Malayalam MA Syllabus Universiy of Calicut MA...4 University of Calicut Credit & Semester System...
Transcript of Malayalam MA Syllabus Universiy of Calicut MA...4 University of Calicut Credit & Semester System...
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University of Calicut
Credit & Semester System 2010 (CUCSS PG)
Fw.F ae-bmfw _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cp-Z-t]m-Km-ans‚ Dt±iy e£y-߃
1. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnepw tIc-f-kw-kv°m-c-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ ka-K-
amb Andhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw \n¿Ωn-°pI.
2. And-hns‚ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-en¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ DXIpw hn[w Kth-j-
Wm-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I.
3. hnti-j-]-T-\-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬IpI.
4. Imhy-imkvXw , Iem-ku-µcyimkvXw , Oµ-»mkvXw , Ae-¶m-c-
imkvXw XpS-ßnb kuµ-cy-imkvXtaJ-e-Isf°pdn®v ka-K-amb
[mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
5. temI-km-ln-Xy-hp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øm≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Ah-kcw \¬IpI.
6. a‰p hn⁄m\ imJ-I-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-c-W-bp-- m-°p-I.
7. t^mIvtem¿ , kmaq-ly-imkvXw , NcnXw , kwkv°m-c-]-T\w ,
am[y-a-]-T\w , ]X-]-h¿Ø\w , a\x-imkvXw , XØz-Nn¥
XpS-ßnb ssh⁄m-\nI imJ-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-hm≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Ah-kcsamcp-°p-I. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w
B[p-\n-I-am-\-ß-fn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬
krjvSn-°p-I.
8. hnhn[ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw kn≤m-¥-ß-fnepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬
Ah-Kmlw D- m-°p-I.
9. `mjm-N-cnXw , `mjm-imkvXw F∂o-ta-J-e-I-fnse \ho-\-Nn-¥-Ifpw
]h-W-X-Ifpw Adn-bphm≥ kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-I.
10. ae-bmfw k¿§m-fl-I-ambpw Inbm-fl-I-ambpw ]tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-I.
11. C‚¿s\‰v t]mep≈ \h-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw
km[y-Xbpw hnZym¿∞nIsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
12. ae-bm-f-`mjm kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS ae-bmfn F∂ kwkv°m-c-t_m-
[hpw A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øp-I.
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Fw F ae-bmfw t]mKmw (ska-ÿ kº-Zmbw)
* \mep ska-ÿ sIm- mWv Cu t]mKmw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv.
* Hcp-sk-a-Ã-dn¬ 90 A[y-b\ Znh-k-߃ D- m-bn-cn-°pw. BgvN-bn¬ 5 Znhkw
5 aWn-°q¿ hoX-am-bn-cn°pw ]hrØn Znh-k-߃.
* c- p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cut]mK-man-ep-≈-Xv. 1 tIm¿. 2 Ce-IvSohv .
* F√m- tIm-gvkp-Iƒ°pw IqSn 72 sIUn-‰m-Wp-≈-Xv.
* \memw ska-Ã-dn¬ t]mPIvSv / ]_‘w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-°-Ww.
* aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn¬ 75 % Fgp-Øp-]-co-£bpw 25 % Ct‚-W¬ Ak-kvsa‚pw
Bbn-cn°pw .
* sSÃv t]∏¿ (Np-cp-ßn-bXv 2 FÆw ) , skan-\m¿ , Assk≥sa‚v ,lm-P¿
F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Ct‚-W¬ Ak-kvsa‚v
* ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q¿ Bbn-cn°pw
* ]co-£°v 3 Xcw tNmZy-߃ D- m-bn-cn-°pw
1 . eLp JWvUnI (Short Answer ) - 14 tNmZyw . shbvt‰Pv 1 hoXw
2 . eLp D]-\ymkw (Short Essay ) - 10 ¬ 7 FÆw Fgp-X-Ww.-sh-bvt‰Pv 2 hoXw.
3 . D]-\ymkw ( Essay ) - 4 ¬ 2 FÆw Fgp-X-Ww.-sh-bvt‰Pv 4 hoXw
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University of Calicut
Credit & Semester System 2010 (CUCSS PG)
Syllabus & Scheme of Examination
M.A.Malayalam Language and Literature
H∂mw ska-ÿ
tImgvkv
tImUv t]cv sI-Un‰v
1 ˛tIm¿ MAL1C01 ]mNo\ a[y-Im-eo\ kmlnXyw 4
2 ˛tIm¿ MAL1C02 B[p-\nI kmlnXyw ˛1 4
3 ˛tIm¿ MAL1C03 tI-c-f-kw-kv°mcw 4
4 ˛tIm¿ MAL1C04 `mjm-imkvXw 4
c- mw ska-ÿ
tImgvkv
tImUv t]cv sI-Un‰v
5 ˛tIm¿ MAL2C05 B[p-\nI kmlnXyw ˛2 4
6 ˛tIm¿ MAL2C06 kmlnXykn≤m-¥-߃ 4
7 ˛tIm¿ MAL2C07 am-[y-a-]-T\w 4
8 ˛tIm¿ MAL2C08 t^mIvtemdpw tIc-fo-b-I-e-Ifpw 4
5
aq∂mw ska-ÿ
tImgvkv
tImUv t]cv sI-Un‰v
9 ˛tIm¿ MAL3C09 Kth-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw 4
10 ˛Ce-IvSohv MAL3E10(a) FgpØ-—≥
4 MAL3E10(b) Ip©≥ \ºym¿
MAL3E10(c) B -°Y
11˛Ce-IvSohv MAL3E11(a) ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn
4
MAL3E11(b) Imev]-\nI IhnX
MAL3E11(c) tZ-iob]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚-kzm-[o\w
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
12 ˛tIm¿ kwkvIrXw 4
\memw ska-ÿ
tImgvkv
tImUv t]cv sI-Un‰v
13 ˛tIm¿ MAL4C13 hymI-cWw 4
14 ˛Ce-IvSohv MAL4E14(a) hnh¿Ø\w ˛]-tbm-Khpw kn≤m-
¥hpw
4
MAL4E14(b) ae-bmf `mjm-N-cnXw
MAL4E14(c) Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw
15˛Ce-IvSohv MAL4E15(a) t\mh¬ ,sN-dp-IY
4
MAL4E15(b) B[p-\nI IhnX
MAL4E15(c) ae-bmfkmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w
16 ˛tIm¿ kwkvIrXw 4
17 t]mPIvSv / ]_‘w 5
18 hmNm-]-co£ 3
t]mKm-ans‚ BsI sIUn‰v ˛ 72
6
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 1
tIm¿ tImgvkv 1 ˛]mNo\a[yImeo\kmlnXyw (MAL1C01)
sI-Un‰v 4
18-˛mw \q‰m- phscbp≈ aebmf`mjbpsSbpw kmlnXyØns‚bpw
hnImk]cnWma߃/kz`mh߃ ]Tn°pI F∂XmWv Cu tImgvkp
sIm- pt±in°p∂Xv. AXn\v amXrIbm°mhp∂ ][m\s∏´ IrXnIƒ
hntij]T\Øn\mbn sImSpØncn°p∂p. IrXnIfpsS D≈n¬\n∂psIm- v
Ahsb ]Tn°pIbpw ]Tn∏n°pIbpw sNøpIF∂Xnt\msSm∏w IrXnIsf Ah
D- mb ImeL´ßfnse `mjbpsSbpw kaqlLS\IfpsSbpw]›mØeØn¬
]Tn°m≥]TnXm°fpw]Tn∏n°m≥A[ym]IcpwXømdmhWw.IrXnIƒ
]Tn°ptºmƒ/]Tn∏n°ptºmƒ XmcXay]T\w, ssieohn⁄m\ob]T\w
XpSßnbh ]T\]≤XnIƒ th- nSØv Ahew_n°mhp∂XmWv.
IqSmsX `mcXØnse CXc]mtZinI`mjIfn¬ 18˛mw \q‰m- phsc
D- mbn´p≈kmlnXy]camb]hWXIƒ,CXnlmk]pcmWßfpsS]p\krjvSnI
ƒ, `‡n]ÿm\Øns‚ hym]\w XpSßnbhsb°pdn®v A[ym]I¿
hnZym¿∞nIsf t_m[h¬°cn®ncn°Ww.
bq\n‰v H∂v : ]m´pkmlnXyw
‘]m´’ns‚ e£Ww˛][m\s∏´ ]m´pIrXnIƒ˛]m´pIrXnIfnse `mjbpw
kmlnXyhpw ]m´n\v ]nevImeØp- mb `mjm]chpw kmlnXyhnjbIhpamb
hnImk]cnWma߃ ˛ \ncWw IhnIfpsS kw`mh\˛IrjvWKmY˛
cmaIY∏m´ns‚]m[m\yw ˛ \mtSmSn∏m´pIƒ, hn`P\hpw ssh]peyhpw
sX°≥]m´v, hS°≥]m´v, tXm‰w]m´v, am∏nf∏m´v ˛ ]Xn]mZyhnjbwIhpw
cq]]chpw kmlnXyhnjbIhpamb khntijXIƒ.]mTy `mK߃ amXrIbm°n
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]m´ns‚ DZv hhnImk]cnWma߃ ]Tn°pI F∂XmWv Cu
bq\n‰vsIm- pt±in°p∂Xv.
]mTy`mK߃
1. cmaNcnXw, 66˛mw hrØw ˛ ‘CµPnØv ˛ e£vaWbp≤w’
2 Xncp\ng¬ame, JWvUw H∂n¬ 15 Bd∑pfKmah¿Æ\w, BZysØ 13
CucSn: “sXfpsXf∏pIƒ” F∂XpapX¬ “\Sp°nh∂Sp°ptaSw”
F∂Xphsc.
3. IÆ»cmambWw ˛ _meImWvUw 50 apX¬ 79 hscbp≈ ]m´pIƒ
4. cmaIY∏m´v ˛ _meImWvUw, H∂mw hrØw
5. IrjvWKmY ˛ tKm]nImZpJw.
bq\n‰v c- v : a[yyIme ]m´pkmlnXyw
Xp©sØgpØ—s‚ ImeØv aebmfØnep- mbncp∂ kmlnXy[mcIfpw
AhbpsSkhntijXIfpw:16˛mw\q‰m- nsetIcfobkaqlw,kmaqlnIkmwkvImcn
I]cntXmhÿIƒ˛PmXnkºZmbw, `cWcoXn XpSßnbhbpsS ]Xn^e\w
kmlnXyØn¬ ˛ Infn∏m´v ]ÿm\w `mjbv°pw kmlnXyØn\pw FgpØ—s‚
kw`mh\˛FgpØ—≥ hn`mh\w sNbvX/cq]s∏SpØnbkaqlw˛ Xp©s‚
Infn]m]m´pIƒ°v D]PohyIrXnIfpambp≈ _‘w ˛ FgpØ—s‚ `‡nbpw
kmlnXyIebpw˛Xp≈¬, h©n∏m´v, ]m\ F∂o kmlnXy]ÿm\ßfpsN
kmh`mhhpw ssh]peyhpw ˛ \ºym¿IrXnIfnse tIcfnbkaqlw ˛
cma]pcØphmcnb¿, ]q¥m\w F∂n]cpsS kw`mh\ ˛ aebmfØnse Io¿Ø\
kmlnXyw.
]mTy`mK߃
1. A≤ymflcmambWw Infn∏m´v ˛ BcWyImWvUw
2. alm`mcXw Infn∏m´v ˛ DtZymK]¿hw
3. tLmjbmXm ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿
8
4. k¥m\tKm]mew ˛ NXp¿∞]mZw ˛ ]q¥m\w
5. IptNehrØw h©n∏m´v ˛ cma]pcØphmcnb¿
bq\n‰v aq∂v. ]mNo\aWn]hmfw
aWn]hmfØns‚ D¬]Øn ˛ e£Ww, ]mNo\aWn]hmfkmlnXyØns‚
kz`mhw, ]mNo\Nºp°ƒ, ktµiImhy߃, kvtXmX߃, \mbnImh¿Æ\w
XpSßnb hn`mK߃ ˛ aWn]hmfImeL´Ønse tIcfobkaqlw ˛
enemXneIhpw aWn]hmfkmlnXyhpw.
]mTy`mK߃
1. DÆnb®oNcnXw (hymJym\w F≥. tKm]n\mY≥ \mb¿) ˛ KZyw 11 hsc
2. sshinIX¥w BZysØ 25 t«mIw
3. tImIktµIw
4. DØcmNµnI
5. Ntµm’hw ˛ 5˛mw `mKØnse BZysØ 25 t«mIw
bq\n‰v \mev a[yImeaWn]hmfw
a[yImeNºp°fpsSkhntijXIƒ ˛]mNo\Nºp°fpw ˛
a[yImeNºp°fnse kaqlw, kmaqlnIhna¿i\w. B´°Y ˛ IYIfnbpsS
kmlnXyw ˛ B´°YmkmlnXyØns‚ hf¿® ˛ tIm´bØpXºpcm≥,
DÆmbnhmcnb¿, CcbnΩ≥Xºn F∂nhcpsS kw`mh\Iƒ ˛ ][m\s∏´ a‰p
B´°YmImc∑mcpw AhcpsS IrXnIfpw ˛ IYIfnbpsS C∂sØ ÿnXn,
kaIme]k‡n.
]mTy `mK߃
1. `mjmcmambWw Nºp ˛ koXmkzbwhcw
2. \fNcnXw ˛ aq∂mw Znhkw
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bq\n‰v A©v . ]No\`mjmKZyw
aebmfKZyØns‚bpw KZykmloXyØs‚bpw DZv`hhnImk]cnWma߃
a\nem°pI F∂XmWv Cu bq\n‰v sIm- pt±in°p∂Xv. imk\`mj, IuSeob`mj,
IqSnbm´KZyw, ]pcmWIYmJym\߃, hymJym\߃, anj\dnaebmf KZyw F∂nßs\bp≈
KZyØns‚ hnh[amXrIIƒ hnZym¿∞nIƒ]cnNbs∏´ncn°Ww. PqXimk\w,
`mjmIuSeobØnse koXv≤y£]IcWw, AwKpeobm¶w ]pd∏mSv B´]Imcw,
ambmkoXm¶w IaZo]nI, \ºym¿ Xangv, ZqXhmIyw \mSIKZyØnse ]kvXmh\,
_“mWvU]pcmWw KZyw tImkecmPbp≤
k∂ml]cy¥w, Aw_cotjm]mJym\w KZyw F∂o ]mNo\`mjmKZyamXrIIfpsSbpw
h¿Øam\∏pkvXIØns‚bpw (BZysØ c- p]Zw) `mjmkmlnXykz`mhw hnZym¿∞nIƒ
Adn™ncn°Ww.
hniZ]T\w Dt±in°p∂n√ F∂Xn\m¬ KZy`mK߃ hymJym\n°m≥ tNmZyw
D- mhcpXv.
1. ]mNo\`mjmKZyamXrIIƒ,kwtim[nXkwkvIcWw. tU. ]pcptjmØa≥\mb¿
(Imen°‰v bp\n. sk≥S¬ tIm˛Hm∏td‰ohv˛tÃmgvkv)
2. h¿Øam\∏pkvXIw. BZysØ c- p]Zw ˛
klmbIKŸßƒ
1. tIcfkmlnXyNcnXw, hmfyw 1,2,3 ˛ D≈q¿ Fkv ]ctaizcø¿
2. IÆ»∑mcpw FgpØ—\pw ˛ sI.C.\mcmbW]n≈
3. tImIktµiw(hymJym\w)˛NmØ\mØv ANyX\pÆn, Fw.B¿ cmLhhmcnb¿
4. ssIcfnbpsS IY ˛ F≥.IrjvW]n≈
5. hS°≥]m´pIfpsS ]Wnbme ˛ Fw.B¿ cmLhhmcnb¿
6. \ncWw]m´pIƒ ˛ tZiawKew cmaIrjvW≥
7. aebmfIhnXmkmlnXyNcnXw ˛ Fw.eoemhXn
8. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ hm°pw kaqlhpw ˛ sI.F≥.KtWiv
9. ]ZycXv\w ˛ Dt]mXvLmXw ˛ tUm.]n.sI.\mcmbW]n≈
10. eoemXneIw ˛ H∂mw inev]w
11. IÆicmambWw, bp≤ImWvUw (Dt]mZvLmXw) ˛ ]pXpt»cn cmaNµ≥
10
12. `mjmNºp°ƒ ˛ D≈q¿ Fkv.]ctaizcø¿
13. IYIfnhn⁄m\tImiw ˛ Abva\w IrjvWss°aƒ
14. B´°Y ˛ Abva\w IrjvWss°aƒ
15. tIcf`mjbpsS hnImk]cnWma߃ ˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
16. a[yImeaebmfw ˛ ]n.]n.thembp[≥]n≈
17. aebmf`mjm]cnWmaw ˛ kn≤m¥ßfpw hkvXpXIfpw ˛ Xncps\√q¿ IcpWmIc≥
18. cmaNcnXhpw ]No\aebmfhpw ˛ F≥.B¿.tKm]n\mY≥]n≈
19. \fNcnXktµiw ˛ Abva\w IrjvWss°aƒ
20. c- p ]mNo\KZyIrXnIƒ ˛ kvIdnb kJdnb
21. cmaNcnXhpw ]mNo\`mjmhnNmchpw ˛ \Sph´w tKm]meIrjvW≥
22. anj\dnaebmfKZyamXrIIƒ ˛ kmaph¬ Nµ\∏≈n
23. h¿Øam\∏pkvXIØn\v Hcp AhXmcnI ˛ NmØ\mØv ANypX\pÆn
kmaph¬ Nµ\∏≈n
24. `mcXobkmlnXyNcnXw hmfyw ˛ sI.Fw.tPm¿÷v (F.Un)
25. kmlnXyNcnXw ]kvYm\ßfneqsS ˛ sI. F. tPm¿÷v (F.Un)
26. aWn]hmfeLpImhy߃ ( BapJw) ˛ NmØ\mØv ANyX\pÆn.
Fw. B¿ cmLhhmcnb¿
27. Ezhuthachan and His Age – Chelanattu Achutha Menon
28. Early Manipravala – Astudy – K. Ramachandran Nair
29. Language of Middle Malayalam – Puthussery Ramachandran
11
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 1
tIm¿ tImgvkv 2 ˛ B[p\nIkmlnXyw 1 (MAL1C02)
sI-Un‰v 4
B[p\nIXbpsS DZbw apX¬ 20mw \q‰m- ns‚ a[yL´whscbp≈
aebmfkmlnXyØns‚ hnImk]cnWma߃ ]Tn°pI F∂XmWo tImgvkv
sIm- pt±in°p∂Xv. AXn\v aebmfkmlnXnbpsS hnh[kz`m߃ Bhln°p∂
][m\s∏´ Nne IrXnIƒ hntij]T\Øn\mbnsImSpØncn°p∂p. Cu kne_kv
]Imcap≈ ]mTy`mK߃ ]Tn®pIgnbptºmƒ ta¬∏d™ImeL´Ønse
aebmfkmlnXyØns‚ hnhn[kz`m߃ hnZym¿∞nIƒ And™ncn°Ww.
AXn\p]Icn°pwhn[amhWw ]mTy`mK߃ ]Tn°pIbpw ]Tn∏n°pIbpw sNtø- Xv.
