Managing the Glaucoma Suspect.CENY.2015 [Read-Only] · developing glaucoma but without definitive...

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1 Managing the Glaucoma Suspect Richard J. Madonna, MA, OD, FAAO Professor, SUNY College of Optometry [email protected] Disclosures I am on an Advisory Board, serve as a consultant for, or have received honoraria from: Alcon Allergan Carl Zeiss Meditec 57 yearold Hispanic female Referral for “glaucoma suspicion” FHx – mom glaucoma diagnosis age 76 MHx – treated HTN (diuretic) GAT avg. OD 22 OS 21 CCT OD 550 OS 545

Transcript of Managing the Glaucoma Suspect.CENY.2015 [Read-Only] · developing glaucoma but without definitive...

Page 1: Managing the Glaucoma Suspect.CENY.2015 [Read-Only] · developing glaucoma but without definitive ... – History – Best visual acuity – Pupils – Anterior segment evaluation

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Managing the Glaucoma Suspect

Richard J. Madonna, MA, OD, FAAO

Professor, SUNY College of Optometry

[email protected]

Disclosures

I am on an Advisory Board, serve as a consultant for, or have received honoraria from:

Alcon 

Allergan

Carl Zeiss Meditec

57 year‐old Hispanic female

• Referral for “glaucoma suspicion”

• FHx – mom glaucoma diagnosis age 76

• MHx – treated HTN (diuretic) 

• GAT avg. OD 22 OS 21

• CCT OD 550 OS 545

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Glaucoma Suspect (GLS)

• A person with one or more risk factors for glaucoma that increase the likelihood of their developing glaucoma but without definitive glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) or visual field defect.

• Often very difficult to differentiate GLS vs. early glaucoma

Goal of Caring for the GLS patient

• Detect and manage (treat or watch)

• Prevent damage to the optic nerve

• Preserve vision‐related quality of life

Prevalence of OHTN in adults 40 and older in U.S.

• Non‐Hispanic whites: 4.5% (Beaver Dam)1

– 2.7% in 40 year‐olds  7.7% in persons 75‐79

• Latino: 3.56% (LALES)2

– 1.7% in 40 year‐olds   7.4% in 80 and older

• African‐American: no good prevalence data for U.S.

1. Ophthalmol, 1992 2. Ophthalmol, 2004

Prevalence Data – U.S.

• ~ 5 million ocular hypertensives over age 40

• ~ 2.7 million people over age 40 with glaucoma

• OHTS:  22% of untreated OHTN develop glaucoma in 13 years (9.5% in 5 years)

Prevalence of non‐OHTN GLS

??????

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What Is The Examination For The Patient Suspected Of Having 

Glaucoma?

It’s an Eye Exam!

Examination

• Standard– History

– Best visual acuity

– Pupils

– Anterior segment evaluation

– IOP

– Gonioscopy

– Stereoscopic disc and RNFL exam

• Supplemental– Central corneal thickness

– Visual fields

– Fundus photos

– Diagnostic Imaging e.g. OCT

– AS OCT, UBM

– Electrophysiological testing

Primary Open‐Angle Glaucoma Suspect, AAO, Preferred Practice Pattern, 2010Care of the Patient with Open Angle Glaucoma, AOA, Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2010

Examination

• Standard– History

– Best visual acuity

– Pupils

– Anterior segment evaluation

– IOP

– Gonioscopy

– Stereoscopic disc and RNFL exam

• Supplemental– Central corneal thickness

– Visual fields

– Fundus photos

– Diagnostic Imaging e.g. OCT

– AS OCT, UBM

– Electrophysiological testing

Primary Open‐Angle Glaucoma Suspect, AAO, Preferred Practice Pattern, 2010Care of the Patient with Open Angle Glaucoma, AOA, Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2010

History

• Ocular history– Results of previous eye exams– Ocular co‐morbidities – myopia, exfoliation, PDS, trauma– Ocular surgery– Corticosteroid use

• Systemic history and medications– Hypotension– Vasospasm– Sleep apnea – Diabetes– Hypertension– Corticosteroid use

• Family history of glaucoma and glaucoma‐related visual disability

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Measurement of IOP

• GAT is NOT NASA‐precise– Variability is +/‐ 2.5

mm Hg (WGA)

• Short‐term (circadian)

and long‐term 

variability

• Need multiple measurements

IOP Measurement

• Height of the IOP (Tmax)

• Average IOP

• Range (Fluctuation)

Liu, et al. IOVS, 2003. Liu, et al. IOVS, 2003.

Liu, et al. IOVS, 2003. Liu, et al. IOVS, 2003.

