Managerial accounting chapter 11

Chapter 11-1

C H A P T E R C H A P T E R 1111

DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS, DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS, AND DEPLETIONAND DEPLETION

Chapter 11-2

Allocating costs of long-term assets:

Fixed assets = Depreciation expense

Intangibles = Amortization expense

Natural resources = Depletion expense

Depreciation is the accounting process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset.

Depreciation - Method of Cost Depreciation - Method of Cost AllocationAllocation


Chapter 11-3



Three basic questions:

Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process

(1) What depreciable base is to be used?

(2) What is the asset’s useful life?

(3) What method of cost allocation is best?

Chapter 11-4



Depreciable Base


Illustration 11-1Illustration 11-1

Chapter 11-5



Estimation of Service Lifes


Service life of an asset often differs from its

physical life.

Companies retire assets for two reasons:

physical factors (such as casualty or

expiration of physical life) and

economic factors (obsolescence).

Chapter 11-6



The profession requires the method employed be “systematic and rational.” Examples include:

Methods of Depreciation

(1) Activity method (units of use or production).

(2) Straight-line method.

(3) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.

(4) Declining-balance method.

(5) Group and composite methods.

(6) Hybrid or combination methods.

Accelerated Accelerated methodsmethods

Special methodsSpecial methods

Chapter 11-7



Activity MethodIllustration 11-2Illustration 11-2

Illustration: If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first year, the depreciation charge is:

Stanley Stanley Coal Mines Coal Mines

FactsFacts


Chapter 11-8



Straight-Line MethodIllustration 11-2Illustration 11-2

Illustration: Stanley computes depreciation as follows:


FactsFacts


Chapter 11-9



Decreasing-Charge MethodsIllustration 11-2Illustration 11-2


FactsFacts

Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits. Each fraction uses the sum

of the years as a denominator (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 =

15). The numerator is the number of years of

estimated life remaining as of the beginning of the

year.

Chapter 11-10



Sum-of-the-Years’-DigitsIllustration 11-6Illustration 11-6

Chapter 11-11



Decreasing-Charge MethodsIllustration 11-2Illustration 11-2


FactsFacts

Declining-Balance Method.

Utilizes a depreciation rate (percentage) that is some

multiple of the straight-line method.

Does not deduct the salvage value in computing the

depreciation base.

Chapter 11-12



Declining-Balance MethodIllustration 11-7Illustration 11-7

Chapter 11-13



E11-5 (Depreciation Computations—Four Methods): KC Corporation purchased a new machine for its assembly process on August 1, 2010. The cost of this machine was $150,000. The company estimated that the machine would have a salvage value of $24,000 at the end of its service life. Its life is estimatedat 5 years and its working hours are estimated at 21,000 hours. Year-end is December 31.Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense under the

following methods.

(a) Straight-line depreciation. (c) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.

(b) Activity method (d) Double-declining

balance.

Chapter 11-14



Current

Depreciable Annual Partial Year Accum.Year Base Years Expense Year Expense Deprec.

2010 126,000$ / 5 = 25,200$ x 5/12 = 10,500$ 10,500$

2011 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 35,700

2012 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 60,900

2013 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 86,100

2014 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 111,300

2015 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 x 7/12 = 14,700 126,000

126,000$

J ournal entry:

2010 Depreciation expense 10,500

Accumultated depreciation 10,500

Straight-line Method

Chapter 11-15

($126,000 / 21,000 hours = $6 per hour)(Given) Current

Hours Rate per Annual Partial Year Accum.Year Used Hours Expense Year Expense Deprec.

2010 800 x $6 = 4,800$ 4,800$ 4,800$

2011 x =

2012 x =

2013 x =

2014 x =

800 4,800$

J ournal entry:





LO 3LO 3

Activity Method(Assume 800 hours used in 2010)(Assume 800 hours used in 2010)

Chapter 11-16



Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method Current

Depreciable Annual Partial Year Accum.Year Base Years Expense Year Expense Deprec.

2010 126,000$ x 5/15 = 42,000 x 5/12 17,500$ 17,500$

2011 126,000 x 4.58/15 = 38,500 38,500 56,000

2012 126,000 x 3.58/15 = 30,100 30,100 86,100

2013 126,000 x 2.58/15 = 21,700 21,700 107,800

2014 126,000 x 1.58/15 = 13,300 13,300 121,100

2015 126,000 x .58/15 = 4,900 4,900 126,000

126,000$

J ournal entry:


Accumultated depreciation 17,500 LO 3LO 3

5/12 = .416667

7/12 = .583333

Chapter 11-17



Double-Declining Balance MethodCurrent

Depreciable Rate Annual Partial YearYear Base per Year Expense Year Expense

2010 150,000$ x 40% = 60,000$ x 5/12 = 25,000$

2011 125,000 x 40% = 50,000 50,000

2012 75,000 x 40% = 30,000 30,000

2013 45,000 x 40% = 18,000 18,000

2014 27,000 x 40% = 10,800 Plug 3,000

126,000$

J ournal entry:



LO 3LO 3

Chapter 11-18



The choice of method depends on the nature of the assets involved:

Special Depreciation Methods

Group method used when the assets are similar in nature and have approximately the same useful lives.