IqSmsX, ]kvXpXImeL´Øn¬ CXc `mcXob`mjmkmlnXnIfn¬ km`hn®n´p≈
khntiXIsf°pdn®v A[ym]I¿ hnZym¿∞nIsf t_m[h¬°cn®ncn°Ww. t]∏¿ H∂ns‚
BZyJWvUnIbn¬ ]dbp∂ IrXnIfpsS D≈n¬\n∂psIm- v F∂XpapX¬
Ahew_n°mhp∂XmWv F∂Xphscbp≈ `mKw t]∏¿ 2˛\pw _m[IamWv.
kwkvIrXkmlnXyØns‚bpw \ntbmIvfmknkØns‚bpw ]mcºcyßfn¬\n∂v
th¿s]´]mivNmXykmlnXycq]ßfpsSbpwB[p\nIhn⁄m\ßfpsSbpwkzm[o\Øn\phiw
hZbmbn aebmfØn¬ ]Xy£s∏´ ]pXnbcq]ßfpw Bibßfpw kmlnXyKXnsb
F]Imcw \nb¥n®p F∂v hnZym¿∞nIƒ AndbWw. sh◊Wn]ÿm\w,
]®aebmf]ÿm\w, ZznXobm£c]hmkhmZw, cq]`ZXmhmZw XpSßnbhbpw
hnZym¿∞nIƒ hnthNn®dnbWw. ]n˛sdmam‚nknkw, kn_enkw, anÃnknkw, dnbenkw,
]ptcmKa\kmlnXyw XpSßnb ]ÿm\߃, IhnX˛t\mh¬
apXembkmlnXyimJIfpsScq]Ønepw`mhØnepwhcpØnb]cnh¿Ø\ßfpw
AhbpsScmjvSobkmaqlnI kmwkvImcnINcnX]›mØeßfpw hy‡ambn
a\nem°Ww. D]\ymkw, lmkykmlnXyw,PohNcnXw, BflIY, bmXmhnhcWw
apXembkmlnXyimJIsf°pdn®pwkmam\y⁄m\w kºmZn°Ww. hniZ]T\Øn\p≈
IrXnIsf ]pXnb ImgvN∏mSpIfneqsS-˛ ]T\]≤XnIfneqsS kao]n°pIbpw thWw.
aebmfkmlnXyØn¬ ]Xy£s∏´\qX\]hWXIsf kw_‘n®p≈ IrXnIƒ hmbn®v
hnZym¿∞nIƒ N¿®Ifpw kwhmZßfpw \SØnbncn°Ww.
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hniZ]T\Ønep≈ IrXnIƒ.
bq\n‰v H∂v . IhnX
1. hoW]qhv Ipamc\mim≥
2. aKvZe\andbw h≈tØmƒ
3. loc D≈q¿
4. am\kzn\n Nߺpg
5. Ifnb—≥ ]n. Ip™ncma≥ \mb¿
bq\n‰v c- v. t\mh¬
1. CµpteJ . H. N¥ptat\m≥
2. cmacmPm_lZq¿ . kn.hn.cma≥]n≈
3. c- nSßgn . XIgn inhi¶c]n≈
4. ‚p∏q∏ms°mcmt\- m¿∂v. ssh°w aplΩZv _jo¿
5. apػn . sNdpImSv
bq\n‰v aq∂v . sNdpIY
thßbn¬ Ip™ncma≥ \mb¿, kn.Fkv.tKm]me∏Wn°¿, AºmSn
\mcmbWs∏mXphmƒ, Fw.B¿.sI.kn.,sI.kpIpamc≥, _n.IeymWnbΩ, AºmSn
Im¿Øymb\n AΩXpSßnb BZyImeIYmIc∑mcpsSbpw IYmImcnIfpsSbpw
cN\Isf∏‰nbpw hnZy¿∞nIƒ kmam\y⁄m\w t\Snbncn°Ww.
hniZ]T\Øn\p≈ sNdpIYIƒ
1 A`nam\n . ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc≥]n≈
2 amWn°≥ . efnXmw_nI A¥¿÷aw
3 \thmt∑jw . Ddq_v
4 ]qhºgw Imcq¿
5 kvXo Fkv.sI.s]m‰°m´v
bq\n‰v \mev . \mSIw
kwkvIrX\mSI]cn`mjIƒ, kwKoX\mSI߃, ]lk\߃,
\mSI°º\nIƒF∂nhsb°pdn®pwaebmf\mSIkmlnXyØn\p- mbhf¿®sb°pdn
®pw\mSIØns‚kaIme]k‡nsb°pdn®pwhnZym¿∞nIƒAdn™ncn°Ww.
hniZ]T\Øn\p≈ \mSI߃.
1. aebmfimIp¥fw ˛ G.B¿.cmPcmPh¿Ω
2. ]m´_m°n ˛ sI. ZmtamZc≥
3. _em_ew ˛ F≥. IrjvW]n≈
13
4. 1128 ˛ ¬ ssIw 27 ˛ kn.sP. tXmakv
bq\n‰v A©v ˛ \ncq]Ww
tIcfh¿ΩhenbtImbnغpcm≥, kn.]n.ANyXtat\m≥, A¥∏mbn
kztZim`nam\ncmaIrjvWcn≈, Ip‰n∏g IrjvW]n≈, kn.Fkv.\mb¿ XpSßnb
BZyImehna¿iIcpsS kw`mh\Isf∏‰n hnZym¿∞nIƒ Adn™ncn°Ww.
hniZ]T\Øn\p≈ cN\Iƒ˛
1. kpµcIe ˛ ]m›mXyhpw ]uckvXyhpw. G._meIrjvW]n≈ (\themIw)
2. Bims‚ eoe ˛ Ip´n°rjvWamcm¿ (Z¥tKm]pcw)
3. ktµiw AsXmt∂bp≈q ˛ ap- t»cn (am\ZWvUw)
4. NnXIebpw ImhyIebpw ˛ Fw.]n. t]mƒ ( Imhy Z¿i\w)
klmbIKŸßƒ
1. aebmfkmlnXyNcnXw ˛ ]n.sI.]ctaizc≥\mb¿
2. aebmfIhnXmkmlnXyNcnXw ˛ Fw.eoemhXn
3. hn.kn.bpw Imev]\nIIhnXbpw ˛ sI.tKm]meIrjvW≥
4. kmlnXykac߃ ˛ sI. `mkvIc]n≈
5. aebmf\mSIkmlnXyNcnXw ˛ Pn.i¶c]n≈
6. Po bpsS ImhyPohnXw ˛ Fw. eoemhXn
7. Po bpsS `mhKoX߃ ˛ Un. _©an≥
8. i¶c°pdn∏v hna¿in°s∏Sp∂p ˛ kpIpam¿ Agot°mSv
9. Nߺpg Hcp ]T\w ˛ sI.Fkv.\mcmbW]n≈
10. Nߺpg \£XßfpsS kvt\l`mP\w ˛ Fw.sI.km\p
11. CXm Hcp Ihn ˛ ]km . CSt»cn ]ªnt°j≥kv, sIm®n
12. h¿ÆcmPn ˛ Fw. eoemhXn
13. IhnX hgnØncnhn¬ ˛ sI.Fkv. \mcmbW]n≈
14. t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ
15. BZyImeaebmft\mh¬ ˛ tPm¿÷v Ccpºbw
16. BZyImekvXoIYIƒ ˛ Fw.Fw._jo¿
17. ImhyIe Ipamc\mim\neqsS ˛ ]n.sI._meIrkvW≥
18. h≈tØmƒ \hbpKØns‚ Ihn ˛ Xmbm´v i¶c≥
19. N¥ptat\m≥ Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n.sI._meIrjvW≥
20. t\mh¬ kn≤nbpw km[\bpw ˛ ]n.sI._meIrjvW≥
21. \mh¬ kzcq]w ˛ sI. kptcµ≥
22. NcnXt\mh¬ aebmfØn¬ ˛ Iev∏‰ _meIrjvW≥
23. ssZh\oXn°v Zm£nWyan√ ˛ sI. `mkvIc≥\mb¿
24. ]Xn]mXw `mjWt`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW]n≈
14
25. sNdpIY C∂se, C∂v ˛ Fw. ANypX≥
26. sNdpIYm]ÿm\w ˛ Fw.]n. t]mƒ
27. Imcq¿IYm]T\w kºm ˛ Fw. Fw. _jo¿
28. Dbcp∂ bh\nI ˛ kn.sP. tXmakv
29. ]ptcmKa\kmlnXy]ÿm\w \ngepw shfn®hpw ˛ ]n.sI.tKm]meIrjvW≥
30. tIcfØnse ]ptcmKa\kmlnXy]ÿm\Øns‚ NcnXw ˛
Fw.B¿ NµtiJc≥
31. aebmfkmlnXyhna¿iw ˛ kpIpam¿ Agot°mSv
32. aebmfkmlnXyhna¿\w ˛ ]n.hn.thembp[≥]n≈
33. tIkcnbpsS hna¿iw ˛ Fkv.Kp]vX≥\mb¿
34. amcmcpw aebmfkmlnXyhpw ˛ Hcp kwLw teJI¿
35. amcm¿ hna¿i\Ønse i‡ntKm]pcw˛ Fw.Sn.kkpteJ
36. \mSIZ¿i\w ˛ F.]n.]n.\ºpXncn
37. ap- t»cnbpw aebmf\ncp]Whpw ˛ sI.Fw.tXmakv
38. PohNcnXkmlnXyw aebmfØn¬ ˛ \Sph´w tKm]meIrjvW≥
39. D]\ymkkmlnXyw ˛ Fw.hn.hnjvWp\ºqXncn
40. Ipe]XnIƒ ˛ sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥
41. Bim≥ \thm∞m\Øns‚ Ihn ˛ Xmbm´p i¶c≥
42. lmkyw t\mh¬ inev]Øn¬ ˛ Fkv. hn. thWptKm]me≥ \mb¿
43. hoW]qhv I¨apºn¬ ˛ sI.Fw. Um\nb¬
44. aebmfsNdpIYmkmlnXyNcnXw ˛ Fw. Fw. _jo¿
45. aebmft\mh¬kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ sI.Fw.XcI≥
46. \KcØn¬ ]d™ kphntij߃ ˛ sI.hn.tXmakv
47. adpXncImØp\n∂t∏mƒ ˛ hn. cmPIrjvW≥
48. A`n⁄m\imIp¥fw aebmfØn¬ ˛ B¿.tKm]n\mY≥
49. F≥. IrjvW]n≈bpsS kmlnXyPohnXw ˛ teJ\kamlmcw
50. A¥∏mbnbpsSbpw ap- t»cnbpsSbpw kmlnXy]£]mX߃ ˛
sI. i¶c\pÆn
51. `mcXobkmlnXyNcnXw hmfyw 1, 2, ˛ sI. Fw. tPm¿÷v (F.Un)
52. h≈tØmfns‚ Imhyssien ˛ A\n¬ h≈tØmƒ
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
15
skaÿ 1
tIm¿ tImgvkv 3˛ tIcfkwkvImcw (MAL1C03)
sI-Un‰v 4
e`yamb hkvXp°fpsS shfn®Øn¬ tIcfobcpsS kmwkvImcnI NcnXw
]Tn°m\pw ]Tn∏n°m\pw DXIp∂hn[w ]mTy]≤Xn kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂p.
]mTy]≤Xn]Imcap≈ `mK߃ ]Tn®pIgnbptºmƒ tIcfobcpsS
]q¿∆Ime˛kaImekwkvIrXnsb°pdn®v khntij⁄m\w
hnZym¿∞nIƒ°p- mhWw.
bq\n‰ v H∂v
1. tIcfkwkvImcNcnXcN\ ˛ ]iv\ßfpw kao]\hpw˛
kmwkvImcnINcnXØns‚ ]k‡n.
2. D]mZm\kmaKn ˛ alminemkvamcI߃, ]g¥angv ]m´pIƒ,
inemenJnX߃,\mWb߃,sNt∏SpIƒ,tImhneIw˛Xdhm´p˛t£X
tcJIƒ,hntZinIfpsS hnhcWßfpw Ipdn∏pIfpw.
3.kwLImetIcfw˛kmaqlnIkmwkmImcnIcmjvSobPohnXIa߃
bq\n‰ v c- v
1 tIcfØnseZmbIa߃˛a°Ømbwacpa°Ømbw˛DZv hhnImk
NcnXw˛acpa°ØmbØns‚XI¿®˛ImcW߃PmXnhyhÿnXn˛
DZv hNcnXw˛PmXnbpwsXmgnepw,PmXnIfpwD]PmXnIfpw˛PmXnhyhÿnXn bpsS
XI¿® ˛ ImcW߃
2. P∑nkºZmbw˛DZv hNcnXw˛\m´phmgnIfpsSbpw\ºqXncnamcpsSbpw
]m_eyw˛t£XtIµnXkwkvImc#w˛P∑nkºZmbØns‚ ]X\w ˛
ImcW߃˛]mNo\tIcfØnse aX߃˛BcyaXw,_p≤aXw, InkvXpaXw,
C…mwaXw ˛ kmaqlnIkmwkvImcnIcwKßfn¬ _p≤PssP\aXßfpsS kzm[o\w
˛DZbwt]cq¿ kq\ltZmkv
3. ]mNo\tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw ˛ imeIƒ ˛ ]T\hnjb߃
16
cmPhwi߃ ˛ AhbpsS kw`mh\Iƒ ˛ kmlnXykrjvSnIƒ,
NnXIe, kwKoXw, ⁄m\a’c߃
bq\n‰ v aq∂v
1. B[p\nIXbpsS Bcw`w ˛ Cw•o,jv hnZym`ymkØns‚ XpS°w ˛
anj\dnamcpsS ]h¿Ø\߃
2. A®SntIcfØn¬ ˛ BZyImeapZWmeb߃
3. ]X]h¿Ø\w ˛ BZyIme]XamknIIƒ ˛ ]Xn]mZyhnjb߃
bq\n‰ v \mev
1. 19--˛mw \q‰m- nsebpw 20˛mw \q‰m- v Bcw`Ønsebpw tIcfw ˛
kmaqlnIkanXnIƒ ˛ PmXnIfpw D]PmXnIfpw ˛ DØctIcfØnse
_n´ojv cWw, Z£nWtIcfØnse cmP`cWw.
2. kmaqlnI]cnjvIcW]ÿm\߃ ˛ Fkv.F≥.Un.]n tbmKw,
F≥.Fkv. Fkv. km[pP\]cn]me\kwLw, tbmKt£ak`
\ºqXncnbphP\ LS\ ˛ ChbpsS ]h¿Ø߃
3. kmaqlnI]cnjvIcW]ÿm\lßfpsS ]h¿Ø\wsIm- v tIcfØn\p
ssIh∂ kmaqlnI\nXnbpw kmwkvImcntIm¬°¿jbpw ˛
kmlnXyIrXnIfneqsSbp≈ kmwkvImcnI]h¿Ø\߃.
bq\n‰ v A©v
1. sFIytIcfØn\ptijap≈ kmaqlnIÿnXnIƒ ˛ sFIytIcfw
t\´hpw tIm´hpw ˛ `q\nba]cnjvIcWw.
2. kvXohnZym`ymkw C∂v ˛ kmaqlnIkmwkvImcnIcwKßfn¬
kvXoIfpsS]¶mfnØw.
3. A[nImchntIµoIcWw ˛ hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßfn¬
kzImcy]¶mfnØw˛am[yaßfpw kwkvImchpw.
klmbIKŸßƒ
1) sIm®ncmPyNcnXw ˛ sI.]n.]fl\m`tat\m≥
2) P∑nkºZmbw tIcfØn¬ ˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
3) Nne tIcfNcnX]iv\߃˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
4) tIcfNcnXØnse CcpfS™ GSpIƒ ˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
5) A∂sØ tIcfw ˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
17
6) DÆp\oeoktµiw NcnXZrjvSnbn¬ IqSn ˛ CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈
7) tIcfNcnXw ˛ Fw.B¿.cmLhhmcnb¿, cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ
8) tIcfobX NcnXam\߃ ˛ Fw.B¿.cmLhhmcnb¿
9) hi°≥]m´pIfpsS ]Wnbme ˛ Fw.B¿.cmLhhmcnb¿
10) PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tIcfNcnXhpw ˛ ]n.sI._meIrjvW≥
11) \mcmbWKpcp ˛ ˛ ]n.sI._meIrjvW≥
12) C_v\p_ØqØ I- tIcfw ˛ thembp[≥ ]Wn°t»cn
13) k©mcnIƒ I- tIcfw ˛ skbvXp aplΩZv
14) 19˛mw \q‰m- nse tIcfw ˛ `mkvIc\pÆn
15) tIcfNcnXw 1,2 ˛ tIcf lnÃdn Atkmkntbj≥
16) IpetiJc \mSIßfpw tIcfNcnXhpw ˛ Fw. ]n. i¶pÆn\mb¿
17) tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan ˛ C.Fw.Fkv. \ºqXncn∏mSv
18) tIcf kzmX¥ykacw ˛ sI.Fw. ]Wn°¿
19) tIcfkwkvImcw ˛ F. io[ctat\m≥
20) tIcf]X]h¿Ø\NcnXw ˛ ]pXp∏≈n cmLh≥
21) tIcfkwKoXw ˛ hn.am[h≥ \mb¿
22) tIcf NcnXw ˛ Sn.sI.KwKm[c≥, Imen°‰ v bq\nthgvkn‰n
sk≥S¬ tIm˛Hm∏td‰ohv ˛tÃm¿kv
23) tIcfw 20-˛mw \q‰m- ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ ˛ ]n. `mkvIc\pÆn
24) s_©an≥ s_ben ˛ aebmfw A®SnbpsS ]nXmhv ˛kmaph¬
h¿§okv, kmaph¬ s\√napIƒ
25) tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ ˛ sI.F≥. KtWiv
26) \Ωƒ \S∂ hgnIƒ ˛ Fkv. sI. hk¥≥
27) BZnapZWw ˛ sI.Fw. tKmhn
28) kwkvImc]T\w˛ kvIdnb k°dnb
29) Kpcphns‚ NcnXw ˛ sI. kpKX≥
30) tIcfNcnXw temINcnXØneqsS ˛ sI. inhi¶c≥ \mb¿,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq v.
31) tIcfkwkvImchpw ssIkvXhanj\dnamcpw ˛ t]mƒ aWhmf≥
32) aebmfkmlnXyhpw InkvXym\nIfpw ˛ ]n.sP.tXmakv.
