid vigour in yield over Neelum and Mulgoa.

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Ratna

Ratna is a hybrid developed at Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra by crossing Neelum x Alphonso.

Tree is vigorous and a precocious bearer.Fruits are medium sized, attractive in colour and free from

spongy tissue.Fruits have excellent taste and flavour.

Sabri

Sabri is a hybrid from the cross Gulab Khas x Bombai.It has the shape of Bombai and the colour of Gulab Khas..Pulp is deep orange in colour, very sweet with flavour, firm and less fibrous and pulp recovery is 74%.It has a good keeping quality. It is a irregular bearer and no malformation has been observed.

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Sindhu

Sindhu is a cross between Ratna x Alphonso, released from Fruit Research Station, Vengurla.

Seeds are papery thin and almost seedless.

It is a regular bearer, fruits are medium sized, free from spongy tissue with high pulp to stone ratio.

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Assessment:

1) Fibreless exotic cultivara)Irwin b) Tommy Atkins c). Haden

2) Alphonso is a choice variety (True/ False)

3)Bangalora is irregular bearer (True/ False)

4) Olour is a __________ variety a). Monoembryony b) Polyembryony

5) Seedless (papery thin seeded) variety in mango a ) Ratna b) Sindhu c) Mallika

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References

Bose. T. K., S. K. Mitra.1990.Fruits: tropical and

subtropica.PublisherNaya Prokash,. 57 p.

Gangolly, S. R. 1957. The Mango. New Delhi, Indian Council of

Agriculture Research.

Radha .T. & Lila Mathew 2007. Fruit Crops: Vol.03. Horticulture

Science Series. New India Publishing. 221

Samson, J. A. 1986. Tropical Fruits. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific and

Technical. pp. 216-234