Composite approach used when the assets are dissimilar and have different lives.

Companies are also free to develop tailor-made depreciation methods, provided the method results in the allocation of an asset’s cost in a systematic and rational manner (Hybrid or Combination Methods).

Chapter 11-19



Special Depreciation Issues

(1) How should companies compute depreciation for partial periods?

Companies normally compute depreciation on the basis of the nearest full month.

(2) Does depreciation provide for the replacement of assets?

Funds for the replacement of the assets come from the revenues

(3) How should companies handle revisions in depreciation rates?

Chapter 11-20

Changes in Depreciation Rate

Accounted for in the period of change and future periods (Change in Estimate)

Not handled retrospectively

Not considered errors or extraordinary items



Chapter 11-21

Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it is a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time.that time.

Questions:Questions: What is the journal entry to correct What is the journal entry to correct

the prior years’ depreciation?the prior years’ depreciation? Calculate the depreciation expense Calculate the depreciation expense

for 2010.for 2010.

No Entry No Entry RequiredRequired

Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate Example

Chapter 11-22

EquipmenEquipmentt

$510,000$510,000

Fixed Assets:Fixed Assets:

Accumulated depreciationAccumulated depreciation 350,000350,000

Net book value (NBV)Net book value (NBV) $160,000$160,000

Balance SheetBalance Sheet (Dec. 31, (Dec. 31, 2009)2009)

Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleAfter 7 yearsAfter 7 years

Equipment cost Equipment cost $510,000$510,000

Salvage valueSalvage value - 10,000 - 10,000

Depreciable baseDepreciable base 500,000500,000

Useful life (original)Useful life (original) 10 years 10 years

Annual depreciationAnnual depreciation $ 50,000 $ 50,000 x 7 years = x 7 years = $350,000$350,000

First, establish First, establish NBV at date of NBV at date of

change in change in estimate.estimate.

First, establish First, establish NBV at date of NBV at date of

change in change in estimate.estimate.

Chapter 11-23

Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleAfter 7 yearsAfter 7 years

Net book value Net book value $160,000$160,000

Salvage value (new) Salvage value (new) 5,0005,000

Depreciable baseDepreciable base 155,000155,000

Useful life remainingUseful life remaining 8 years 8 years

Annual depreciationAnnual depreciation $ 19,375$ 19,375

Depreciation Depreciation Expense Expense

calculation for calculation for 2010.2010.

Depreciation Depreciation Expense Expense

calculation for calculation for 2010.2010.

Depreciation expense 19,375

Accumulated depreciation 19,375

Journal entry for 2010

Chapter 11-24

ImpairmentsImpairmentsImpairmentsImpairments

When the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable, a company records a write-off

referred to as an impairment.

Events leading to an impairment:

a. Decrease in the market value of an asset.

b. Change in the manner in which an asset is used.

c. Adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate.

d. An accumulation of costs in excess of the amount originally expected to acquire or construct an asset.

e. A projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an asset.

Chapter 11-25


Measuring Impairments

1. Review events for possible impairment.

2. If the review indicates impairment, apply the recoverability test. If the sum of the expected future net cash flows from the long-lived asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment has occurred.

3. Assuming an impairment, the impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The fair value is the market value or the present value of expected future net cash flows.

Chapter 11-26

E11-16 (Impairment): Presented below is information related to equipment owned by Pujols Company at December 31, 2010. Assume that Pujols will continue to use this asset in the future. As of December 31, 2010, the equipment has a remaining useful life of 4 years.

Instructions:

(a) Prepare the journal entry (if any) to record the impairment of the asset at December 31, 2010.

(b) Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2011.

(c) The fair value of the equipment at December 31, 2011, is $5,100,000. Prepare the journal entry (if any) necessary to record this increase in fair value.

Cost 9,000,000$ Accumulated depreciation to date 1,000,000 Expected future net cash flows 7,000,000 Fair value 4,400,000


Chapter 11-27

Loss on impairment 3,600,000

Accumulated depreciation 3,600,000


Cost $9,000,000


Carrying amount 8,000,000

Fair value 4,400,000

Loss on impairment $3,600,000

(a).(a).

12/31/10

Chapter 11-28

Depreciation expense 1,100,000



Net carrying amount $4,400,000

Useful life 4 years

Depreciation per year $1,100,000

(b).(b).

(c).(c). Restoration of any impairment loss is not permitted.