33) Malabar Mannual – William Logan
34) Kerala District Gazetters – A Sreedharan Menon
35) Foreign Notices of South India – K. Neelakanda Sastri
18
36) Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala – M.G.S. Narayanan
37) Kerala and Her People – L.A.Krishna Iyer
38) The Zamorins of Calicut – K. V.Krishna Iyer
39) Contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit literature – K. Kunjunni Raja
40) Tamil Heroic Poetry – K. Kailaspathi
41) Cera Kings of the Sangam Age – K.G. Sesha Iyer
42) Folk Plays and Dances of Kerala – M.D.Raghavan
43) Personality of Kerala – A Ayyappan
44) Pre – Dravidian – L.A. Krishna Iywer
45) Castes and Tribes of Cochin – L.K.Anantha Krishna Iywer
19
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 1
tIm¿ tImgvkv 4 ˛ `mjmimkvXw (MAL1C04)
sI-Un‰v 4
`mjmimkvXØns‚ kmam\y]cnNbamWv Cu ]mTy]≤XnsIm- p˛
t±in°p∂Xv. kmlnXykn≤m¥ßƒ, `mjm[yb\w, \nL- phn⁄m\w,
`mjmNcnXw XpSßnb hn⁄m\imJIfn¬ Adhp- mIm≥ Cu kmam\y]cn˛
Nbw A\nhmcyamWv.
bq\n‰v H∂v : kmam\yXXz߃
1) `mj : \n¿hN\w ˛ `mjmimkvXw F∂m¬ F¥v
2) `mjbpw `mjWhpw XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃
3) `mjsb B\phwinIhpw (Geneological) I£ym]chpw (Typological Bbn
h¿KoIcn°p∂Xns‚ XXzw ˛ DZmlcW߃
4) kz\w apX¬ A¿∞w hsc kz\ ]Inb (Phonology hymIcWw
(Grammar) tImiw (Laxicon) A¿Yw (Semantics hymIcW hnNmcØn¬
cq]hn⁄m\Øns‚bpw (morphology) hmIyhn⁄m\Øns‚bpw
(Syntax) ]k‡n
5) `mjm]KY\coXnIƒ. GIImenIw (Synhronics) _lpImenIw
(Diachronic) hyXntcImflIw (contrastive)
6) `mjbpw a\pjyhy‡nbpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ inip`mj ˛ hnhn[
L´ßƒ
bq\n‰ v c- v. kz\hn⁄m\hpw (Phonetics) kz\nahn⁄m\hpw (Phonemics
1. aq∂p¬∏ncnhpIƒ. ihWmkv]Zw (auditory) kz\`uXnIw (acoustic)
Ahbhmkv]Zw (articulatory)
2. kz\w (Phone) \n¿hN\w ˛ `mjW]Yw (speech tract hnhcWw,
`mjtWm¬]mZ\w kzchpw hy⁄\hpw ˛ AhbpsS h¿KoIcWw,
am\kzc߃ (cardinal vowels) eo\[z\nIƒ (suprasegmental features)
3. kz\naw (Phoneme) \n¿N\߃
4. hyXybw (contrast) (complementation]qcIXzw D]kz\w (allomorphs)
20
5. aebmfØnse kz\na߃
6. A£cw (syllable) A£csØ°pdn®p≈ hnhn[ kn≤m¥ßƒ
bpWn‰ v aq∂v. cq]nahn⁄m\hpw (morphology) hmIyhn⁄m\hpw (syntax)
1. cq]naw (morphopheme) \n¿hN\w, \n¿ÆbcoXnIƒ
2. D]cq]߃ (allomorphs) kz\nam[njvTnXw (Phonologically conditioned)
cp]nam[njvTnXw (morphologically conditioned)
3. cp]naßfpsS Xct`Zw˛ [mXp (root) ]IrXn (stem) ]Xybw (affix)
]Zw. (world)
4. ]Xybhn`mK߃ ˛ ]pc]Xybw (prefix) ]c]Xybw, A¥]Xybw (infix)
5. cp]kn≤n (inflexion) \njv]mZ\w (derivation) Ch XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃
6. hmIyhn⁄m\Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
7. LS\mflI kao]\w (structural approach)
8. ]P\I (generative) kao]\w ˛ hnhn[ cnXnIƒ
9. aebmfØnse hmIycoXnIƒ (sentence types)
bq\n‰v \mev --- `mjmt`Zhn⁄m\hpw (dialectology)
kw]P\\hpw (convergence)
1. `mjmbnep≈ hyXymk߃ ˛ Imew, tZiw, kaqlÿnXn, hy‡n`mj
(idiolect) `mjmt`Zw (dialect) `mj (language
2. am\Iw (standard) am\tIXcw (non-standard) `mjbnse ]mtZioIhpw
(regional) kmaqlnIhpamb hyXym߃
3. ka`mjmwi koamtcJ (isogloss) `mjmt`Z`q]Sw (dialect map) \n¿Ωn°p∂
coXn `qcSØnse taJeIƒ ; tIµtaJe (focal area) AhinjvStaJe
(relic area) kwIaW taJe (transition area)
4. kmaplnI`mjmimkvXw (sociolinguistics) ]k‡nbp e£yhpw
5. `mjmkwhP\hpw `mjmt£Xhpw (linguistic area) C¥y F∂
`mjmt£XØns‚ khntijXIƒ
bpWn‰ v A©v _lpImenI `mjmimkvXw (diachromic linguistic)
1. `mjm]cnWmacoXnIƒ kz\naw, hymIcWw, A¿∞w Cßs\
F√mØcØn epap≈ ]cnWma߃
2. `mjm]cnWmatlXp°ƒ kz\]cnWmaw (sound change) BZm\w (borrowing)
21
kZri Iev]\ (analogy)
3. kz\\nba߃ ( phonetic laws) Ahbv°p- mIp∂ A]hmZ߃ ˛
BZm\wsIm- pw kZri Iev]\sIm- pw
4. IpSpw_hr£w (family tree) XcwKkn≤m¥w (wave theory)
5. ]p\:krjvSn (reconstruction) B¥cnI ]p\:krjvSn, (Internal reconstruction),
_mly]p\:krjvSn (external reconstruction)
klmbIKŸßƒ
1. `mjmimkvXhnthIw ˛ sI.Fw.]`mIchmcnb¿
2. `mjmKthjWw ˛ sI. Ip©pÆncmPm
3. kz\hn⁄m\w ˛ hn.B¿.]t_m[N¥≥ \mb¿
4. kz\nahn⁄m\w ˛ sI.Fw.]`mIchmcnb¿
5. hmIyLS\ ˛ C.hn. F≥.\ºqXncn
6. t\mwtNmwkvIn ˛ thWptKm]me]Wn°¿
7. `mjmt`Zhn⁄m\w ˛ tkmatiJc≥\mb¿
8. kmaqlnI`mjmimkvXw ˛ DjmºqXncn∏mSv
9. Collected Papers – Emeneau
10. Aspects of Language – D.Bohinger
11. A Course in Modern Linguistics – C.F.Hockett
12. Language & Linguistics – J.Lyons
13. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics – Gleasan
14. Modern Linguistics – S.K.Verma & Krishnamurti
15. Sociolinguistics – Peter Frudgill
22
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
c- mw ska-ÿ
MAL2C05 B[p-\nI kmlnXyw ˛2
tIm¿ tImgvkv 5 sIUn‰v 4
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m- ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w Bcw- n-®-tXmsS ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
Bi-b-Øn-t‚bpw Bhnjv°m-c-Øn-t‚bpw `mhp-I-Øn-t‚bpw Xe-߃ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-
hn-t[-b-ambn .Im-ev]-\n-IX ]nt∂bpw Xßn-\n-s∂-¶nepw AXn-\p-hn-cp-≤-amb ]h-W-
X-Ifpw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. Bi-b-]-chpw inev]-c-N-\m-]-c-hp-amb \ho-\-X-Iƒ kmln-Xy-
Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏´p . ]pXnb ]co-£-W-ßfpw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb cq]-in-ev]-ßfpw
hn`m-a-I-amb ]ta-b-L-S\-Ifpw ]mc-º-cy- -RvP-I-amb `mjm-ssi-en-Iepw Ah-X-cn-
®p. \mtSm-Sn-°-e-Ifpw NnX-I-e, kn\na XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kt¶-X-ßfpw cmjvSob
kmaq-lnI ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ßfpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. cN-\m-co-Xn-
I-fnepw kwth-Z-\-Ønepw `mhp-I-Xz-Ønepw kw -hn® CØcw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃
Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]Tn-°m-\pw DX-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ kne-_v
Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ IrXn-Iƒ
bqWn‰v H∂v ˛ IhnX
1 IÆo¿∏mSw : sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥
2 s\√p-Ip-Øp-Imcn ]mdp-hns‚ IY : CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿
3 ]g-b-]m´v : F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿
4 s]¨Ip™v "90 : kpK-X-Ip-amcn
5 HSn-®p-a-S-°nb BImiw : sI.Pn .i-¶-c-∏n≈
6 amfan√mØ ]mºv : F. Aø-∏≥
7 Irjn-KoX : kn .Fkv .P-b-N-µ≥
bqWn‰v c- v ˛t\m-h¬
23
1 X´Iw : tImhn-e≥
2 Nmshmen : DØ-a≥
bqWn‰v aq∂v ˛ \mSIw , Xnc-°Y
1 ku]¿ÆnI : \tc-µ-]-kmZv
2 tImkv s_¬‰v : F≥.-F≥. ]n≈
3 s]cp-¥-®≥ : Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
bqWn‰v \mev ˛sN-dp-IY
1 cp‹n-Wn-s°mcp ]mh-°p´n : am[-hn-°p´n
2 Z¬ln 1981 : Fw .ap-Ip-µ≥
3 H‰-hm-Xn¬ : kt¥mjv G®n-°m\w
bqWn‰v A©v ˛\n-cq-]Ww
1 Imhyhpw a\x-im-kvXhpw : Fw.sI .km\p (Im-hy-X-Øz-]-th-in-I)
2 ]pXnb \ncq-]-Whpw ]pXn-b-ho-£-Whpw: Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥ (I-hn-X-bpsS
temI-]-Zw)
3 ]cn-Xy-‡-cpsS cmjvSobw : k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (\m-ep-sI-´ns‚ X®p-im-kvXw)
4 ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ : ]n.sI .cm-P-ti-J-c≥ ( GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃)
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ tUm.Fw eoem-hXn
2. CS-t»-cn-°-hnX ˛ FUn: tUm.-I-h-Sn-bm¿ cma-N-µ≥
24
3. IhniobpsS Ih-\-Ie ˛ tUm,-sjm¿Æq¿ Im¿Øn-tI-b≥
4. tImhn-es‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv.-\-Po_v
5. Ihnbpw Ihn-Xbpw ˛ ]n. \mcm-b-W-°p-dp-∏v.
6. amdp∂ ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥.
7. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
8. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS a[ym”w ˛ B¿ .\tc-µ-]-kmZv
9. sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ tUm.-Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿
10. IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm.-B¿.-hn-.Fw.Zn-hm-I-c≥
11. kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-IrjvW≥.
12. Ne-®n-X-k-ao£ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥.
13. kn\na ˛k-Xyhpw anYybpw ˛ tXm´w cmP-ti-J-c≥
14. \mSIw thtWm \mSIw ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]n≈
15. IY Imew t]mse ˛ F≥ .i-in-[-c≥.
25
Fw F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ska-ÿ 2
MAL2C06 kmlnXykn≤m-¥-߃
tIm¿ tImgvkv 6 sIUn‰v 4
`mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßfn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-
\y-[m-c-W-bp-- m-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw
bqWn‰v H∂v
Ihn ,k-lr-Z-b≥ , Imhy-kz-cq-]w, Imhy-tl-Xp, Imhy-]-tbm-P\w F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ]ap-J-
cmb ]mNo\me-¶m-cn-I-∑m-cpsS aX-߃ . `mal≥ ,D-Zv -S≥ , cpZ-S≥ , F∂n-h-cpsS Ae-¶m-c-kn-
≤m-¥w.B\-µ-h¿≤-\s‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ Ae-¶m-c-߃°p≈ ÿm\w . ˛ KpW-ßfpw coXnbpw
`ma-ls‚ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ˛ ZWvUn-bpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ ˛hm-a-\s‚ coXn kn≤m¥w ,co-Xn-bpsS
A]-Nbw aΩ-Ss‚Imhy-]-Im-i-Øn¬.
bqWn‰v c- v
ckkn≤m¥w ˛ -c-Xs‚ k¶-ev]w˛ `ma-l≥, hma-\-≥ XpS-ßnb ]mNo\me-¶m-cn-I-∑m-cpsS
ho£WØn¬ck-Øn\v Imhy-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w˛ [z\n-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ck-Øn-\p≈ ]m[m\yw ˛c-
k-kqXw ˛hn-hn[ hymJym-\-߃ ˛[z\nkn≤m¥w, i_vZ-hym-]mc߃ ˛ [z\n-bpsS e£Ww
,hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ KpWo-`q-X-hyw-Kyw˛ NnX-Imhyw ˛ aln-a- -´s‚ A\p-am-\-kn-≤m¥w ,Ip-¥-I-s‚
htIm‡n kn≤m¥w , t£ta-µs‚ HuNnXy kn≤m¥w F∂n-h-bpsS kmam\y ]cn-Nbw
bqWn‰v aq∂v
( F) `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶m-c-]-I-cWw ˛ Ae-¶m-c-ß-fpsS e£-Ww, DZm-l-cWw ,Xm-c-
Xayw
(_n) hrØ-imkvXw ˛Xm-f-inev]w AYhm hrØw Imhy-`m-j-bpsS A¿∞-]-P-\-\-ti-jn°v
klm-b-I-am-hp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p a\-n-em-°Ww .hrØw Hcp Ae-¶m-c-am-sW∂ aln-a- -´-a-X-
Øns‚ HuNnXyw ]cn-Nn-¥n-°pI
hrØ-a-RvP-cnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hrØ-߃ ]Tn-°Ww
kwkvIr-X-hr-Ø-߃ ˛ A\p-jvSp∏v ,h-‡w, Bcy,-Ko-Xn, Cµ-hP ,D-t]-µ-hP ,D-]-Pm-Xn,
ctYm-≤-X, imen\n , hwiÿw, Cµ-hwi ,tXm-SIw ,`p-Pw-K-]-bmXw , aRvPp-`m-jnWn ,h-k-¥-
Xn-eIw ,C-µp-h-Z\ , am-en\n , ]©-Nm-acw , aµm-Im¥ , Ipkp-a-a-RvPcn ,hn-tbm-Kn\n , hk-
¥-am-enI , ]pjv]n-XmK , im¿±q-e-hn-Io-UnXw , kKv≤c
26
`mjm-hr-Ø-߃ ˛ ImIfn ,a-RvPcn , ZpX-Im-Ifn , If-Im©n ,a-Wn-Im©n ,tI-I, \tXm-∂X
˛\mtSmSn hrØ-˛-Xm-f-˛-hm-bvØm-cn-I-fpsS kmam\y ]cn-Nbw
B[p-\nIae-bm-f-I-hn-X-I-fnse hrØhpw Xmf-hpw.
bqWn‰v \mev
]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛b-h-\-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i-\w˛ πmt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-kn-≤m¥w
, AcntÃm´nens‚ Zpc-¥-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w ,Im-ev]-\nI Imhy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ thUvkvh¿Øv ,tIm-fvdn-
UvPv˛
`mh-\bpw Iev]-\bpw tSmƒtÃm-bn, tImt® ,Sn. Fkv .F-en-b‰v ,sF.F.dn®m¿Uv F∂n-h-cpsS
kmln-Xykn-≤m-¥-߃˛B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃˛ LS-\m-hmZw ,Nn-”-imkvXw
,A-]-\n¿Ωm-Ww,-kvXo-]-£-k-ao-]\w
bqWn‰v A©v
tZio-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw (Ethno aesthetics )
1. BZn-hmkn kuµ-cy-imkvXw ˛B-Zn-hm-kn-∏m-´p-Iƒ ˛B-Zn-hmkn IYm-Jym-\-߃-˛-B-Zn-hmkn
\rØ-߃,
]Xo-I-ßfpw kuµ-cy-k-¶-ev]-ßfpw ˛ hwio-b-kw-Ko-Xw-˛-tKm-X-h¿§-tem-I-ho-£-W-߃
2. \mtSmSn kuµ-cy-imkvXw ˛\m-tSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fpsS kuµcyw ˛N-a-b-ß-fpsS Ie, If-sa-gp-Øns‚
kuµ-cy-imkvXw˛ \mtSmSn \rØ-߃ ˛A-\p-jvTm-\-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ , ssIth-e-bpsS kuµ-cy-k-¶-
ev]-߃, \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-imkvXw.
3. Xangv Imhy-imkvXw ˛kw-L-Imekm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-k-¶-ev]-߃ ˛ s]mcp-f-Xn-Imcw
˛sF-¥n-W- bpsS Imhy-imkvXw ˛ D≈p-cbpw kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Whpw ˛]-cnÿnXn emh-Wy-
imkvXw
27
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w ˛ tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANy-X-\p-Æn.
2. coXn-Z¿i\w ˛ tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANy-X-\p-Æn
3. `mc-Xo-b-Im-hy-imkvXw ˛ tUm.-Sn. `mkv°-c≥.
4. `mc-Xo-b-Im-hy-imkvXkmcw ˛th-Z-_-‘p.
5. Imhy-Nn¥ ˛ tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANy-X-\p-Æn
6. kmln-Xy-ao-amwk ˛Xm-c-X-ay-]-cn-t]£yw ˛ tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANy-X-\p-Æn
7. kmln-Xy-`q-jWw ˛Ip-´n-°r-jvW-am-cm¿
8. bh-\-Im-hy-X-Øz-߃ ˛ th-Z-_-‘p.
9. ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w ˛Fw ANyp-X≥
10. ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-XyXØz-imkvXw ˛sI.-Fw.-X-c-I≥
11. Imhy ao-amwk ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xyhpw ˛F≥. B¿. tKm]n-\m-Y-∏n-≈.
12. B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnse kvXo]-£-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ tUm.]n KoX
13. C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn≤m¥w ]k-‡nbpw km≤y-Xbpw ˛tUm.sI .A-ø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
14. Imth‰w ,\m-S≥I-em-]-T-\-߃ ˛tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ (\m-´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI-µw,-
Xriq¿)
15. ssZhØmbv ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥
16. tKmX-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ ˛tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ (\m-´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI-µw,-Xriq¿)
17. Iebpw hnZybpw ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ˛ hn .Fw .Ip-´n-°r-jvW-ta-t\m≥.
18. kmln-Xy-temIw .\m-´p-ku-µ-cy-hgn F∂ ]tXyI ]Xn∏v 2004 P\p-h-cn-˛-s^-_p-hcn .
19. An introduction to Indian Poetics – ( Ed. V.Raghavan & Narendran.
20. History of Sanskrit Poetics – S.K.De
21. Theory of Literature – Rene Wellek & Austin Worren
22. A History of Modern Criticism - Rene Wellek
23. 20th
Century Literary Criticism –Major Statements- Ed. Hardy & West
24. Modern Criticism & Theory –David Lodge
25. The Beginning Theory – Peter Barry.
28
Fw F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ska-ÿ 2
MAL2C07 am-[y-a-]-T\w
tIm¿ tImgvkv 7 sIUn‰v 4
bqWn‰v 1
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-߃ ˛ hnhn[ Bi-b-hn-\n-ab amXr-I-Iƒ˛
Ah-bpsS kº-Zm-b-hpw kz`m-hhpw ˛_-lp-P\am[yaw ˛\n¿∆-N\w s]mXp-P-\-ßp-fp-am-bp≈
_‘w ˛am-[y-a-[¿Ωw ˛ am[y-a-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ am[yahna¿i\w Db¿Øp∂ km[y-X-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 2 ]X-am-[yaw
]X-am-[yaw ˛N-cnXw ˛a-e-bm-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw ˛ BZy-Im-e-]-X-ß-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw
˛hm¿Øm-]-Xn-I-I-fn¬ \n∂v amkn-I-I-fn-te°pw k¿§m-flI kmln-Xy-Øn-te-°p-ap≈ hf¿®˛
]X-`m-j, -]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-w˛ dnt∏m¿´nwKv
FUn-‰nwKv ,A-®-Sn˛ ]X-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ cq]-L-S\ ˛ B[p-\n-Io-I-cWw -]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-taJ-e-
bn¬˛ sk≥tk-j-W¬ -]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-w(yellow journalism) ˛
]c-ky-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ˛s]m-^-j-W-en-khpw hmWn-Py-h-ev°-c-Whpw ˛]-X-[¿Ω-Øn¬\n-
∂p≈ hyXn-N-e\w ˛km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ]tbm-K-߃ ˛t^m-t´m-tP¿W-enkw
bqWn‰v 3 Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-߃
tdUntbm ˛im-hy-am-[y-a-Øns‚ km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-XnIfpw ˛tdUntbm kwt]-£-W-Øns‚
NcnXw ˛hn-⁄m-\-˛-hn-t\m-Z-ta-J-eI-fn-te°p≈Nph-Sp-shbv∏v ˛ td-Untbm am[yaw _lp-P-\-
ß-fn¬ D- m-°nb kzm[o\w
sSen-hnj≥˛ Zriy-am-[ya kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hn]vfhw ˛sS-en-hn-j≥ kwt]-£-W-Øns‚
NcnXw X’-ab kwt]-£Ww ˛ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ ,hn-⁄m-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ,
]c-ky-߃, Sn.-hn.-tP¿W-enkw ˛ ÃpUntbm k÷o-I-c-W-߃˛ hoUn-tbm-Km-^n-˛-F-Un-‰nwKv ,
kwt]-£Ww
bqWn‰v 4 ssk_¿hy-h-lmcw
Bi-b-hn-\n-abcwKØv Iºyq-´¿ hn]vfhw ˛ hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy˛ kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hn-\n-a-
bhpw C‚¿s\‰pw ˛C-e-IvtSm-WnIv sse_-dn-Iƒ (sh-_vssk‰v ) hn⁄m\w ,hn-hcw .hn-
29
t\mZw ˛ C sabn¬,C hmWnPyw , C ]_vfn-jnwKv ˛ _vtfmKp-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-c-km-[y-X-Ifpw ˛
tkmjy¬ s\‰v h¿°v ( Hm¿°q-´v, Szn‰¿, t^kv_p°v XpS-ßn-bh )N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ ˛ ]mtZ-inI
`mj-I-fpsS km∂n[yw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ ˛ kzX-¥-tkm-^v‰v shb-dp-Ifpw IpØI tkm-^v‰v shb-dp-
Ifpw
bqWn‰v 5 Ne-®n-X-am-[yaw
kn\n-a-bpsS NcnXw ˛ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS hf¿®˛ \h-kn-\na ˛ k-am¥ckn-\na˛
tUmIyp-sa‚dn ˛km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ]e-Xcw A\p-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛tem-I-kn-\n-a-bpsS
kzm[o\w ˛ t\mh¬, IY, IhnX F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v cq]w sIm- kn\n-a-Iƒ.kn\n-a-bpsS `mj
˛Xn-c-°-Ym-c-N\ ˛kn-\n-a°v kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ kzm[o\w ˛kn-\n-am-]-T-\-ß-fpsS ]k‡n.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]pkvX-I-߃
1 ˛ ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmL-h≥
2 ˛ A temIw apX¬ C temIw hsc ˛ hnf-\new
3 ˛ C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm.A-NypXv i¶¿
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1 . am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛Fw .hn. tXmakv
2 . hm¿Ø (3hmeyw) ˛tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw
3 . ssk_¿a-e-bmfw ˛ FUn ,Sn.hn kp\o-X.