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3:30 P

M

5:30 P

M

7:30 P

M

9:30 P

M

11:30 P

M

1:30 A

M

3:30 A

M

5:30 A

M

7:30 A

M

9:30 A

M

11:30 A

M

1:30 P

M

IOP (m

mHg)

26

28

24

22

20

18

16

14

WAKE WAKE

SLEEP

Diastolic

Habitual IOP and Pulse Pressure

130

120

80

70

60

110

100

90

Blood Pressure (mmHg)

Systolic

POAG Endpoints by Central Corneal Thickness and Baseline IOP (mmHg) in Observation Group*   

OHTS Data

Baseline IOP (mmHg)

Central Corneal Thickness (microns)

< 23.75

>23.75 to < 25.75

>25.75

< 555 >555 to < 588 >588

17% 9% 2%

12% 10% 7%

36% 13% 6%

CCT is a RF for Visual Field Loss

AJO 2003

Gonioscopy – Observations

• Angle anatomy

• Open vs. narrow vs. closed

• Iris plane: flat, concave, or convex

• Angle recess: width of the approach

• Iris insertion

• Peripheral Anterior Synechiae (PAS)

• Pigmentation

• Iris processes

• Blood vessels: normal or neovascular

• Angle recession

• Other anomalies

Disc Examination

• Stereoscopic

• High magnification

• Documentation

– Drawing

– Photography

Stereoscopic Disc Examination

• “Gold Standard” when performed by an experienced examiner

• Drives the remainder of the assessment

• Limitations– Intra‐ and inter‐observer variability

– Poor reproducibility

– Bias

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Fundus Photography

• Eliminates some of the sources of variability and bias

• Excellent at finding disc hemorrhages, RNFL defects and PPA

• Difficult to detect subtle 

progression

Optic Nerve Imaging

• Standardization

• Baseline

• Normative data 

• Progression

Testing the Visual Field

• Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP)– Central 24 degrees

• e.g. SITA‐STD (Humphrey)

– Central 10 degrees?

• SWAP

• FDT

• Kinetic

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85.9% of field defects were not repeatable!

Conclusions: A VF POAG end pointconfirmed by 3 consecutive, abnormal,reliable VF test results appears to havegreater specificity and stability thaneither 1 or 2 consecutive, abnormal,reliable VF test results. However, someeyes whose VF POAG end point wasconfirmed by 3 consecutive, abnormal,reliable test results nonetheless had 1 ormore normal test results on follow‐up.

Variability

How Often to Repeat VFs? VF Testing Guidelines =  3/yr!

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CONCLUSIONS. Short‐duration transient VEP objectively identified decreased visual function anddiscriminated between healthy and glaucomatous eyes, and also showed good differentiation between healthy eyes and those with early visual field loss. VEP may be useful for earlydiagnosis of glaucoma.

IOVS, April 2013.

Risk Assessment

• Likelihood of developing GON increases with the number and strength of the risk factors that the patient has 

• Which risk factors are important?

Ocular Hypertensives

OHTS/EGPS Risk Calculator

– Age

– IOP

– CCT

– Vertical C/D

– PSD (Humphrey),  Loss Variance (Octopus)

Ophthalmol 2008 Nov;115(11):2030‐6

http://ohts.wustl.edu/risk/calculator.html

OHTS Risk Calculator

Risk Level Range Recommendations

Low 5% Monitor

Moderate 5%-15% Consider treatment

High 15% Treatment

Risk Calculator Outcomes: Guide to Patient Management

5-Year Risk for Progression of OHTN Glaucoma

The predictions derived using these methods are designed to aid,  but not to replace clinical judgment.

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iPhone App

Other Glaucoma Suspects – it’s not as clear as to which are the important  risk  factors

“Frequency of FHGwas 40% in POAG…”

http://www.visionproblemsus.org/glaucoma.html

EMGT: Multivariate Analysis

Baseline Factors• Treatment (47%)*• Baseline IOP  > 21 (77%)*• Exfoliation (112%)*• Both eyes eligible (88%)*• Age > 68 (51%)*• MD > ‐4 dB (38%)• Systolic BP > 160  (31%)*• Systolic OPP < 125 (42%)*

Follow‐up Factors• Initial change in IOP (8% per 

mm Hg lower)*• IOP at first follow‐up (13% per 

mm Hg higher)*• Mean follow‐up IOP (12% per 

mm Hg higher)*• % of visits with disc 

hemorrhages (2% per % higher)*

• CCT (25% per 40 um lower)*

Leske C, et al. Predictors of Long‐term Progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial.  Ophthalmol 2007; 114:1965‐72.

Evaluating the Glaucoma Suspect

• Assess risk

• Look for structural or functional progression

• More is better– IOP– OCT– VF

• Time is your friend – no rush to make decisions

Embrace Uncertainty!!!