12/31/11

Chapter 11-29

Natural resources, often called wasting assets, include petroleum, minerals, and timber.

They have two main features:

DepletionDepletionDepletionDepletion

1. complete removal (consumption) of the asset, and

2. replacement of the asset only by an act of nature.Depletion is the process of allocating the cost of

natural resources.

Chapter 11-30

Establishing a Depletion Base


Computation of the depletion base involves four factors:

(1) Acquisition cost of the deposit,

(2) Exploration costs,

(3) Development costs, and

(4) Restoration costs.

Chapter 11-31

Write-off of Resource Cost


Normally, companies compute depletion on a units-of-production method (an activity approach). Thus, depletion is a function of the number of units extracted during the period.

Calculation:

Total cost – Salvage valueTotal cost – Salvage value

Total estimated units availableTotal estimated units available= Depletion cost per = Depletion cost per unitunit

Units extracted x Cost per unitUnits extracted x Cost per unit = Depletion= Depletion

Chapter 11-32

E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber): Hernandez Timber Company owns 9,000 acres of timberland purchased in 1999 at a cost of $1,400 per acre. At the time of purchase the land without the timber was valued at $400 per acre. In 2000, Hernandez built fire lanes and roads, with a life of 30 years, at a cost of $87,000. Every year Hernandez sprays to prevent disease at a cost of $3,000 per year and spends $7,000 to maintain the fire lanes and roads. During 2001, Hernandez selectively logged and sold 700,000 board feet of timber, of the estimated 3,000,000 board feet. In 2002, Hernandez planted new seedlings to replace the trees cut at a cost of $100,000.


Instructions:

Determine the depreciation expense and the cost of timber sold related to depletion for 2001.

Chapter 11-33

E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber)


Depreciation Expense:

Fire lanes and roads 87,000$ Useful lif e 30 Depreciation expense per year 2,900$

Chapter 11-34

E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber)


Depletion:

Cost of timberland per acre 1,400$ Cost of land per acre (400) Cost of timber only per acre 1,000$ Total acres 9,000 Value of timber 9,000,000$ Estimated total board feet 3,000,000 Cost per board foot 3.00$ Board feet of timber sold 700,000 Cost of timber sold related to depletion 2,100,000$

Chapter 11-35

Estimating Recoverable Reserves


Same as accounting for changes in estimates.

Revise the depletion rate on a prospective basis.

Divides the remaining cost by the new estimate of

the recoverable reserves.

Chapter 11-36

Liquidating Dividends - Dividends greater than the amount of accumulated net income.


Illustration: Callahan Mining had a retained earnings balance of $1,650,000 and paid-in capital in excess of par of $5,435,493. Callahan’s board declared a dividend of $3 a share on the 1,000,000 shares outstanding. It records the $3,000,000 cash dividend as follows.

Retained Earnings 1,650,000

Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par 1,350,000

Cash

3,000,000

Chapter 11-37

Continuing Controversy

Oil and Gas Industry:

Full cost concept

Successful efforts concept


Chapter 11-38

Presentation of Property, Plant, Equipment, and Natural Resources

Presentation and AnalysisPresentation and AnalysisPresentation and AnalysisPresentation and Analysis

Basis of valuation (cost)

Pledges, liens, and other commitments

Depreciation expense for the period.

Balances of major classes of depreciable assets.

Accumulated depreciation.

A description of the depreciation methods used.

Depreciating assets, use Accumulated Depreciation.

Depleting assets may include use of Accumulated Depletion account, or the direct reduction of asset.

DisclosuresDisclosures

Chapter 11-39

The The assets turnover is a measure of a firm’s ability to is a measure of a firm’s ability to generate sales from a particular investment in assets. generate sales from a particular investment in assets.


Illustration 11-Illustration 11-2020

Chapter 11-40


The The profit margin on sales is a measure of the ability to on sales is a measure of the ability to generate operating income from a particular level of sales.generate operating income from a particular level of sales.


Chapter 11-41


Rate of Return on Assets measures a firm’s success measures a firm’s success in using assets to generate earnings.in using assets to generate earnings.


Chapter 11-42

The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by ROA by disaggregatingdisaggregating it into components of profit it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:

Net Income

Average Total Assets

Rate of Return on Assets

=

Net Income

Net Sales

Profit Margin on Sales

=

Net Sales

Asset Turnover

x

x Average Total Assets


Chapter 11-43

$64.2

($811.8 + 665.3) / 2

Rate of Return on Assets

=

$64.2

$420.1

Profit Margin on Sales

=

$420.1

Asset Turnover

x

x


8.7% 15.28% =

x

.569

($811.8 + 665.3) / 2

The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by ROA by disaggregatingdisaggregating it into components of profit it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:

Managerial accounting chapter 11

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