4 . ]X-`mj ˛ ]kv A°m-Zan
5 . ]X-߃ hnNn-X-߃˛ sI .]n. hnP-b≥
6 . sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬
7 . ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c
8 . kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
9 . Ne-®nX kao£ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
10. Iw]vfo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v ˛ h¿°n ]´n-a‰w
11 . Mass Communication in India – Keval J.Kumar
12 . Internet for Everyone – Alexis Leon,Mathews Leon
13 . Internet – David Gosselin
14 .The Subject of Cinema – Gaston Roberge
15. The Television Handbook – Patricia Holland
16 . The Oxford Guide to Film Studies - Ed. John Hills , Pameela Church Gibson
30
Fw F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ska-ÿ 2
MAL2C08 t^mIvtemdpw tIc-fo-b-I-e-Ifpw
tIm¿ tImgvk 8 sIUn‰v 4
bqWn‰v 1 t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n
t^mIvtem¿˛ hyXykvX \n¿∆-N-\-߃ ˛\-c-hw-iimkvX]c-amb \n¿∆-N-\-߃ ˛A-
e≥U≥Un-kv,Um≥s_≥ Btamkv , dn®m¿Uv t_ma≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \n¿∆-N-\-߃˛ hn`m-K-
߃ ˛h¿§o-I-cWw ˛C-X-c-hn-j-b-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛km-ln-Xyw, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw, `mjm-
imkvXw , kmaq-ly-imkvXw , a\x-imkvXw . ˛ t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ e£yhpw
]k‡nbpw ˛ Iq´m-bvasb Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. t^mIvtem¿ F∂-B-i-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m-[nsb hni-I-e-
\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.-Iq-´m-bva-bpsS
kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw ˛B-tKm-f-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw \h-sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn-
s‚bpw Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ Cu At\z-j-W-Øn-\p≈ ]k-‡n.
bqWn‰v 2 t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m-¥-߃
BZy-Imet^mIvtem¿ kn≤m-¥-߃˛ D¤hkn≤m-¥-߃˛ amIvkvap-≈¿ , B≥Up-
emMv , ss^-k¿,Kow Ch-cpsS kn≤m-¥-߃˛Imte-hme t^mIvtem¿ kn≤m-¥-
߃˛t^mIvtemdnkw˛
]bp‡ t^mIvtem¿˛ t^mIvtemdn\p-h-cp∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w ˛\m-K-cnI
t^mIvtem¿˛
\h t^mIvtem¿.
bqWn‰v 3 hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hmsamgn ]mc-ºcyw ˛N-cnXw ˛kz-`mhw ˛tI-c-f-Ønse hmsamgn hg-°-߃˛
]pcm-hrØw ,sFXnlyw ,\m-tSmSn ^enXw , A\p- -h-I-Y-Iƒ ,I-S-¶Y ,]-g-s©m√v,
31
\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ,I-Ym-Km-\-߬ , A\p-jvTm\w ,BNmcw ,\mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ ,\m-tSmSn BtLm-j-
߃, kmwkv°m-cn-tIm-]m-Zm-\-߃, D]-I-c-W-߃ , \m-tSmSn aXw , a¥-hmZw , hnizm-k-߃
XpS-ßn-bh
bqWn‰v 4 tIc-f-Ønse ]I-S-\-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw
tIc-fob Ie-Iƒ ˛]-I-S-\-kz-`mhw ˛km-am-\ymhtemI\w ˛ tKmX-h¿§ Ie , \mS≥ Ie,
¢mknIv Ie ,P\-Io-b-Ie Ch-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ A`n-\b Ie-Iƒ˛ A`ymk Ie-Iƒ
˛cwK Ie-Iƒ˛h¿§o-I-cWw˛ hni-I-e\w ˛ A\p-jvTm\cwK Ie-Iƒ˛sXøw, Xnd, apSn-tb‰v , ]S-
b-Wn, Imfn-bq-´v,`mc-X-°fn , apX-em-bh ˛ A\p-jvTmt\Xc \mS-I-߃ ˛Nm-en-b-s∏m-dm´v ,ko-X-
Ifn ,ko-X-°-fn, s]mdm´v \mSIw tXm¬∏m-h-°qØv ,Im-°-c»n \mSIw , Nhn-´p-\m-SIw apX-em-
bh ˛ B´-cq-]-߃˛apSn-bm´w , tNmSp-I-fn, \mtSm-Sn-\rØw , BZn-hmkn \rØ-߃ ,a-
∂m≥IqØv , KmaoW \rØ-߃
bqWn‰v 5 tIc-fob ¢mknIv Ie-Ifpw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]-ßfpw.
IqØv , IqSn-bm´w , IrjvW-\m´w , cma-\m´w , IY-Ifn , Xp≈¬ , ]mTIw XpS-ßn-bh
.Npa¿®nXIe , hmkvXp-inev]w , tkm]m-\-kw-KoXw , IY-Ifn kwKoXw , tamln-\n-bm´w ,
ssI-sIm-´n-°fn , tIm¬°fn , kwKoX \mSIw , am∏n-f-∏m´v , IWym¿I-fn, ]cn-N-ap-´p-Ifn XpS-
ßn-bh ˛ taf-I-e-Iƒ ˛]-©mcn tafw , ]©-hmZyw
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. t^mIvtem¿˛ cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
2. t^mIvtem¿˛k¶-ev]-ßfpw kt¶-X-ßfpw ˛ cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv.
3. t^mIvtemdn\v Hcp ]T-\-]-≤Xn ˛cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv.
4. tIcf t^mIvtem¿ ˛ cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv.
5. sXøhpw tXm‰w ]m´pw ˛ cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv.
6. t^mIvtemdpw ae-bm-f-\m-S-Ihpw ˛ tUm.F¬. tXmakv Ip´n
7. t^mIvtem¿, P\pv , kn≤m¥w , cmjvSobw ˛ tUm.-sI. Fw. A\n¬.
8. t^mIvtem¿ \nL- p ˛ tUm. Fw .hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn.
9. \mtSmSn hn⁄m-]-\-Øn\v Hcp apJ-hpc ˛ tUm. Fw .hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn.
10. \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw .hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn.
11. am¥n-I-hn-Zybpw a¥-hm-Z-∏m-´p-Ifpw ˛ tUm. Fw .hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn.
32
12. tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm. F.sI \ºym¿.
13. \mtSmSn Zriy-I-em-kq-NnI ˛ tIc-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-SI A°m-Z-an.
14. \h-\m-´-c-ßn\v Hcm-´-]-Imcw ˛ tUm.F¬. tXmakv Ip´n.
15. B´-°-Ym-km-lnXyw ˛ s]m^. Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ.
16. IY-Ifn hn⁄m-\-tImiw ˛ s]m^. Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ.
17. am∏nf t^mIvtem¿ ˛ s]m^. _n.ap-l-ΩZv Al-ΩZv .
18. ]I-S-\-Km-\-ß-fpsS BJym-\-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw ˛ tUm.F≥.A\n¬ Ipam¿
19. ae-bm-f-apZ ˛ hn. Iem-[-c≥.
20. tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS \m´-dnhv ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv
21. s]mdm´p \mS-Ihpw a‰pw ˛ Pn .`m¿§-h≥ ]n≈ .
22. apSn-tb‰v ˛ NpΩm¿ Nq- ¬
23. IdpØ Ie-Iƒ ˛ NpΩm¿ Nq- ¬.
24. tIcfkwKoXw ˛ tIcf `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v .
25. tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I߃. ˛tUm. Fkv. sI . \mb¿.
26. Interpriting Folklore – Alan Dundus.
27. Folklore and Folklife – Richard M Dorson
28. Folklore around the world – (Pub ) Newyork Kennikal Press
29. FolkPlays And Dances of kerala . M.D. Raghavan
30. Current Trends in Folklore – Jawaharlal Handoo.
33
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 3
Kth-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw
tIm¿ tImgvkv 9 (MAL3C09)
sIUn-‰v-˛4
]T\ e£y-߃
1. hn⁄m-\m-t\-jz-W-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ A`n-cpNn hf¿Øp-I.
2. hn⁄m\ \n¿ΩnXn-bnepw Nn¥m-hy-h-lm-c-Ønepw Ahsc ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-I
kbp‡nI Nn¥m-]-≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI
3. Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
4. Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ [mc-W-bp-- -m°p-I.
5. Kth-j-W coXn-imkvXw Ah-ew-_n®p Kth-j-W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈
]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w e`y-am-°pI
6. hn-tij ]T-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI
7. kaql ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°v D]-bp-‡-amIpw hn[w KthW taJe Imcy-£-a-am-tI-- -Xns‚
]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I.
8. `mj. kmln-Xyw. Ie, \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o-bw,-]p-cm-hkvXp hn⁄m-\o-bw,
l-kvX-en-JnX hn⁄m-\o-bw ]T-\-ta-J-e, en]n hn⁄m-\o-bw XpS-ßnb ssh⁄m-\nI
taJe-I-fn¬ Kth-jWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v hntij ]cn-io-e\w e`y-am-°pI
9. ]_‘ cN-\-bn¬ ]tbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m\w e`y-am-°pI
bqWn‰v H∂v
1. Kth-jWw
* ]Z-\n-jv]Øn, \n¿h-N\w , e£yw
34
2. ⁄m\hpw hn⁄m\hpw ˛ hn⁄m\ \n¿∆N\w
3. kn≤m-¥-h-Xv°-cWw
4. Kth-jW kqXw
5. hn⁄m\ hn`m-K-߃
* ip≤ hn⁄m\hpw ]mtbm-KnI hn⁄m-\hpw , ]IrXn hn⁄m-\hpw kmaq-
lnI hn⁄m-\hpw, bm-Ym-XYnI hn⁄m-\hpw am\-InI hn⁄m-\hpw,
am-\-hnI hn⁄m-\hpw imkvXhpw , Aim-kvXob kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ
6. Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ]tbmP-\hpw ]cnan-Xn-Ifpw
7. Kth-j-I\pw Kth-j-WØn\pw D- m-bn-cn-t°- KpW߃
bqWn‰v c- v
1. Kth-j-W-Øns‚ L´-߃
* hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°epw ka-I-c-Whpw, Kth-j-W- cq]-I-ev]\ ,
]q¿h ]T-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
2. ZØ tiJ-cWw (data collection)
Kth-j-I\pw Bth-Z-I\p, aWvU-ehrØn (field work), A`n-apJw ˛
hnhn[A`n-apJcoXn-Iƒ, kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS ]tbmKw
3. h¿Ko-I-c-Ww ˛ hnhn[ h¿Ko-I-c-W coXn-Iƒ
4. hyh-ÿo-I-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, kmt¶XnI ]≤Xn ,bp‡y-[n-jvTnX ]≤Xn
5. ]cn-I-ev]\ (Hypothesis)
F¥mWv ]cn-I-ev]\˛ imkvXnb ]cn-I-ev]\Iƒ°v D- m-bn-cn-t°- KpW-߃ ,
\n¿Æm-bI ]co-£Ww , ]cn-I-ev]\bpsS km[pX
bqWn‰v aq∂v
1. A]-K-Y\ coXn-Iƒ
* BK-a\w˛ \mep-L-´-߃, BK-a-\-tZm-j-߃
* \nK-a\w ˛\nK-a\hpw X¿°-imkvX hn[n-Ifpw, \nK-a\tZmj-߃
* BK-a\ \nK-a\߃ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
2. \nco-£-Whpw ]co-£Whpw
* \nco-£-Whpw \nco-£-WtZmj-ßfpw
* ]co-j-Whpw ]co-j-WØn\p≈ ta∑-Ifpw
3. \n¿h-N\w
* Pm-Xn,- D-]-PmXn, Ah-t—ZIw
* \n¿h-N\ \nb-a-߃
* \n¿h-N\ `mj
* \n¿h-N\t`Z-߃
4. X¿°-im-kvXm-h-ew-_-߃ ˛ Xm¿°n-I-⁄m-\hpw Kth-j-Whpw
* `mc-Xob X¿°-im-kvX ]am-W-߃
35
jUvZ¿i-\-߃ , kqX kz`mhw ,A\p-_-‘-N-Xp-jvSbw
* Imc-Whpw Imcyhpw
ImcW \n¿h-N\w , Imc-W -_-lp-Xz-kn-≤m¥w ,`mh-`mh kml-N-cy-߃,
Imc-W- Imcy_‘-Øns‚ ]k‡n
* ]Zm¿∞ hn`P\w
Zhyw, KpWw , I¿Ωw , kmam\yw ,hntijw ,ka-hmbw , A`mhw
* ]am-W-߃
]Xy£w , A\p-am\w , D]-am\w , i_vZw.
bqWn‰v \mev
kmlnXy Kth-j-Whpw `mjm-K-th-j-Whpw
1. kmlnXy Kth-j-Ww
_mly Kth-j-Ww, B`y-¥c Kth-j-Ww, Xmc-Xay kmln-Xy-]-T\w, ]mT hna¿i\w ˛
aqe-]mT ]p\x-krjvSn ,\nK-a-\hpw aqey-\n¿Æ-b-\hpw, kwkvIm-c-]-T\ taJ-e-Iƒ
2. `mj Kth-j-Ww
]T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ, kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ hnh-c-Wm-flIw ˛ BK-anIw ˛ hyXn-tc-Im-flIw˛
LS-\m-flIw
3. CXc hn⁄m\ imJ-Iƒ°p≈ ]k‡n
4. `mjm Kth-j-WsØ kw_-‘n® ]k‡ XØz߃
bqWn‰v A©v
]_‘ cN\
1. BIm-cW kma-Kn-Iƒ hmbn®p ]_-‘-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ sXøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w
Im¿Up kº-Zmbw , ^b¬ kº-Zmbw
2. ]_-‘-Øns‚ LS\ --˛ Dt]m-XvLmXw, ]_‘ icocw, D]-kw-lmcw
3. ]_‘ `mj-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
4.- ]-cm-a¿ihpw D≤-c-Whpw ˛ FgpØnse Nn”\߃, ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ,
KŸkqNn, Npcp-s°-gpØp cp]-ßfpw kpN-I-]-Z-ßfpw
5. A\p-_‘w ˛ NnX-߃ ˛ ]´n-I-Iƒ˛ a‰p tcJ-Iƒ
6. ae-bmf `mjm-km-ln-Xy Kth-jW NcnXw
Kth-jW ÿm]-\-߃ ˛ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw kzX-¥hpw, ]apJ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ,
it≤b-cmb Kth-j-I¿ , Kth-jW ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ KŸ-߃ hni-Z-]-T\Øn\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂p
1. " Kth-j-W ]≤-Xn,' tUm.-sI.-Fw.-]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw,ipI-]pcw
2. "kmlnXy Kth-j-WWw, ]_‘ cN-\-bpsS XØz-߃,"tUm.-Nm-Ø\mØv
ANyp-X-\p-Æn, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw, ipI-]pcw
36
3. "Kth-j-W-co-Xn-im-kvXw," tUm.-\-Sp-h´w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
IqSp-X¬ hmb-\°v
1. " Kth-j-W ]th-inI' -˛ tUm.-Fw.-hn.-hn-jvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn, tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
2. "Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ]iv\-߃' ˛ kºm.sI them-bp-[≥]n≈,
cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,1976
3. "ae-bm-f-ssien'˛ Ip´n-°r-jvW-am-cm¿, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]-Im-i\w
4. "`mc-Xnb X¿°-im-km-Xw' ˛ C..-sF.-hm-cn-b¿, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
5. "X¿°-im-kvXw'-˛ kp -Zm-tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
6. ‘The art of Literary research,’ Altie,Richard,D.W.W. Norton & Company,
Newyork
7. ‘Research methodology,’ Kothari,C.R. Wilcy Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi.
8. “Knowledge for development” Oxford University press, Newyork
9. ‘Elements of Scientific method’, Kaul, B.N Suthan chand &sons, Newdelhi.
10. “Research methodology in Social Sciences” Devendra Thakur, Deep & Deep
Publication, Newdelhi.
37
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 3
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv 10 FgpØ—≥ (MAL 3 E 10(a))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn-\p-tijw tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ cmjvSo-b-cwKØpw kaq-
lØnepw D- mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ hym]m-cm-`n-hr-≤n-bn-epsS tIc-f-Øn-\p-- mb `uXnI
]ptcm-KXn ˛ kXyw, [¿Ωw, \oXn F∂n-h-bn¬\n-∂p-- mb hyXn-N-e\w˛ ka-Im-eo\km-ln-Xy-
Øn-ep-- mb ChbpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-߃˛Fgp-Ø-—\pap≥]pw At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-L-´-Ønepw
ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-- m-bn-cp∂ kmln-Xy-k-c-Wn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ˛ kmln-Xy-]p-tcm-
K-Xn-°mbn CXn-hrØ kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw Imhy`m-j-bnepw Fgp-Ø-—≥ hcp-Ønb ]cn-jvIr-Xn-
Iƒ˛
ae-bm-f-Ønse `‡n-]-ÿm\w ˛ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ `‡n ˛ `‡n°pw ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw Infn-∏m-´n-
ep≈ ÿm\w ˛FgpØ-—s‚ BJym-\-Ie ˛ tIc-f-`m-j-Km-\-ß-fmb Xp©s‚ Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ°v
aqe-Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w (]k-‡-amb `mK-߃ aqe-Ir-Xn-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ BJym-\-kz-`mhw Kln-°Ww) ˛ Xp©≥Ir-Xn-I-fnse kaq-lw˛Xp©s‚ Infn-∏m-
´p-Iƒ°v ka-Im-en-Ihpw ]q¿h-Im-en-I-hp-amb IrXn-I-tfm-Sp≈ IS-∏m-Sv˛ Fgp-Ø-—s‚
kzm[o\w ]nev°m-e-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ Infn-∏m-´v]-ÿm-\Øn\v ]nev°m-e-Øp-- mb A]-
Nbw ˛ Xp©≥Ir-Xn-I-fpsS C∂sØ ]k-‡n. C∏-d™ Imcy-߃s°√mw ÿm\w \evIn-
bp≈ ]T-\-amWv e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv.
