Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and...
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[email protected] Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation (ECCI), Infirmary Street, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ Telephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: CCS Discussion meet+ Royal Society of London 6 October 2017 Stuart HASZELDINE University of Edinburgh Professor of Carbon Capture and Storage GHG problem CO2 capture and storage Project types + future Policy and payment
Transcript of Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and...
Scottish Carbon Capture & StorageEdinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation (ECCI), Infirmary Street, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ Telephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk
Managing carbon energy to protect atmosphere, ocean and air quality: CCS
Discussion meet+ Royal Society of London
6 October 2017Stuart HASZELDINE
University of Edinburgh
Professor of Carbon Capture and Storage
GHGproblemCO2captureandstorageProjecttypes+futurePolicyandpayment
After CoP21 : EFF, CCS, DAC and BECCS
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DirectAirCapture–needstobepricedproperly
CCS– where?
BioEnergyCCS± coal=nichetorecapturecarbon.Conflictwithreplanting,food,andhabitatdestruction
EFFiciency – urgent,quickestandeasiest
EndofCoalEndofoilEndofgas??
NUKE– expensive,unsolvedwaste
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
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Depth1- 4kmImpermeableSEALOverliesPorousRESERVOIR
CO2 storage is a long way down
10,000to10,000,000yr security
Shaletopseal– noflow
UK: best CO2 storage
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35%ofEUstorage60- 80Gt CO2MappedbySCCS2009ConfirmedbyETIUKSAPandTCE&BGSin2014www.CO2Stored.co.uk
UKoffshorehasas35%ofCO2storageforEU100– 200yrduration
PorespaceOWNEDbyCrownEstateScotlandMerseycluster
NEcluster
Teescluster
UKstorageCO2charge€10/tonne CO2
=€2– 5Bn/yr revenue
CO2storage200yrindustry
CO2storage2050Offshoreskills&jobs
UKowns35%ofEUCO2storage
Project types
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CCS exists : decades of injection & monitoring
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CO2-EOR1972,eg ScurryCounty,Texas,Rangeley,Weyburn ….
AquiferSleipner:CO2climatemitigation1996,NorthSea
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
CarbonCaptureUtilisation Storage
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Tomatoesingreenhouses– doNOTcountFizzydrinks– doNOTcount
Trees– doNOTcount(unlessBECCS)
CO2needstoberemovedfromairandocean>>1,000years
LifeCycleisallimportant
CO2needsremovedfromairandocean>>1,000years
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
CCSglobal:mostlyEnhancedOilrecovery
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EORworks,Good progressto2020,then….STOP.Needtoplan,Now
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
CCSChennai,India– newsolventCarbonCleanSolutions
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OperatingOctober201660,000tCO2/yr on10MWcoalfuelledpowerplant
Compare$60-90/tonne CO2Cost(claim)$30(40)/tonne CO2
CO2usedtomakealkalisodaash
•Useofsodaashasatemperature-reducingfluxduringstandardglassmakingreactionNa2CO3 +SiO2 è Na2SiO3 +CO2
•ThusthepotentialcarbonbenefitsareONLYinreducedminingoftrona minerals
•NETCO2INCREASEwww.carboncleansolutions.com
NewsolventclaimsCDRmax,anAminePromotedBufferSalt:25%lesscapitalcost,
7xlesscorrosivethanstandardMEAsolvent61%lesswater,27%lessheatused,longerlife4yrs
CO2 + 2RNH2 � [RNHCO2− + RNH3
+]
Game changers ?
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[email protected] Managing energy carbon to protect atmosphere, Royal Society 5 Oct 2017
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Full-scale “Northern Lights”CCS will be done – in Norway after 2022
1.5MtCO2/yrCementFertiliserWaste(fromUK)
Shipping:Gassco
Pipe:Gassnova
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Industry carbon storage: minimum project size
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Startsmall,grownetworkvalue1)StFergus0.5MtCO2/yrAndvacantSAGEgasseparation2) Brewandferment1.5MtCO2/3)Fifeethylene0.6Mt,paper0.44)Ineos chemical&refine1.6,1.3
50,000 Mt CO2storage creates new offshore industry for 100-200yr. £200M1
1
234
100MGBPalreadyspentonevaluationFastestlowcostCO2storageinEurope
10Mt/yrCO2
CO2 gas separation units legacy from production
East coast CCS network 2019 to 2050:BENEFIT analysis £169Bn, not cost £34Bn
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100,0002016-18
225,0002016-50
Employment
350,0002016-50
GrossValueAdded
BalanceofPayments
WITHCCS
NOCCS
Cost/tonCO2
£18/tonUK
£88/tonpay
toNorway
£97Bnby2050
£5BnUK
£56Bn
CO2stored
1,500MtCO2
100Mt?