]mTy`mK-߃
bq\n‰v H∂v
`‡n ˛ kaq-l-Ønepw kmln-Xy-Øn-epw. cma-`‡n ˛ ssi-h-ssh-jvWh `‡n, i‡yp-]m-
k\ ˛ `‡n-bpsS hym]\w ˛ `‡nbpw ⁄m\hpw tam£-hpw.
bq\n‰v c- v
38
Io¿Ø-\-km-lnXyw ˛ lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø\w
bq\n‰v aq∂v
Infn-∏m-´p-km-lnXyw˛A-≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Atbm≤ym-ImWvUw
bq\n‰v \mev
Infn-∏m-´p-km-lnXyw ˛ alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m´v I¿Æ]¿∆w ˛ -aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-
ay]-T\w
bq\n‰v A©v
Infn-∏m-´p-km-lnXyw˛ alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m´v˛ im¥n ]¿∆w-˛-aq-e-Ir-Xn-bpam-bp≈ Xmc-X-
ay]-T\w
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
1. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw Hcp ]T\w ˛ tUm.-sI.-F≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥
2., kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-epsS ˛ FUn.-sI.-Fw.-tPm¿÷v
3. Xp©sØ-gpØ—≥ ˛ kmln-Xy-]-©m-\≥ ]n.-sI.- \m-cm-b-W-]n≈
4. Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]T-\-߃ ˛ tUm.-Fw.- Ir-jvW≥ \ºq-Xncn
5. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Ie ˛ ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥
6. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy- NcnXw ˛ D≈q¿
7. Fgp-Ø-—≥ (sX-c-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃) ˛ F≥.- Ir-jvW-]n≈
8. Xp©≥ ]_-‘-߃ ˛ tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan
9. ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw- e°w 10 ˛ ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-ime
10. cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬\n∂p alm-`m-c-X-Øn-te°v ˛ Fw.- Fw. ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥ \mb¿
11. Xp©-sØ-gpØ—s‚ alm-`m-cXw kwtim-[nX kwkv°-cWw ˛ ]n.-Fw. hnP-b-∏≥
Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»p¿
12. Infn-∏m´v ˛ tUm. F≥.-ap-I-µ≥
13. Ezhuthachan and His Age – Chelanat Achutha Menon
14. Fgp-Ø-—\pw Imehpw (]-cn-`mj) ˛ tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn
15. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ `‡n-bpw- Z¿i-\hpw ˛ tUm.-]n.-Dj
39
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ: 3.
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv 10 Ip©≥ \ºym¿ MAL 3 E 10 (b)
sIUn-‰v-˛4
bqWn‰v: H∂v: 18˛ ï w \q‰m-- nse tIc-fob kaq-lw-˛-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ cmjvSo-b,-km-aq-ln-I,-
kmw-kvIm-cnI ÿnXnKXnIƒ ˛ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-\m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ]X-\w˛kwkvIm-cnI
\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏p-Iƒ. tIc-f-Ønse ¢mnIv Ie-Iƒ: IqØv,-Iq-Sn-bm-´w,-
I-Y-I-fn,-\m-S≥I-e-Iƒ, ]S-b-Wn,-Xp-≈¬,- tI-c-fo-b-kw-KoX ]mc-º-cyw, tI-c-fo-b-kw-KoXØns‚
ssIh-gn-Iƒ,-Ip-©≥ \ºy-mcpsS kwKo-X-t_m-[w, imkvXo-b-kw-Ko-Xw,-\m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-co-Xn,
Xp≈¬ ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ DZ-b-hn-Im-k-߃ aq∂p Xcw Xp≈-ep-Iƒ (Hm-´≥,-]-d-b≥, ioX-¶≥),
Xp≈¬ IrXn-I-fnse hrØ-߃, cmK-߃,-Xm-f-߃,-hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-߃,-ssi-en-Iƒ,-]-
gs©m√p-Iƒ,-Xp-≈¬km-ln-XyØns‚ hni-Zhpw, ka-K-hp-amb ]T-\-Øn-\p≈ `qanI F∂ \ne-
bn¬ hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnh-c-߃ C°m-cy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-bn-cn-
°Ww
bqWn‰v: c- v: Xp≈¬ IrXn-I-fnse ]ta-b-߃-˛-km-aq-ln-I-hpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw,-cm-jvSo-
b-hp-amb Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ˛ CXn-lm-k˛ ]ucm-Wn-Im¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v ka-Im-en-\m-¥-co-£-
Øn-tebv°pw, kmam-\y-Po-hn-X-]-cnX: ÿnXn-I-fn-te-bv°p-ap≈ KXn-am-‰w,-C-Xn-lm-k-˛-]p-c-W-I-Ym-
]m-X-ß-fpsS tIc-fo-bm-¥-co-£-Øn-te-bv°p≈ IqSp-am-‰w,-Ip-©≥ \ºym-cpsSBJym-\-I-e-bpsS
A¥x-k-Øsb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ X\Xp BJym-\-]m-c-º-cy-hp-ambn ka-c-k-s∏-SpØn Nn¥n-°-¬˛
BJym-\-Ønse ]pØ≥ Is- -Ø-ep-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v: cpIvanWn kzbw-h-cw,- Hm-´≥Xp-≈¬
40
(Ip-©≥\-ºym-cpsS Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛]pdw 234)
bqWn‰v: aq∂v: Ip©≥\ºym-cpsS Pohn-X-ho-£Ww ˛ Xp≈¬ IrXn-I-fn¬ \ºym¿ Bhn-jv°-
cn® ^enX ]cn-lm-k-߃ ˛ Bt£-]-lm-ky-X-e-Øn-te-s°Øp∂ kmaqly hna¿i-\w˛ tIc-
fob ¢mn-°¬ Ie-I-fmb IqØv,-Iq-Sn-bm´w F∂n-h-tbmSpw a[y-Ime Nºp-°-tfmSpw
Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ IS-∏m-Sv˛ kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ˛ \ºym¿
IrXn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-X-am-Ip∂ tIc-fo-bX.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v: KW-]Xn ]mX¬.-io-X-¶¬ Xp≈¬
(Xp-≈-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. ]pdw.870)
bqWn‰v: \mev: Ip©≥\ºym-cpsS Imhym-h-t_m-[w,-Im-hy-k-¶-ev]w˛ kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[w˛ kmaq-
ln-I-\-hn-I-c-W-Øn-∂m-bp≈ ]b-Xv\-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\w- Xp-≈¬ Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ˛ Xp-≈¬ Ir-Xn-
I-fn¬ ]Xn-^-enX-am-Ip∂ tIc-fob kaq-lw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v: ]m©m-eo-kz-bw-h-cw,- ]-d-b≥ Xp≈¬(Xp-≈-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. ]pdw. 1105)
bqWn‰v: A©v: Ip©≥\ºym-cpsS hy‡n Pohn-Xw-˛-In-≈n-°p-dp»n awK-eØp \n∂v Aº-e-∏p-g-
bn-te°v ˛ Aº-e-∏p-g-bnse PohnX ]›m-Øew ˛ \ºym-cp-am-bn-_-‘-s∏´v ]N-cn-®n-´p≈
sFXn-ly-߬ ˛ \ºym-cpsS Ih\ ssien-bnse Akm-[m-c-WXzw ˛ \ºym-¿ IrXn-I-fnse
`mjm-]-c-amb sshhn-[y-߃ ˛ cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z\pw Ip©≥\ºym-cpw ˛ `n∂m-`n-]mb \nco-£-W-
߃ ˛ hkvXp-X-I-fpw,-X¿°ßfpw ˛ Xp≈¬ IrXn-Iƒ°v ]pdsa Ip©≥\ºym-¿ cNn® a‰p-Ir-
Xn-Iƒ ˛ Xp≈¬°Y-Iƒ ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn¬.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
(1) io IrjvW-N-cnXw aWn-]-hmfw
(k¿§w.7 BZysØ 50 t«mIw)
(2) \f-N-cnXw Infn-∏m v ˛ aq∂mw-`mKw
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃ :
41
(1) Ip©≥\ºym-¿ ˛ hm°pw kaq-lhpw ˛ tUm: sI.-F≥.-KtWiv
(2) Ip©≥\ºym-cpw At±-l-Øns‚ Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-I-fpw, tUm : hn.-F-kv. i¿Ω
(3) Xp≈¬ Hcp ]T\w ˛ tUm : hn.-F-kv. i¿Ω
(4) \ºymcpw Xp≈¬ kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Ghq¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥
(5) kmlnXy NcnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-sS. FUn: tUm:sI.-Fw.-tPm¿÷v
(6) Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.-sI.-c-ho-µ\mYv
(7) \ºymcpw Xp≈epIfpw ˛ Ip∏-°m´v \mcmb-W-ta-t\m≥
(8) tIcf kmlnXy Ncn-Xw ˛ Vol:3. D≈q¿
(9) ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥.Ir-jvW-]n≈
(10) Xp≈¬ ]ÿm\w ˛ kwkvIm-c-tI-Zmcw ˛ Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿
(11) kmln-Xyhpw lmky-c-khpw ˛ kmln-Xy-Øp-en-I(-c-- mw-`m-Kw)-h-S-°qw-Iq¿
(12) ae-bmf IhnXmkmln-Xy-NcnXw ˛ tUm:Fw.-eo-em-hXn
(13) hm°pw kaq-lhpw ˛ C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
(14) tIc-f-`mj Km\-߃ ˛ Nndbv°¬ Sn.-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿
(15) tIc-f-`mj Km\-߃ ˛ kºm:˛ s]m^:B\-µ-°p-´≥ \mb¿
(16) hS°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛ kºm: Fw.-kn.-A-∏pÆn \mb¿
(17) hS°≥ ]m´p-IfpsS ]Wn-bme ˛ tUm: Fw.-B¿.-cm-Lh hmcn-b¿
(18) ]tS\n ˛ IS-Ω-\n´ hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈
(19) hrØ-a-RvPcn ˛ G.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
42
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 3
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv B´-°Y (MAL3 E 10(c))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
kmlnXy]ÿm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ B´-°Ym-Im-hy-ß-fpsS kuµ-cy-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-XIƒ,
ae-bm-f-ImhykmlnXyØn¬ B´-°YIfpsS kw`m-h-\,- I-Y-I-fn-km-lnXyw F∂ \ne-bn¬
B´-°YIfpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, B´-°Ybp-tSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-tSbpw cq]s∏Sepw Ncn-Xhpw
hnIm-k-hpw, A`n\-b-km-ln-Xyw, kwKo-Xkm-ln-Xyw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ B´-°YIfpsS kmln-
tXy-Xc ]m-[m-\y-߃, IY-I-fn-bpsS kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, tIc-f-Ønse imkvXo-b-I-e-I-fn¬ IY-
I-fn-bpsS ÿm\w F∂o hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®p hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Kl-\-amb ⁄m\w e`y-
am-°p-I, IY-fn-bn¬ Kth-j-Wm-`n-apJyw hf¿Øp-I, F∂nh B tImgvkv e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v \n¿±-in-®n- p≈ B´-°YIfpsS Ah-XcW ߃
t\cn¬°- v cwKm-h-X-c-W-hp-ambn tN¿Øp ]Tn-t°-- -Xm-Wv. kmln-Xy-kw-_-‘-ambpw
Acßpkw-_-‘-ambpw tNmZy-߃ D- m-bn-cn-°pw. kmlnXy kw-_-‘-amb tNmZy-߃ hni-Z-]-
T-\-Øn\p \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈]mTy-`m-K-ßse Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. IY-I-fn-I- pw Iem-Im-c-
∑m-cp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Ønbpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw Assk≥sa‚p-Ifpw Xøm-dm-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
bqWn-‰v-˛1
tIc-fØnse kar-≤-amb \mtSm-Sn-°-em-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ \mtSm-SnscK-I-e-Iƒ-˛-km-am-\y-]-cn-N-
bw(-sX-øw, apSn-tb-‰v, ]S-b-Wn, Xnøm-´v, tXm¬∏m-h-°q-Øv)-˛-im-kvXo-b-I-e-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw
khn-tj-X-I-fpw-˛-Ip-Sn-bm-´w, \ßym¿°q-Øv,-°q-Øv,-Ir-jn-W-\m-´w, cma-\m-´w, AjvS-]-Zn-bm-´w,
tamln-\n-bm-´w,-Xp-≈¬, tkm]m-\-kw-Ko-Xw,-I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-Xw,-ta-f-Ie (]-©-cn,-]m-- n, ]©-hm-
Zyw,-Xm-b-º-I), Npa¿®n-X-Ie F∂o imkvXo-b-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-[m-c-W˛ imkvXo-b-I-
eIƒ,- ¢m-kn-°¬I-e-Iƒ t£X-I-e-Iƒ F∂o hnebncp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS ]k-‡n-˛-Ip-Sn-bm´w,
IrjvW\m-´w, cma-\m-´w,-F-∂o-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ°p IY-I-fn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w˛IY-I-fn-cp]-s∏-Sp∂
kml-N-cyw˛ IY-I-fn-˛-bpsS kuµ-cy-im-kvXw-˛-`m-c-Xob Iem-Nn-¥-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-
߃˛Xucy-XnIw˛
\rØw, \rXyw, \mSyw-˛-N-Xp¿hn-[m-`n-\-bw-˛-]-Zm-`n-\-bw,-]-Zm¿Ym-`n-\-bw,-hmIy¿Ym-`n-\bw IY-I-fn-
bnse A`n-\-bw-˛-I-Ym-]m-X-ßfpw thj-ß-fpw˛ IY-I--fp-bnse \rØw˛ IY-I-fn--kw-Ko-Xw˛ IY-I-
fntafw˛ tX∏v,-ap-J-sØ-gp-Øp, Np´n, intcm-e-¶m-c-߃, Na-b-߃-˛-A-c-ßp-˛-N-S-ßp-Iƒ(-tI-fn-sIm-
´p,-tXm-S-bw,-]p-d]mSp, \ne-∏-Zw, tafw Xnc-t\m-´w,-[-\m-in), kt¶-X-߃(-sNm-√n-bm-´w, Cf-In-bm-´w,
Xt‚-Sm-´w, Iem-j-߃)hnh[ kº-Zm-bßfpw ]cn-jn-Im-c-Mn-M-epw, sh´-Øn, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥,
43
Iπn-ßm-S≥, I√p-h-gn, Iem-a-WvU-ew˛ IY-I-fn-bpsS P\-Io-b-h¬°-c-Ww. BZy-Ime B´-°-Y-
Ifpw Ac-ß-I-fpw˛ A´°Ym cN-e-bnepw IY-I-fn-bnepw sIm´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cms‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mTy-`mKw: _men-h[w ˛ sIm´m-c-°c Xºp-cm≥
bqWn-‰v- 2
IY-I-fn-bn¬ tIm´-bØp Xº-cm≥ hcp-Ønb ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ tIm´bw
IY-I-ƒ°p e`n® P\-]o-Xn-bp-tSbpw AwKo-Im-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-߃ ˛tIm-´bw IY-I-fpsS
cwKm-hn-jvIm-cw, kmln-Xy-`w-Kn, ck-k-∂n-th-iw, ]mX-krjvSn, A`n-\-b-tbm-KyX F∂nh hniZ-
]-T-\-Øn\pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\pw hnt[-b-am-°p-I.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mTy-`mKw: \nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w ˛ tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥
bqWn-‰v- 3
IY-Ifn kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ac-ßn\pw DÆm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS kw`m-h-\. \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-
bpsS cwKmhn-jvIm-cw, kmln-Xy-`w-Kn, ck-k-∂n-th-iw, ]mX-kr-jvSn, A`n-\btbmKyX, ]Nmcw
F∂nh hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°pI
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mTy-`mKw: \f-N-cnXw \memw-Zn-hkw ˛ DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿
bqWn-‰v- 4
Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ F∂n-h-cpsS B´-°YI-fpsS
]tXy-I-X-Ifpw IY-I-fn-bpsS hf¿®-bnepw ]Nm-c-Ønepw Ah sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w ˛ Cc-bn-
Ω≥ XºnbpsS B´-°-Y-I-fpsS cwKm-hn-jvIm-cw, kmln-Xy-`w-Kn, ck-k-∂n-th-iw, ]mX-kr-jvSn,
A`n-\-b-tbm-Ky-X, ]Nmcw F∂nh hniZ-]-T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°pI
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mTy-`mKw: DØ-cm-kz-bw-hcw (D-Ø-c-`mKw ˛ " AXm-¥tc Ine hncm-S-]-
tX-kvX-\q-Pm.." F∂ t«mIw apX¬ KŸm-h-km\w hsc) ˛ Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn
bqWn-‰v- 5
]sØm-ºXv, Ccp-]Xv \q‰m-- p-I-fn¬ IY-J-fn-°p-- mb hf¿®bpw ]Nm-chpw ˛ tIc-f-I-
em-a-WvU-ew, ]n.-F-kv.hn \mSy-kw-Lw, tIm´-ج, am¿§n, Iem-\n-ebw XpS-ßnb If-cn-Iƒ IY-
I-fn-bn¬ hcp-Ønb \ho\ `mhp-IXzw ˛ cwKm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ ]g-b-Nn-´-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hyXn-
bm\w ˛ `mh-Im-hy-k-Zr-i-amb IY-I-tfm-Sp≈ B`n-apJyw ˛ emfnXyw ˛ kwKo-Xm-`n-apJyw ˛ apJ-
sØ-gp-Ønepw Na-b-ß-fnepw hcp-Ønb ]cn-jvIm
c߃ ˛ ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXn-cn-‡-ß-fmb IY-Ifpw a‰pw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ia-
߃ ˛ IY-Ifn IpSp-X¬ P\-Io.hpw km¿h-tZ-io-b-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ IY-Ifnbc-
ßnepw IY-Ifn kmln-Xy-Ønepw kw -hn-®p-sIm-- n-cn-°p∂ ka-Im-e-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw hna¿i-\-
ßfpw Ifn-tbm-K-ß-epsS kzm[o-\hpw CS-s]-Sepw ˛ C∂p Ac-ßp-hm-gp∂ ][m\ B´-°Y-Iƒ
44
˛ \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, _I-h-[w. cn‹n-Wo-kz-bw-hcw, cmh-W-hn-P-bw, _men-hn-P-sb, Incm-Xw, IptN-
h-hr-Øw, eh-Wm-kp-c-h[w, cmh-tWm-¤-hw, kp -Km-l-c-Ww, tZh-bm-\o-kz-bw-h-cw, _mW-bp-
≤w. k¥m-\-tKm-]m-ew, cp‹mw-K-Z-X-cn-Xw, Zptcym-[-\-h-[w, I¿Æ-i-]-Yw F∂o-I-Y-I-fpsS Ac-
ßp-Iƒ t\cn¬°- p Ah-bpsS cN-\m-hn-ti-j-ßfpw Imhy-ku-µ-cyhpw Ac-ßn¬ ]bp‡am-
Ip-∂-sX-ßns\ F∂p ]Tn-°pI
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]mTy-`mK߃:˛
1. k¥m-\-tKm-]mew ( " Xo°pWvUw hn]pe Ign®p hn[n-ssJ-c·nw Pzen-∏n-®p-S≥" F∂
t«mIw XpSßn KŸm-h-km\w hsc) ˛ a- -h-∏n≈n Cc-´n-cm-cn-»-ta-t\m≥
2. _mW-bp≤w (" C∞w ]nbmfn ZrU-_-≤m-eIw XZ-\p. ….. Ö " F∂ ZfiIw XpSßn
"t]i-em-\t\ Im¨I. Im¥s\. ….. Ö " F∂ Nc-Wm-h-km\w hsc) ˛ _me-I-hn-cm-a-im-
kvXn-Iƒ
3. Zptcym-[-\-h[w (C∞w ihn®p ]c-am¿∞w \n\®p ]c. ….. Ö " F∂ ZfiIw XpS-ßn-"Ir-
jvW-\-߃ sNbvsXms°bpw am\n®p. ….. Ö " F∂ Nc-Wm-h-km\w hsc) ˛ hbkvIc
Bcy≥ \mcm-b-W≥ aqv.
4. XmS-Im-h[w (B-dv, Ggv, F´p cwK-߃) ˛ hn.-Ir-jvW≥ Xºn
5. IptN-h-hr-Øw(-[mXn \n¿÷-c-h-cy-\m-fl-a-ln-jn-ap-ss‡h bmXmw \nPw. ….. Ö " F∂
t«mIw XpSßn “aXn-apJn aa \mtY. ….. Ö " F∂ Nc-Wm-e-kmew hsc) ˛ apcn-ßq¿ i¶-
c≥t]m‰n
6. A¿÷\ hnjm-Z-hrØw ( aq∂p,-\m-ep, A©p cwK-߃) ˛ ]n.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥ (]kn-≤n-I-
cWw ˛ hmtg-¶S Ip©p-\m-b¿ kvamc-I-k-an-Xn, Imd¬a-Æ)
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. A`n-\-b-Z¿∏Ww ˛ tUm.-hn.-F-kv. i¿Ω.
2. AjvS-I-emiw ˛ Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ
3. B´-°Y As√-¶n¬ IY-Ifn ˛ ]n.-Ir-jvW-\m-b¿
4. B´-°Ym kmlnXyw ˛ Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ
5. IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥
6. IY-I-fn- ˛ ]n.-A∏p°p´≥ \mb¿
7. IY-I-fn- F∂ Ie ˛ sI.-F.-]n.-ta-t\m≥
8. IY-I-fn- hn⁄m-\-tImiw ˛ Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ
9. IY-I-fn-bm´-]-Imcw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥
10. IY-I-fn- thjw ˛ Iem. ]fl-\m-`≥\m-b¿
11. \mSy-imkvXw ˛ `c-X≥( hymJym-\w˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-bW ]njm-tcm-Sn)
12. ae-bm-f-apZ ˛ Zriy-imhy Ie-Iƒ ˛ hn.-I-em-[-c≥
45
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 3
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv (MAL3 E 11(a))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
ae-bmf \mSIw thZnbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ae-bmf\mSIthZnbptSbpw kmln-XyØnt‚bpw DZ-b-hn-Im-k-ß-fmWv ChnsS ]Tn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv. tIc-fØnse cwK-I-e-Isf°pdn®pw \mtSmSn \mS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-tijw
tIc-f-Ønse ]apJ \mS-I-]-ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p.
kwKo-X-\m-SI ]ÿm-\w, ]iv\ \mS-I-߃, tkmt±iy \mS-I-߃, ]co-£W \mS-I-߃,
X\Xv \mS-I-߃, ka-Im-en-I-\m-S-I-߃ XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcpw.
hni-Z-]-T\w
bqWn-‰v-˛1
Im°m-cn»n \mS-Iw-˛-cm-Pm-hm-cy¿(-F.-Un)
apSntb‰v ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥
Imd¬am≥N-cnXw ˛ Nhn´p \mSIw
bqWn-‰v-˛2
kZm-cma ˛ sI.-kn.-tI-i-h-]n≈
]m°-\m¿ NcnXw ˛ hnZzm≥ ]n. tIfp-\m-b¿
_n.-G.-am-bmhn ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈
bqWn-‰v-˛3
`·- -h\w ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
kaXzhmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈
sXmgn¬ tIµ-Øn-tebv°v ˛ (Hcp kwLw)
1128-˛¬ ssIw 27 ˛ kn.-sP.-tXm-a-kv.
bqWn-‰v-˛4
\nß-sfs∂ IΩyq-Wn-Ãm°n ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn
\o a\p-jys\ sIm√-cpXv ˛ Fw.-tKm-hn-µ≥
tImkv s_¬‰v ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈
46
tkmI-´okv ˛ ]n.-sP-.B‚Wn
krjvSn ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv
IdpØ ssZh-sØ-tØSn ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
Ah-\-h≥I-Sº ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿
IpSp° ˛ ]n.-Fw.-XmPv
bqWn-‰v-˛5
c‡-_en ˛ Sn.-Fw.-F-_lmw
kw`m-j-W-߃°n-S-bn¬ Ah-\pw-A-hfpw ˛k-Xojv sI.-k-Xojv
acw-s]-øp∂p ˛ F.-im-¥-Ip-am¿
Nne-t∏mƒaoc Nne-t∏mƒ kaoc ˛ d^o°v awK-e-t»cn
Ieym-W-kmcn ˛ ioP
krjvSn ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv
Ien ˛ kn.-F≥.-ioIWvT≥ \mb¿
IdpØ ssZh-sØ-tØSn ˛ Pn.-i ¶c-∏n≈
Ah-\-h≥I-Sº ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈ 2. ae-bmf \mSI kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
3. \mSIw IÆns‚ Ie ˛ Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥
4.- \m-SI Z¿i\w ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
5. \m-SI Ah-X-cWw ˛ F.-Un) Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
6. t^mt¢m¿ ˛ cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
7. tIcf t^mt¢m¿ ˛ (F.-Un) cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
8. tXm‰w ]m´v ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈
9. tIcf kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ D≈q¿
10. tIc-f-Ønse \tSmSn \mS-I-߃ ˛ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-\m-b¿
11. \mtSmSn Zriy-I-em-kq-NnI ˛ tIc-f-kw-KoX \mS-I-A-°m-Zan
12. B´-°Ym kmlnXyw ˛ Abva\w IrjvW-ss°-aƒ
13. aqSn-tb‰v ˛ kn.-B¿.-cm-P-tKm-]m¬
14. tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS \m´-dn-hv(-F√m e°-hpw) ˛ kn.-B¿.-cm-P-tKm-]m¬
47
15. Im°m-cn»n \mSIw ˛ (F.-Un) cmPm-h-cy¿
16. s]mdm´v \mSIw ˛ Pn.-`m¿§-h≥]n≈
17. sXcphp \mSIw ˛ F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv
18. cwK-`mj ˛ hb-em-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈
19. ]co-£-W-]-h-W-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-Øn¬ ˛ tUm.-F¬.-tXm-a-kvIp´n
20. \h-\m-´-c-ßn-s\m-cm-´-]-Imcw ˛ tUm.-F¬.-tXm-a-kvIp´n
21 \mS-I-i-_vZ-tImiw ˛ tUm.-Sn.-]-hn-X≥
22 World Theatre - Alladyee Nicoll
23 Folk Life - Richard M Doeson
24 The Theory of Modern stage - Eric Bently
25. History of Greek and Roman Theatre - Bicher Margerette
26. The Theatre through Ages - CleaverJames
27. Folk Plays and Dances of Kerala - M.D.Raghavan
28. Dictionary of Mythology.Legned and Folklore - Ed marial Leach
29. The Sanskrit Drama - A.B.Keith
30. Religion and theatre - M.L.Varad Pande
31. The Traditional Theatre of Kerala - Dr.C.Rajendran
32. Drama in Rural India - J.C.Mathur
48
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 3
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv 11 Imev]\nI IhnX (MAL3 E 11(b))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
Imev]-\nI Imhy-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn a\-n-em-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-
°Ww ]T\w \n¿h-ln-t°-- Xv. a[y-bp-K-ß-fn-sebpw \thm-∞m\ Zi-bn-tebpw \ntbm ¢mnIv
Ime-L-´-Øn-tebpw ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam-\y-kz-cp]w Kln-®-tijw sdmam‚n-kn-k-
Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw hy‡-ambn a\-n-em-°-Ww. Imev]-\nI]h-WX Fßs\ ae-bm-
f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p-sh∂pw AXns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-Zi Fßs\bmbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Adn-
™n-cn-°-Ww.
bq\n-‰v H∂v ˛ ]ÿm\ e£-W-߃
Imev]-\nIX F∂ at\m-`m-hw, Imev]-\nIXIƒ, ¢mn-kn-khpw sdmam‚n-kn-k-hpw,
sdmam‚nIv LS-I-߃, ]h-W-X-Iƒ, sdmam‚n-knkw Hcp ]ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
bq\n‰v c- v ˛ Imev]-\nIhnj-b-߃
Imev]-\nI kv]¿iw, t]aw ˛ ]Ir-Xn, Imev]-\nI-`m-h-߃, Imev]-\nIXbpw kaq-
lhpw, Imev]-\nI\c-Iw,- sdm-am‚nIv Hu´vsskU¿ (romantic outsider) -Ch-sb-∏‰n hni-Z-amb
]T\w
bq\n‰v aq∂v ˛ thUvkvh¿Øv,- tImƒdn-UvPv, sj√n,-Io‰vkv
Imev]-\nIhnπ-h-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-ew, thUvkvh¿Øns‚ Imhy-ssi-en,- Im-hy-\n¿h-N-\w,-
Im-hy-hn-j-bw, Imhy-`m-jbpw Kmao-W-`mjbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, tImƒdn-UvPv, Iev]-\bpw
`mh-\-bpw, P¿Ω≥ Zm¿i-\n-IcpsS kzm[o\w tImƒdn-UvPn¬,- ]m-Y-an-I-`m-h-\bpw ZznXob-`m-h-
\bpw, ]Xn- -sb-∏‰n tImƒdn-Uv-Pv , Im-hy-`m-j-sb-∏‰n tImƒdn-UvPns‚ A`n-]m-b-߃ ,
thUvkvh¿Øns‚ hmZ-߃°v tImƒdn-UvPns‚ adp-]-Sn, sj√n-bp-sSbpw Io‰vkn-s‚bpw Imhy-
Nn-¥-Iƒ, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS A]-N-bw.
bq\n‰v \mev ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse Imev]-\n-I-]-ÿm\w
49
ae-bm-f-Ønse \ntbm ¢mnIv IrXn-Iƒ , Imev]-\n-I-XbpsS ]mcw- -Z-i, sh◊-Wn-]-
ÿm-\w, ]®-a-e-bm-f-]-ÿm\w, Imev]-\n-I-XbpsS kmaq-ln-I-]-Xn^-e\w, \thm-∞m-\-]-ÿm-
\-߃, cmjvSo-b-]-ÿm-\-߃
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ae-bm-f-hn-emkw ˛F.-B¿ .cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω.
2. Hcp hnem]w ˛ hn.kn _me-Ir-jvW-]-Wn-°¿
Bim≥, h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿, F∂n-h-cpsS IhnX-I-fn¬ Imev]-\n-IXbpsS hf¿®
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
3. Imhy-Ie AYhm Ggm-an-µnbw ˛ Bim≥
4. I¿Ω-`q-an-bpsS ]n©p-Im¬ ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
5. A∂pw C∂pw ˛ D≈q¿
Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS ]pjvI-e-Zi CS-∏-≈n, Nß-ºp-g, ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
6. aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n
7. B]q-ame ˛ Nß-ºpg
8. \c-_en ˛ ]n.Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿.
bq\n‰v 5. \ho\ Ihn-X-bn¬ Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]\w
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. kqcy-Im¥n ˛Pn.
2. Aar-X-Ie ˛ ]mem
3. Ip¶p-a-]-`mXw ˛ CS-t»cn
4. sXßn≥ tXm∏n¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
5. Hm¿°pI h√t∏mgpw ˛ ]n.-`m-kvI-c≥
6. knwlm-k-\-Øn-te° ho- pw ˛ H.-F≥.hn
50
7. cmXn-ag ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
8. sIm®p-sXm-Ω≥ ˛ F≥.hn.Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. Preface to Lyrical Ballads – William Wordsworth
2. Biographia Literaric chapters IV,XII,XIV – S.T.Coleridge
3.A Defence of Poetry – P.B. Shelly
4.English Literary Criticism-The Medieval Phase-JWH Atkins
5.Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry &Poetics –Ed. Alex
Premimger (Mediwal Poetics, Renaissance Poetics, Neo- clinical Poetics)
6. The Mirroe and the Lamp – M.H.Abrams
7. The True Voice of faling - Herbert Reed.
8. The Romantic Imagination – C.M. Bpwra
9. Specilations – T.E.Hulme
10. Literary Criticism – A Short History – Wimsalt & Brooks
11. Imagination – Mary Warmock
12. The Declime and Fall of the Romantic Ideal – F.L.Luces
13.Romanticism (The Critical Idiem Series)- Liliam R.Furst
14. The Romantic Agony – Mario Praz
15. On the Discrimination of Romanticisms – Arthur O.Lovejpy
(see Abram’s `English Romantic Poet’s)
51
16.Imev]-\n-IX ˛ _n.-lr-Z-b-Ip-amcn Cw]n‚v _pIvkv, sIm√w
17. Cw•ojv Imev]-\n-IX I & II. Fw. Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yp´v
18. ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥ Id‚v _pIvkv,-Xr-iq¿
19. ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy- XØz-imkvXw ˛ sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥ SPIS tIm´bw
20. C∂-se-I-fnse At\z-jW ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥ DC Books
AS-bm-f-ap≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fnse D≈-S°w hnZy¿∞n-I¬ \∂mbn Kln-®n-cn-°Ww
52
Fw.-F.ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
aq∂mw ska-ÿ
tImgvkv 11 Ce-Œohv tImgvkv (MAL3E11(c))
tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬
C¥y≥ tZio-b-]-ÿm-\w _lp-ap-J-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn- p-- v. cm„ob-
˛kmw-kvIm-cnI cwKØpw kmlnXy cwKØpw AXns‚ kzm[o\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. tZio-b-]-
ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bmWv kzmX-¥y-t_m[w `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ kPo-h-am-b-Xv. CtXm-
sSm∏w PmXo-b-X-bvs°-Xn-cmbpw P∑n-Ø-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbpw P\-ßsf DZv_p-≤-cm-°m\pw Cu
]ÿm-\-Øn\v Ign-™p. C¥y≥ tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS `mc-X-Ønepw
hninjym tIc-f-Øn-epw D- m-bn- p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ tZiob
]ÿm\w sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\hpw a\-n-em-°m\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ tZi-kvt\-lhpw am\p-
jnI aqey-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øm\pw Cu tImgvkv e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 1. tZio-b-]-ÿm-\w ˛ kmam\y hnh-c-Ww.
C¥y≥ tZio-b-]-ÿm-\Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛_n´ojv B[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬ ˛ Cw•ojv
hnZym- ymkw ˛ kzmX¥y t_m[w ˛ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨Kkv ˛ C¥y≥ IΩyq-WnÃv
]m¿´n ˛ kzmX¥y ka-c-߃ ˛ cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbv ˛ Zbm-\µ kc-kzXn ˛ Bcy-k-amPw ˛
kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥ ˛ io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ˛Awt_-Zv°¿˛ Aø-¶mfn ˛ 19mw \q‰m-- nse aX km-
aqly ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ C¥y≥ tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°p \¬Inb
kw`m-h\.
bqWn‰v 2.
C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-c-߃°v i‡n]I¿∂ ae-bmf kmlnXyIrXn-Isf Ipdn-®pw
C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-cw ]ta-b-ambn hcp∂ IrXn-Isf Ipdn®pw Cu bqWn-‰n¬ ]Tn-°Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
IhnX ˛ \ΩpsS adp-]Sn ˛ h≈-tØmƒ (km-ln-Xy-a-RvPcn Ggmw `mKw)
˛ Hcp ]nSn s\√n° ˛ CS-t»cn
˛ sa°m-sf-bpsS aIƒ ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ (]-]-©w)
˛ tI-c-f-Km\w ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥
t\mh¬ ˛ tIc-f-knwlw ˛ k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿
53
IY ˛ kzmX¥y Zml-°mcn ˛ sI. kc-kzXn AΩ
˛ `mc-X-amX ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
bqWn‰v 3
PmXo-b-X-bvs°-Xn-cmb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ Abn-tØm-®m-S\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛Cucw-KØv
kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ \¬Inb kw`m-h\Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
IhnX ˛ PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.]n Idp-∏≥
˛ Hcp Xnø-°p- n-bpsS hnNmcw ˛ Bim≥
teJ\w ˛ Imhyw kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn\v ˛ Fw.sI km\p (A-im-¥n-
bn¬\n∂v im¥n-bn-te°v )
\mSIw ˛ I_o¿Zmkv NcnXw ˛ hnZzm≥ .]n .tIfp \mb¿
bqWn‰v 4
tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\- -e-ambn tIc-f-Øn-ep-- m-bn- p≈
P∑n-Ø-Øn-s∂-Xn-cm-bn- p≈ ]t£m- -߃ ˛ P∑nØw ]ta-b-am-bn-
´p≈ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
\mSIw ˛ ]m´-_m°n ˛ sI .Z-tam-Z-c≥
t\mh¬ ˛ c- n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn Inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈
bqWn‰v 5
\thm-∞m-\-]-ÿm\w ˛ kmaq-lnI˛km-ap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jv°-c-W-]-ÿm-\-߃.˛ Fw.-
B¿.-_n,- hn.Sn.`- -Xn-cn-∏mSv , t]wPn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
t\mh¬ ˛ A]v^s‚ aIƒ ˛ apØn-cn-tßm´v `h-Xm-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
˛ ad°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw ˛ Fw.-B¿ ._n
54
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
tIm¿ tImgvkv 13 ae-bm-f-hym-I-cWw (MAL4C13)
sIUn-‰v-˛4
aebmfØnse hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-ßfpw hymI-c-W-]-T-\-ßfpw ka-K-hm-b-\bv°v hnt[-b-am°n
\ho\hymI-c-W-Nn-¥-I-fp-tSbpw kn≤m-¥ßfptSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw
hymJym-\n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]m]vXn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°pI , hymI-c-W-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn¬
Ah-Km-l-ap-m-°pI , hymI-c-WØn¬ hnti-j-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw A`n-cpNn
hf¿ØpI F∂nh Cu tImgvkv e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
eoem-Xn-eIw , ae-bm-f-`mjm hymI-c-Ww (Kp-- ¿´v) ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-c-Ww (tPm¿÷v
amØ≥ ) , tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ( G.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω ) , hymI-c-WanXw(ti-j-Kncn ]`p )
ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w (sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈ ) tIc-f `mjm-hy-I-cWw ( C.-hn.-F≥ \ºq-Xncn )
F∂o hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-ßfpw kn.-F¬ .B‚Wn , sI. Fw ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ , F≥. F≥ aqXv ,
C.-hn.-F≥ \ºqXncn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hymI-c-W]T-\-ßfpw hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am°n
hymI-c-W-kn-≤m-¥-ß-ƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ- --Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 1
1 ae-bm-f-hymI-c-WNcnXw , eoem-Xn-eIw , ae-bm-f-`mjm hymI-c-Ww (Kp-- ¿´v) ae-bm-gva-
bpsS hymI-c-Ww (tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ) , tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ( G.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω ) , hymI-c-
WanXw(ti-j-Kncn ]`p ) ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w (sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈ ) tIc-f `mjm-hy-I-
cWw ( C.-hn.-F≥ \ºq-Xncn ) F∂o hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-ßfpsS cN-\m-co-Xn , kao-]\w ˛ kn.-
F¬ .B‚Wn , sI. Fw ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ , F≥. F≥ aqXv , C.-hn.-F≥ \ºqXncn XpS-ßn-b-h-
cpsS hymI-c-W]T-\-ßfpsS coXn-imkvXhpw kao-]-\-co-Xnbpw .
2 ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-߃ , kzc-ßfpw hyRvP\-ßfpw , Zo¿L-kz-c-߃ , kw-bp‡
kzc-߃ , kw-bp‡ hyRvP\-߃ , ZnXz-߃ , Nn√p-Iƒ , A£-cw, en]n-hy-hÿ .