EastCoastCCSNetwork
•Lowcoststart•Incrementalinvestment•CCCpathto75MtCO2/yr•UsesTreasurycostcarbonetc•Linkedvaluethrougheconomy
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Net-Poweroxycombustion CO2gasturbine
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Texas:50MWthNETPowernaturalgasdemonstrationplant62%EfficientwithFREECO2WilloperateJan/Feb2018
SaleofelectricitySaleofCO2forEORSaleofH2-refinerySaleofAr highvaluegas
Ifthisworks,itwillchangeeverything
coal
gasCO2+gas
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Energyuse:focusonheat
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Heat
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
HEAT from CH4 is 47% CO2 emissionsValuable infrastructure, convert to H2
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Improvingairqualityincities
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Scotland (UK) GHG: path to net-zero 2050
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From:ScottishGHGEmissions2014(http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00503570.pdf)
Millionsto
nnes
CO2eq
iv
1991 2000
50
80
0Forestlife
Biochar soilForestry2017-10.2Mt/yr 2020
Re-Forest+BECCSPeatrestore
Scotland2017:50%alongdecarbonisationroute.Needtoinventandinvestinhowtodothemoredifficultpart
Easyactionshavebeendoneandbanked
CO2-EOR
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
LANDandAGRIC
INDUSTRYRESIDENTIALWASTE
2045
•Electricityisonpathtodecarbonise
•MostGHGemissions(Blue)arenotsodirectlylinkedto
energy•Negativeemissions(green)
canbalanceremainder
EnergyandNETneededtoachievenet-Zero
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
MoneyandPolicy
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£or?
COST v VALUE
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Bajaj$2,000
XC90$66,000
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
CCSis10x– 100xtooslow:needpriceormandate
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Nomoregrants
Haszeldineetal2017ProcRoySoc ASubmitted
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
PayforCCS:EU-ETS – toomany,toolow
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EU-ETSisNOTENOUGHtofunddevelopmentofCCSDon’tallowoffsets– toocheap.CancelexcessCertificates
PastEU-ETSpriceserraticNOTinvestable
FutureEU-Allowancesover-suppliedEU-ETSpriceslow,NOTinvestable
2006 2016
2016 2035
EU-ETSarepermissionstobehaveasnormalbyemittingCO2ThelowpriceincentivisesEfficiencyacrosseconomyButis10xtoolow,tobuildsomethingnew
$30
$15
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Carbonprices/tonCO2
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CavanaghRingrose 2014EnergyProcedia GHGT-12
Regionalandcorporatecarbonpricesexist,butDONOTproducebehaviourchange– oractiononstorage
CartaxUK$300/tCO2
EU2015
UKGreenDeal$200/tCO2
EU2025?
CCSpowerneed
USAtaxcredits2017(proposed)
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Governmentpolicyleverstomatchneed
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UKcarbontaxoilproduction80%since1980=£300Bn (2009money)
£10Bn /yr averagetaxincome:notinvested
ProducerResource Government
Mitigation
General,Hospitals,Wars….
CannottrusttheGovernmenttore-investmoney
Tax:doesn’tstorecarbonTradingemissionscertificates:doesn’tstorecarbon
Don’tusemoney,uselaw
Remedy UK policy:Oxburgh Report
2016
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Therearethreefailuretoaddress
1) Expense:createanationalCCScompany,whodevelopthefirstfullchaincapture-transport-storageinfrastructureineachregion.Deliveryat£85/MWhr.Thiscompanyissoldtoinvestorswhenprovenliquidoperations
2) Widerapplication:CCSisessentialonpower,heat,transport
3) AfirmmarketforstorageofCO2iscreated,bymeansofaCertificateonallproducersoffossilcarbonenteringtheUK.ThatcarriesanObligationtostoreanationalpercentageofCO2,starting1%,risingto100%midcentury
www.sccs.org.uk/news/330-oxburgh-report-on-ccs-resets-approach-to-pricing-delivering-infrastructure-
and-enabling-uk-climate-action
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
CERTIFICATESCO2storagemarketmandate
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EnvironmentalcertificateALLOCATEDatborder– fuelsandgoods.NOMONEY:competetodevelopCO2storage,atlowcost
CertificatecancelledonPROOFofstorage.Flexibleanddirect
Haszeldine2016 OxfordRevEconomicPolicy,32,304–322
Startat0.25%UKcarbon1Mt/yr,riseto50-80%by2050
EFFECTIVE technology and policy options
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a) WhatworksLongduration,persistentgoalsKeepingcarbonbudgetswitha5yearratchet.Appetiteofbusinesstobeprofitable:costandvalue
b) Whatdoesn’tworkCarbonmarketsallowingpurchasetopollutePricetoolowtoborrow/build/operateprojects.Exclusivefocusonrenewableelectricity.Lookingatpowerprice,notcarbonvalue
c) WhatneedstobedoneCreatemandateandmarketforcarbonstorageUseenergycarbonstoragetodelivernet-zeroGHG
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
Summary:canenergysolveGHG?
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1)ProtectingtheatmosphereandcreatingcleanairagainstexcessCO2meansNamingwhatisdelivered,notthemeansofdeliveryReducingemissions;Balancingtonet-zero;Re-capturingemittedCO2
2)TheUKhasexceptionalaccesstoexcellentCO2storage,offshore
3)COSTisbad:cleanfossilelectricityisnotpossibleinUK+EUmarketpricing
4)VALUEisgood:inrapiddecarbonisation ofheat(H2),industry,transport…..
5)NetZerorequiresCO2storage– developthisnow?
6)ViableCCSprojectssellproducts(CO2-EOR),oravoidtargetedtaxes
7)Generalcarbonpricing/tradingdoesnotwork
8)CO2storagerequiresamarket– Certificates- value- jobs– rapid- cheap
FirstoperationalCO2intothegroundbefore2022(NEScotland+Tees)£200M
SmallpilotsLowentrycommercialcostsRe-useexistingkitKnownprocessesIncrementalnetworkbuildout
[email protected]@ed.ac.uk
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