3 k‘n : \n¿∆-N-\hpw h¿§o-I-c-Whpw ˛ \ne-hn-ep≈ h¿§o-I-c-WØnse A]m-I-߃ ˛ D®m-
c-W-]-c-hpw hymI-c-W]chp-amb k‘n-Iƒ ˛ kam-k-ß-fn-tebpw A\p-]-tbm-K-ß-fn-tebpw
k‘n-Iƒ
55
4 i_vZw , ]IrXn , tZymXIw , hmNIw , ]Xybw , ]Zw F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿∆-N-\hpw h¿§o-I-
c-Whpw ˛]-Z-h¿§o-I-cW am\-Z-WvU-߃ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ ]pXnb ]Z-hn-`m-K-
߃ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-Ncyw
bqWn‰v 2
\ma-hn-`mKw
1 \maw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\hpw \ma-hn-`mKßfpw ˛ hmIy-Xe hymI-c-WØn¬ \ma-Øns‚ ÿm\w
˛ \ma-tØmSp tNcp∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ .
2 enwK-hy-hÿ ˛ ae-bm-f- enwKhymI-c-WØns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ ]pw kvXo enwK-]-Xy-b-
ßfpw ]IrXn -]-Xy-bkwtbm-P\ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ˛ \]pw-kI enwK ]Xy-b-kw-_-‘-amb
hnhn[ aX-߃ .
3 hN\ hyhÿ ˛ ˛ ae-bm-f- hN\hymI-c-WØns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ˛ GI-Xzhpw _lp-Xzhpw
˛ kenw-Km-enwK _lp-h-N-\-]-Xy-b-ßfpw ]IrXn -]-Xy-bkwtbm-P\ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw˛ ]qP-IXzw
_lp-P\ [¿Ω-amtWm F∂ hna¿i\w ˛ kwJym-hn-ti-j-Whpw _lp-h-N-\-]-Xy-bhpw kw_-
‘n® hnhn[ hymI-cWaX-߃ .
4 ImcIw ˛ hmIy-Xe hymI-c-Whpambn _‘n-∏n®p \n¿∆-Nn-°pI . ˛ hnti-jW _‘hpw
ImcI _‘hpw XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ hyXym-k-߃ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse Imc-I-ßfpw Ah-
bpsS ]Xy-£o-I-c-Wßfpw- -ImcIhpw hn -‡nbpw ˛ hn -‡ym-`mkw ,an-i-hn-`‡n , kam-k-hn-
`‡n F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ aX-߃ ˛ Imc-I-ßfpsS B¿∞n-I-amb h¿§o-I-c-W-Øns‚
]k-‡n.
5 k¿∆-\m-a-߃ ˛\n¿∆-N-\hpw -hn-`mKßfpw k¿∆-\m-a-ßfpsS [¿Ω-߃ .
6 kwJym-\m-a-߃
7 hyp¬∏∂ \ma-߃ ˛ IrØpw X≤n-Xhpw
bqWn‰v 3
Inbm-hn-`mKw
1 Inb ˛ \n¿∆-N-\hpw Inbm -hn-`mKßfpw˛ hmIy-Xe hymI-c-WØn¬ Inb-bpsS ]m[m\yw
˛ Inb-tbmSp tNcp∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ .
2 Imew ˛ ae-bm-f-hymI-c-WØnse Ime-hy-hÿ ˛ `qXw ,`mhn , h¿Ø-am\w ˛
]Xy-b-ßfpw]IrXn -]-Xy-bkwtbm-P\ hyh--ÿbpw ˛ A\p-]-tbmK D]m-[n-Iƒ (-Im-em\p
]tbmKw )
56
3 ]Im-c-߃ ˛ \n¿∆-N-\hpw ]Imchn-`mKßfpw˛\ntbm-PIw , hn[m-bIw ,A-\p-⁄m-b-Iw,
a‰p ]Im-c-߃ ˛]-Imc]Xy-b-ßfpw]IrXn -]-Xy-bkwtbm-P\ hyh--ÿbpw a‰p D]m-[n-Iƒ
4 AwK-In-bbpw AwKn-In-bbpw ˛ hn\-sb-®hpw t]c-®hpw hn\-sb-® t]c-®ßfpsS D]-hn-`m-K-
߃ ˛
5 A\p-]-tbmKw ˛ A¿∞-hn-ti-j-\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fn¬ A\p-]-tbm-K-hym-I-c-W-Øns‚ km[y-X-
Iƒ ˛ A\p-]-tbmK[mXp-°ƒ ˛ A\p-]-tbm-K-ß-fpsS hym]vXnbpw h¿§o-I-c-Whpw ˛ A\p-]-
tbm-KßfpsS LS-\bpw A¿∞-hn-ti-j-ßfpw
6 ]mIv]-tbmKw
7 \ma-[m-Xp-°ƒ ˛ \njv]m-Z\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ˛ \ma-[m-Xp-\n-jv]-Øn-bpsS ka-Ime ae-bmfw
bqWn‰v 4
hnti-jW hn`mKw
1 \ma-hn-ti-jWw ˛ \n¿∆-N\w ˛ cq]-]-chpw A¿∞-]-c-hp-w LS-\m-]-chpamb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛
\ma-hn-ti-jW hn`m-K-߃ ˛ kzX-¥hpw hyp¬∏-∂hpw
2 -In-bm -hn-ti-jWw ˛ \n¿∆-N\w ˛ cq]-]-chpw A¿∞-]-c-hp-w LS-\m-]-chpamb ]tXy-I-X-
Iƒ ˛ -In-bm -hn-ti-jW hn`m-K-߃ ˛ kzX-¥hpw hyp¬∏-∂hpw
3 kwJym-hn-ti-j-Whpw Xoh-hm-Nn-Ifpw (h-fsc , Ipsd , Aev]w XpS-ßn-bh )
4 hnti-jW ]Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ˛ kw_-‘n-I, B[m-cnIm`mkw , XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
hnti-j-W-[¿Ωhpw LS-\bpw ˛ a‰p hnti-jW ]Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ
5 hmIy -hn-ti-jW߃ ( F¶n¬, ]t£ XpS-ßn-bh )
6 kamkw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\hpw kamkhn-`mKßfpw˛`mj-bpsS \n¿ΩmW £a-Xbpw
kamk \n¿Ωn-Xnbpw .
7 tZymX-I-߃ ˛ KXn-Iƒ , kap-®-b-߃ ˛ LS-I-߃ ˛a‰p tZymX-I-߃.
bqWn‰v 5
hmIy-X-e-hym-I-cWw
1 hmIyw ˛ \n¿∆-N\w˛ hnhn-[-\n-co-£W߃ ˛ ae-bmf hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛
]Z-I-aw.
57
2 BJy, BJymXw ˛a-e-bm-f-Ønse BJymX cq]-\n-jv]Øn \bw
3 tIh-e-hm-Iy-߃ ˛ ]tbm-P-I-hym-Iy-߃ ˛ ]tbm-P-I-cq-]-L-S\ .
4 Imc-I-]-[m\ hmIy-߃ ˛ I¿Ω-Wn, I¿Øcn ,IcWw XpS-ßn-bh .
5 \ntj-[-hmIyw ˛ \ntj-[-hmIy hn`m-K-߃˛\ntj-[-]Xy-b-ßfpw a‰p
D]m-[n-Ifpw
6 tNmZy-hmIyw ˛ tNmZy-hmIyßfpsS LS\ ˛ tNmZy-hmIyhn`m-K-߃ .
7 eLp-hmIyw ˛ hymt£-]I hymIyw ˛kw-t_m-[-\m-hm-Iyw.
8 AwKn-hmIyw . AwKhmIyw˛ Nq¿ÆnImhmIyw ˛ k¶o¿Æ-hmIyw ˛a-lm-hmIyw
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ G.-B¿ .cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω .
tIcf `mjm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C.-hn.-F≥ \ºq-Xncn
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob`mjyw˛ kn.-F¬ .B‚Wn
ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈.
ae-bm-f-`mjm hymI-c-Ww ˛sl¿Ω≥ Kp-¿´v.
ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-c-Ww ˛tPm¿÷v amØ≥.
samgnbpw s]mcpfpw ˛ sI. Fw ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿.
hymI-c-W-hn-thIw ˛ F≥. F≥ aqXv.
hymI-c-W kao£ ˛ sI. Fw ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿.
hymI-c-WanXw ˛ ti-j-Kncn ]`p
ae-bm-f-`mjm ]T-\-߃ ˛FUn . sI. Fw ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿.
Grammatical theories of Malayalam – K.N.Ezhuthachan .
Notes on Keralapanineeyam – L.V .Ramaswami Iyer .
Studies in Malayalam grammer – K.M. Prabhakara warrior
58
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw (MAL 4 E 14(a))
sIUn‰v 4
X¿÷pasb°pdn®v ae-bm-f-Ønepw Cw•o-jnepw In´m-\p≈ ssk≤m-¥nI KŸ-ß-fp-
ambn hnZym¿∞n KmV-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-fØn-te°pw adn®pw
X¿÷pa sNbvXv ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\SpIbpamWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v H∂v
X¿÷pa ˛ \n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ Bcw`w ˛ ]k‡n hyXykvX hn`m-K-߃ ˛ hymJym\w /
]cm-h¿Ø\w/]p\:krjvSn A¥¿ `mjm- X¿÷pa /_lp-`mjm X¿÷pa ]q¿W X¿÷pa
/`mKnI X¿÷pa˛]cnanX X¿÷pa-Ifpw kaK X¿÷paIfpw ˛ X¿÷pa F∂ ]Inb ˛
`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ho£-Whpw X¿÷pabpw ˛ X¿÷pa -bpsS D]-I-c-W-߃
bqWn‰v c- v:
ka-aqey X¿÷pa (Equivalente Translation) ]mT-k-a-aqey X¿÷pa (Textual Equivalente
Translation) hymI-cW ka-aqey X¿÷pa (Grammatical Equivalente Translation) ssieo ka-
aq-eyX (Stylistic Equivalente) ka-aq-eyXbpsS A`mhw (Nil Equivalente) cp]-Xp-eyXm X¿÷pa
(Formal Equivalente Translation) Ne-\m-flI Xpey-Xm- X¿÷pa (DynamicEquivalente
Translation) b¥ X¿÷pa-bpsS ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ]iv\-߃ ˛ X¿÷pa
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ ˛ kmam\y]cn-N-bw.
bqWn‰v aq∂v
kmlnXy X¿÷pa-bp-sS- khntij-X-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
IhnX ˛ s\cp-Z-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ sI. k®n-Zm-µ≥,
hncp∂p h∂ hm°p-Iƒ (FUn) Sn.-]n. cmPo-h≥.
\mSIw ˛ B‚-KWn ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv
Natugaddika – K.G.Baby Tr. Sherly
t\mh¬ ˛ BSns‚ hncp∂v ˛ tbmk ˛ Bim-eX
Saga of Khasakh
bqWn‰v \mev
59
X¿÷pa kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ X¿÷pabpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ kvXo]£ kao-]-\w, t]mÃv sImtfm-
Wn-b¬ kao-]\w
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ]cn-`m-jbpw Xmc-Xay kmln-Xyhpw Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿, F.-Un. NmØ-\mØv
ANyp-X-\pÆn
2. \ho\ X¿÷pa kn≤m-¥-ßsf°pdn®v ˛ F.-]n. B≥Uq-kvIp´n
(F-Un.-P-bm-kp-Ip-am-c≥/kvIdnbm k°-dnb Xm]kw Nß-\m-t»cn )
bqWn‰v A©v
hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ^o®-dp-Iƒ apJ-]-kw-K-߃ F∂n-h-bn-te-sX-¶nepw H∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°pw ae-
bm-f-Ønse Ipd®p ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-te°pw X¿÷pa -sN-bvXv ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
tNmZy-t]-∏-dp-I-fn¬ Ihn-Xm-`m-Kw, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, dnt∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂nh tNmZy-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘-
ambpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
1. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-imkvX `qanI ˛ hn.-B¿.-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿
2. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ ]e teJ-I¿ ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-Syq´v
3. X¿Pa kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ (FUn) P-bm-kp-Ip-am-c≥/
kvIdnbm k°-dnb Xm]kw Nß-\m-t»cn
4. hnh¿Ø-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ (F-Un) .-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿
5. Ip™p-]m-Øp-Ω-bpsS temI-k-©m-cw, Bj-dpsS ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-
߃°p≈ A\p-_‘w ˛1
6. ae-bm-fnbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw (B-tem-N-\) Fw.-F≥.-Im-c-t»cn
7. Preface of me grand dad had an elephant – R.E. Asher.
8. Siting Translation – Tejaswini Niranjana.
9. The art of Translation – Theodore Savory
10. Translation studies - Susan Bassmett
11. Gender in Translation – Shery Simon
12. Translation studies Reader – Ed. Lawrence Venutti
13. Post Colonial Translation : Theory and practice
Ed, Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
14. The Theory and practice of translation – E.A.Nida and C.Taber
15. Translation – Application and Research – R.W.Brislim
16. Homeric Translation – Teory and Practice – Mathew Arnold
17. Translation as Discovery – Suji Mukharji
18. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]iv\-߃ k¿Km-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ tUm.-Un.-s_-©-an≥ (kzm-[o-
\-Xm-]-T-߃ ˛ Id‚p-_p-Ivkv,-Xr-iq¿
19. After Babel - George Steiner
60
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv 14 ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cnXw (MAL 4 E 14(b))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]q¿∆-L´w , cq]-h¬°-cWw ,A-\y-`mjm kzm[o-\-߃, ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-t‚bpw
hnIm-k-Øn-t‚bpw hnhn[ L´-߃ , kmln-Xy-k-ºØv , am[y-a-kzm-[o\w ,am-\-Io-I-cWw
,ssk-_¿ ae-bmfw ,a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS £a-Xbpw kzXzhpw , ka-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ,`m-jm- B-kq-X-
W-Øns‚ Bh-Iy-IX , en]n-N-cnXw F∂o-hn-j-b-ßfn¬ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ ka-K-[m-c-Wbpw
Kth-j-Wm-`n-ap-Jyhpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu tImgvkv e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 1
1 Xmc-X-aym-flI `mjm-imkvXw ˛ ]T-\-coXn , NcnXw , kw`m-h-\-Iƒ .
2 Zmhn-U-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ( dh. Im¬Uz¬ ) , Zmhn-U-`m-jIƒ (B-µ-t\m-hv),
F∂o KŸ-ß-fpsS cN\m coXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI .
3 `mcXw Hcp `mjm-tKmXw ˛ `mc-X-Ønse ][m\ `mjm-tKm-X-ßfpw `mj-Ifpw.
4 Zmhn-U`mjm-tKmXw˛ Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ ,]p-jvS-`m-j-
Ifpw A]p-jvS-`m-j-Ifpw ,D-Ø-c-˛-a-[y-˛-Z-£nW Zmhn-U-߃ , ae-bm-fhpw
Xangpw
Zmhn-U-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ( dh. Im¬Uz¬ ) , Zmhn-U-`m-jIƒ (B-µ-t\m-hv),
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛]o-TnI , ]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿) F∂o- ]p-kvX-I-߃
]T-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 2
1 `mjm-N-cnX ]T-\-ß-fpsS ]k-‡nbpw e£yhpw .
2 `mjm-N-cnX cN\ ˛
* D]m-Zm-\-߃ ˛ tZi-N-cnXw , `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ( imk-\-߃ , KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ ,
kmlnXyw , hymI-I-cWw , HutZym-KnI tcJ-Iƒ , ]X-߃ , `mjm-]-T-\-߃ XpS-ßn-bh ) ,
61
kmlnXy ]h-W-X-Iƒ , kmaq-lnI `mjm- hkvXp-X-Iƒ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Ifpw HutZym-KnI tcJ-
Ifpw `mjm-c-N-\°v D]-bp-‡-am-°p-tºmƒ i≤n-t°- hnj-b-߃ .
* A]-K-Y-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ GI-Im-enI _lp-Im-enI ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ , B¥-c-
]p\:krjvSnbpw _mly-]p\:krjvSnbpw .
3 ]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿). The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology ( LVR )
, The Evolution of Malayalam (A.C. Sekhar ) , Language of Middle Malayalam (Puthusseri
Ramachandran ) F∂o KŸ-ß-fpsS cN\m coXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
4 ae-bmf `mj-bpsS cq]-h¬°-cWw .
* `mtj-X-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ tZi-N-cnXw , kwkv°mcw , A\y-
kw-kv°m-c-kzm-[o-\-߃ XpS-ßn-bh.
* `mjm]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ae-bmf `mj-bpsS cq]-h¬°˛-
cWhpambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ aX-߃ ˛ kwkvIr-X-P-\y-hm-Zw,
kzX-¥-hmZw , D]-im-Jm-hmZw ,an-i-`m-jm-hmZw ,]q¿∆-X-angv ae-bm-f-
hmZw, \nco-£-W-ßfpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fpw.
* ae-bmfw F∂ t]cns‚ BKaw .
5 ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kw -hn® \h-]-h¿Ø-\-߃
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛]o-TnI , ]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿) samgnbpw s]mcpfpw
(ae-bmf `mj-bpsS cq]-h¬°-cWw ˛h-kvXp-X-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw F∂ teJ\w ˛
sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ ) F∂o- ]p-kvX-I-߃ ]T-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-- -
Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 3
1 ae-bm-f-`mjm]cn-Wm-a-L-´-߃ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn\n , F¬.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an-A-ø¿ ,
]`m-I--c-hm-cy¿ F∂n-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-߃ .
2 BZy-Im-e-a-e-bmfw
* imk-\-ß-fn-tebpw ]mNo-\-tc-J-I-fn-tebpw `mj.
* BZy-Ime kmlnXyw ˛cm-a-N-cn-Xw,-]m-No-\-a-Wn-]-hm-f-Im-hy-߃ F∂n-h-
bn-se-`mj
* BZyIme KZyw ˛ B´-]-Imcw , Ia-Zo-]nI , `mjm-Iu-S-eobw F∂n-h-
bn-se-`mj
3 IÆ-»-∑m-cpsS Imhy-߃ , a[y-Ime Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bn-se-`mj.
62
4 sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS Imhy-ß-fnse `mj
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛]o-TnI , ]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
ae-bmfw˛ am‰hpw hf¿®bpw(sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿) , `m-jm-N-cnXw
(F-kv.-hn.-th-Wp-tKm-]≥\m-b¿), The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology ( LVR ) , The
Evolution of Malayalam (A.C. Sekhar ) , Language of Middle Malayalam (Puthusseri
Ramachandran ) F∂o- ]p-kvX-I-߃ ]T-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 4
1 Fgp-Ø-—≥ ,Ip-©≥\-ºym¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Imhy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`y-am-Ip∂
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ .
2 anj\dn ae-bmfw ˛ anj\dnam-cpsS ss__nƒ X¿÷p-a-Iƒ , cN\Iƒ ,
]X-߃, `mjm-]-T-\-߃ F∂nh ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.
3 Ad_n ae-bmfw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.
4 sshtZ-inI `mjm-kzm-[o\߃ ˛ t]m¿´p-Kokv ,U®v , Cw•ojv kwkv°m-c-
ß-fp-tSbpw`mj-bp-tSbpw kzm[o-\w ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬.
5 ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ Imhy-߃, ]®-a-e-bm-f-]-ÿm-\-Im-hy-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS
e`y-am-Ip∂ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS \ho-\-apJw .
6 BZy-Ime ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ˛ hc-samgn P\-Io-b-am-hp-Ibpw \ho-\-K-Zy-`mj
cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-Ncyw.
ae-bmfw˛ am‰hpw hf¿®bpw(sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿),km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS (F-
Un. sI.Fw .tPm¿÷v.) ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw (]n.sP tXmav ) F∂ ]pkvX-
I-Ønse " N¿®bpw ]qc-Whpw ' F∂ A\p-_‘w (kvI-dnb k°-dn-b) , Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw (k-
_o\ dm^n ) F∂o- ]p-kvX-I-߃ ]T-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 5
1 B[q-\nI ae-bmfw .
* B[q-\nI hnZym-`ymkw ˛ ]mY-an-I,-Zzn-Xob(Primary and Secondary level ) hnZym-
`ymk taJ-e-I-fnse `mjm-]-T\w ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ hcp-Ønb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ ,
D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw `mjm-K-th-j-Whpw ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°p \evInb kw`m-h-\-
Iƒ., \nL-- p-°ƒ ,`m-jm-]-T-\-߃ ,hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ
hcp-Ønb `mjm-h-t_m-[w.
63
* \ho-\-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fpsS ae-bm-f-£-a-X.
* am[y-a-߃ ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ hcp-Ønb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛am-\-Io-I-c-
Whpw ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw , ]X-`mj ,Zr-iy- -imhyam[y-a-ß-fnse`mj,
ssk_¿-˛-sam-ss_¬ `mj , hmsam-gn-t -Z-ß-fpsS A\p-I-a-am-b-
Xn-c-kv°m-c-߃ .
2 `mjm Bkq-X-W-Øns‚ Bh-Iy-IX ˛ `c-W-`mj, H∂mw-`mj, t_m[\-`m-j,
hn\n-ab-`mj F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ amXr-`m-jsb ÿm]n-t°-- -Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX
`mjm Bkq-XW hIp-∏ns‚ ]k-‡n, `mj-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-£-a-Xbpw k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw
\ne-\n¿tØ-- -Xn-t‚bpw h¿≤n-∏n-t°-- -Xn-t‚bpw Bh-iy-IX
3 a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS £a-Xbpw `mjm kzXzhpw .
4 ae-bmf en]n Ncn-Xhpw en]n ]cn-jv°-cW hnNm-c-ßfpw .
5 ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nßv ˛ ae-bmfw t^m- p-Iƒ , en]y-¥-cW kwhn-[m\w
(transliteration ) ,
B[q-\nIkm-ln-Xy-N-cnXw (F-Un. sI.Fw .tPm¿÷v,F≥ kmw), sXfnhpw shfnhpw (sI.Fw
.]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿) ]X-`mj ( tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ) , Fßs\ tªmKmw ( _m_p-cmPv ,Un.-
kn.-_pIvkv ) en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kv°m-chpw (sI.-F. Peo¬ ) F∂o- ]p-kvX-I-߃ ]T-\-
Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
klm-bI KŸ-߃
Zmhn-U-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ( dh. Im¬Uz¬ )
Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw (k-_o\ dm^n )
B[q-\nIkm-ln-Xy-N-cnXw (F-Un. sI.Fw .tPm¿÷v,F≥ kmw)
Fßs\ tªmKmw ( _m_p-cmPv ,Un.-kn.-_pIvkv )
sXfnhpw shfnhpw (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
]X-`mj ( tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v )
en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kv°m-chpw (sI.-F. Peo¬ )
ae-bmfw˛ am‰hpw hf¿®bpw(sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
64
km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS (F-Un. sI.Fw .tPm¿÷v.)
]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
ae-bmfw˛ am‰hpw hf¿®bpw(sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
Fgp-Øn-S-߃ ˛ tUm. Sn .]-hn-X≥.
`m-jm-N-cnXw (F-kv.-hn.-th-Wp-tKm-]≥\m-b¿)
tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃ ( CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈ )
tIcf `mjm-hn-⁄m-\obw ( tUm.sI tKmZ-h¿Ω )
]m´pw aWn-]-hm-fhpw (Fw .Fw .]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥ \mb¿ )
`mjm-]-cn-Wmaw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ( Xncps\√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥)
ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃ ( ]n.-Fw. tPmk^v )
anj-\dn ae-bm-f-K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ( kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n )
ssk_¿a-e-bmfw ( kp\o-X.-Sn.-hn.)
ae-bmf `mjm-N-cnXw ( sI cXv\Ω )
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw (]n.sP tXmav )
Zmhn-U-`m-jm-imkvX ]T-\-߃ (sI.Fw .]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿)
The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology ( LVR )
The Evolution of Malayalam (A.C. Sekhar )
Language of Middle Malayalam (Puthusseri Ramachandran )
65
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
tImgvkv 14 Ce-IvSohv Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw (MAL 4 E 14 ( c) )
sIUn‰v 4
kmwkv°m-cnI-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpsS krjvSn-bn¬ kmlnXyw hln-°p∂ ]¶v Gdn-h-cp∂p F∂-Xp-
sIm- v Xs∂ Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v ]k‡n h¿≤n-®n-cn-°-bmWv .AXpsIm- v `mj
,kaqlw ,tZiw ,cmjvSw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp∂ kmln-Xy-]-
h-W-X-Isfbpw ]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw Fgp-Øp-Im-tcbpw IrXn-I-tfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-
- p≈ ]T\w ]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw s]mXp-thbpw `mc-Xob kao-]\w hnti-
jn®pw ]Tn-t°-- -Xp- v .Xm-c-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-]-T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hnti-j-]m-T-ßsf
Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ ]T-\hpw thWw .A-ta-cn-°≥ bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ IrXn-I-
sfbpw CX-c-`mc-Xob `mjIfnse KŸ-ßsfbpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-X-ay-s∏-Sp-
Øn-s°m- v hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. t\mh¬ ,I-hnX ,B-fl-IY ,\m-SIw F∂okmln-Xy-]-
ÿm-\-ß-fnse IrXn-I-fmWv Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\p-th- n Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv .bqWn‰v 1
Xmc-Xay kmlnXyw ˛\n¿∆-N\w ˛]-k‡n ˛hn-j-b-hym]vXn ˛N-cnXw ˛kn-≤m¥w ˛km-am\yw
˛`m-c-Xobw ˛ Xmc-Xay kmlnXy]T\w ˛`m-c-Xobkao-]\w ˛ Xmc-Xay kmlnXyhpw hniz
kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Xmc-Xay kmlnXyØns‚ ]pXp-temI ]cn-t]£yw ˛kzm-[o-\Xm ]T\w ˛]-
Xy£ kzm[o-\-X-˛-k-am-\-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v * ˛kzm-[o-\Xm ]T\w.(Influence Study )
bbmXn ˛ hn ,Fkv .J-WvtU-°¿
C\n Rm≥ Dd-ßs´ ˛ ]n.sI ._m-e-Ir-jvW≥
bqWn‰v 2
A\p-hm-Z\w ˛hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n .]-cn-`m-
jbpw Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\hpw .
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v * hnh¿Ø-\]T\w (Translation study )
taL-k-tµiw ˛ hnh : Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
aZn-tcm-’hw ˛ hnh : Nß-ºpg
66
bqWn‰v 3
cq]-\n-jvT-amb Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\w ˛ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS hn -P-\hpw h¿§o-I-c-W-
hpw˛ cq]-]-cn-Wmaw ˛cq-]-an-iWw ˛cq-]-\n-jvT-amb kmPmXysshPmXy-߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v * cq] ]T\w (Genre Study )
tIcf imIp-¥fw ˛ B‰q¿
sImSp-¶m‰v (sS-ºÃv ) ˛ hnh : amS-t»cn am[-h-hm-cy¿.
bqWn‰v 4
]ta-b-]-T\w ˛ ]ta-b-k-am-\X ˛]-ta-bm-h¿Ø\w
]ta-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ sshb-‡n-IX ˛ kmaq-lnI Xe-߃ ˛
]-ta-b-hn- -P\w ˛ tam´o^v , anØv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v * ]ta-b-]-T\w (Thematic Study)
Bc-WyIv ˛ hn`qXn `qj¨
hnj-I-\yI ˛ Fkv.sI .s]m-‰-°mSv
bqWn‰v 5
]ÿm-\-]-T\w ˛]-ÿm-\-ßfpw L´-ßfpw ˛ kam-\-X-Iƒ ˛hy-Xym-k-߃˛
]ÿm-\-cq-]-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚-km-aq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI ]›m-Øe߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v * ]ÿm-\-]-T\w (Movement Study )
amPnIv emt‚¨ ˛ _¿§v am≥ (hnh : sI.-hn. F.-k-aZv )
Ac-ßp-Im-WmØ \S≥ ˛ Xnt°m-Sn-b≥.
klm-bI KŸ-߃
1. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w ˛ Iºm-c-‰ohv en‰-td-®¿ skmssk‰n
2. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy]oTnI ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
3. Xmc-Xay kmlnXyw˛X-Øzhpw
]k-‡nbpw ˛ s]m^. ]n.-H.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥.
67
4. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy]am-W-߃˛ s]m^. ]n.-H.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥.
5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy]cn-Nbw ˛ tUm.-Nm-Ø-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn.
6. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-XyNn¥ ˛ tUm. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»-cn.
7. `mc-Xo-b-kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ (kºm:) tUm.-sI.-Fw. tPm¿÷v
8. hnh¿Ø-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-hn. B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥.
9. Comparative Literature Theory
Practice - AmiyaDev ,Sisilkumar
10. Studies in Comparative Literature - Ed: dr. k. Ayyappappanikkar &
Beranard Fenn.
11. Studies in Comparative Literature-
Correct Approach - ChandraMohan
12. Comparative Literature Concepts –
Themes & movements - Raveendra Mohan.
68
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ: 4.
tImgvkv 15 Ce-IvSohv t\mhepw sNdp-I-Ybpw (MAL 4 E 15 (a) )
sIUn-‰v-˛4
ae-bmf t\mh-en-s‚-bpw,-sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sSbpw DZv`h hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Imen-I-]-h-W-X-Iƒ- -
]u-c-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy kzm[o-\-X-Iƒ ˛ cN-\m-]-c-amb kt¶-X-߃- ˛cN\mX¥-߃˛cq-]-Øn-
epw,- `m-h-Ønepw Bhn-jv°-c-W-Ønepw kw -hn® am‰-߃ ˛ \qX\ ]co-£-W-߃-˛-k-a-Im-en\
t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-IYm ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kz`mhw kq£va-ambn ]Tn-°m-\p-]-I-cn-bv°p∂ ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bmWv ChnsS kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv
`mc-X-Ønse IYm-]m-c-º-cy-hpw, BJym\ kt¶-X-ßfpw sshtZ-inI `mjI-fn¬ t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-
I-Ybv°v ssIh∂ hnIm-khpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cn-bv°vWw. ]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-
ap≈ t\mh-ep-I-fpw, IY-Ifpw hnti-j-\n-cn-£-W-Øn-\mbn \¬In-bn-cn-bv°-∂p. ae-bmf t\mh¬-
˛-sN-dp-IYm hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-L-S-\-I-fn¬ B\p-Im-en-I-߃ hln® ]¶pw, CX-c
-`m-c-Xob `mj-I-fnse sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnIm-khpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-bn-cn-
°Ww
Cu ]mTy-]-≤y-Xn-sIm- v c- p Imcy-ß-fmWv e£y-am-°p-∂Xv:
H∂v: ae-bmf t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-XysØ°pdn®v ka-K-amb Adnhv hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-- m-
hp-I.
c- v: Bkzm-Z-\w, A]-K-Y-\w, hne-bncp-ج F∂n L´-ß-fn-eqsS kzX-¥-amb k¿§m-flI
]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-tebv°v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v IS∂p sN√p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw kwPm-X-am-°p-I.
bqWn‰v: H∂v: t\mh-en-s‚-bpw, sNdp-I-Y-bp-sSbpw DZv`h ]›m-Ø-ew-˛-t\m-h¬-˛-sN-dp-IYm
kmln-Xy-cp-]-ß-fpsS ASn-th-cp-Iƒ˛sI-´p-I-Y-Iƒ-˛-]-©-X-¥w- -Cu-tkm-∏p-I-Y-Iƒ-˛-Pm-XI IY-
69
Iƒ-˛-I-Ym-k-cnXv kmK-cw˛ Zi-Ip-am-c-N-cn-Xw- -F-Ivkw-ª (Exempla),^m-ªn-tbmkv(Fabliause)-
Ad-_n-°-Y-Iƒ- -U-°m-a-d¨ IY-Iƒ-˛B-Jym-\-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-Cw-•o-jv, ]©v,A-ta-cn-°≥,-d-jy≥,-
P¿Ω≥,-Pm-∏-\o-kv,-em-‰n-\tacn°≥ sNdp-I-Y-I-sf-°-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-⁄m-\w,-sdm-am≥kv,-
t\m-h-s√,-]n-°m-dkvIv F∂n kt¶-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W. ka-Im-en\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ NnXo-
I-cWw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy]mKv cq]-߃°v t\mh-ep-am-bp-≈-_‘w
Adn™n-cn-°Ww.
bqWn‰v: c- v:
ae-bmf t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-bnse -]m-›mXy kzm[n-\w-˛-a-e-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-I-fpw,-
sN-dp-I-Y-I-fpw. ankn-kvtIm-fn≥kv, B¿®vUo-°≥tIm-in,- A-∏p-s\-Sp-ßm-Sn, N¥p-ta-t\m≥,-th-ß-
bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥-\m-b-\m¿,-aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥,-sI.-kpIamc≥,- kn.-F-v.-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿,
AºmSn \mcm-b-W-s]m-Xp-hmƒ, C.-hn.-Ir-jvW-]n≈ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t\mh¬-˛-sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ]cn-
tim-[n-°Ww
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS-hn-ti-j-]-T\w
t\mh¬:-˛ (1) Ipµ-e-X˛ A-∏p-s\-Sp-ßm-Sn
(2) Cµp-teJ ˛ H.-N-¥p-ta-t\m≥
(3) imcZm ˛ H.-N-¥p-ta-t\m≥
sNdp-IY:˛ (1) aZn-cmin ]nØ-em-´w-˛- th-ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
(2) Hcp acW]Xw ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥,-
(3) HmW-°me-Øp-In-´n-b-k-Ωm\w AYhm Bcm-s‚-Ip´n ˛
sI.- kpIamc≥,
(4) Ah-fpsS IY-sb-gpØv ˛ C.-hn.-Ir-jvW-]n≈
(5) HcpbYm¿∞ `mcy ˛ X®ms´ tZh-In-t\-Xym-cΩ
bqWn‰v: aq∂v: C¥y≥ tZio-b-\-thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bmf t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS hf¿®-bpw.
]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm\w ˛ Poh¬ kmln-Xy-]-ÿm\w Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-kv]¿in-bmb
tkmt±-iy-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ Pohn-X-Øns‚ hymJym-\m-flI kmln-Xy-ambn ae-bmf t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-
Iƒ hf¿∂-Xns‚]cn-WmaNcnXw˛X-Ign,tI-i-h-tZ-hv,- s]m≥Ip-∂w-h¿°n, Imcq¿, ssh°w apl-
70
Ω-Zv_-jo¿,-D-dq-_v,Fkv.-sI.-s]m-‰-°m-Sv, efn-Xmw-_nIm A¥¿÷-\w, ]pfn-am\, hn.-Sn.- -´-Xn-cn-∏m-
Sv,sI.k-c-kz-Xn-b-Ω,-Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-I-fp-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´ncn°Ww
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS- hn-ti-j-]-T\w
t\mh¬:-˛ (1) c- n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn
(2) DΩm®p ˛ Ddq_v
(3) ]mØp-Ωm-bpsS BSv ˛ _jo¿
sNdp-IY:˛ (1) Xl-kn¬Zm-cpsS A—≥ ˛ XIgn
(2) i_vZn-°p∂ Ie∏ ˛ s]m≥Ip-∂w-h¿°n
(3) cm®n-bΩ ˛ Ddq_v
(4) sX‰p-Xn-cp-ج ˛ sI.k-c-kz-Xn-b-Ω,
(5) hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb aq°v ˛ _jo¿
bqWn‰v: \mev: kuµ-cym-flI/sshIm-cnI t\mh-ep-I-fpw, IY-I-fpw-˛-ssh-b-‡n-I-Po-hn-Xm-\p- -h-
߃ t\mh-ep-I-fnepw IY-I-fn-epw-˛-]-´mf t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ IY-Iƒ˛
tImhn-e≥,-]m-d-∏p-d-Øv,-\-¥-\m¿,- Sn.-]-fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿,-
am-[-hn-°p-´n,-F≥.-]n.-ap-lΩZv,- hn.-sI.-F≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-I-fp-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-N-
b-s∏-´n-cn-°Ww.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS- hn-ti-j-]-T\w
t\mh¬:-˛ (1) \mep-sI´v ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
(2) X´Iw ˛ tImhn-e≥
(3) Hcp-h-gnbpw Iptd \ng-ep-Ifpw ˛ cmP-e£van
sNdp-IY:˛ (1) ]Im-iw-]-c-Øp∂ Hcp-s]¨Ip´n ˛ Sn.-]-fl-\m-`≥,
(2) Ccp-´ns‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn.
(3) ]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
(4) A\p-c-RvP\w ˛ tImhn-e≥
(5) sX‰p-Iƒ ˛ cmP-e£van
bqWn‰v A©v : B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hf¿®-˛-A-\p- -h-ß-fpsS \qX-\-I-ev]-\-I-fp-sSbpw
A`nkwXaWw t\mh¬˛ sNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬˛ sshb-‡n-I-X-bpsS AXn-]-k-cw˛ AXn-Zp¿K-l-X˛
71
AXn-`m-hp-I-Xzw˛ AkvXznXz-hn-Nm-cw-˛-k-a-Im-en\ kw -h-ß-fpsS ]Xn-^-e-\w˛ Im°-\m-S≥, Hm.-
hn.-hn-P-b≥, Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥, tkXp,- k-°-dn-b,
Fw.-hn.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈,-km-dm-tPm-k-^v,- F≥.-F-kv.-am-[-h≥,- ]n.-h’e,- ]-fl-cm-P≥,-
Sn.-hn.-sIm-®p-_mh XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-I-fp-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cn-bv°vWw.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ t\mh¬-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS- hn-ti-j-]-T\w
t\mh¬:-˛ (1)- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ ˛ Hm.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
(2) tIi-hs‚ hnem-]-߃ ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥
(3) amddmØn ˛ km-dm-tPm-k-^v
sNdp-IYIƒ;˛ (1) Im‰p-]-d-™-IY ˛ ˛ Hm.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
(2) Ae-dp∂ Aÿn-IqSw ˛ k°-dnb(k-emwAtacn° F∂-k-am-lm-cw)
(3) BZn-Nm-Ø≥ ˛ Fw.-hn.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈
(56 kX-Ken F∂ kam-lm-cw)
(4) hnb¿∏-S-bm-f-߃ ˛ km-dm-tPm-k-^v
(Im-Sn-Xp-I-- m-tbm -Im¥m F∂ kam-lm-cw)
(5) iq` kwKo-Xw ˛ Sn.-hn.-sIm-®p-_mh (hn√∑m¿ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ
F∂ kam-lm-cw)
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃: (t\m-h¬)
(1) t\mh¬ ]iv\-ßfpw ]T-\-ßfpw ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥
(2) amdp∂ ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
(3) t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ XIgn apX¬ apIp-µ≥ hsc ˛ Atim-I≥.sI
(4) t\mh¬ t\mh-en-Ãns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ˛]n.-tI-i-h-tZhv
(5) Fkv.-sI.-s]m-s‰-°m-´v-˛-Po-hn-Xhpw IrXn-I-fpw-˛-]n.-Ir-jvW≥
(6) t\mh-en-Ãns‚ inev]-im-e-˛-Sn.-F≥.-P-b-N-µ≥
(7) Ddq_v : hy‡nbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-\pw-˛-FUn : tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
(8) .-s]m-s‰-°m-´v : hy‡nbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-\pw-˛-FUn : tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
(9) 19˛m-w \q‰m-- nse ae-bmf t\mh¬˛ tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
(10) ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmln-Xy Ncn-Xw˛ tUm : sI.-Fw.-X-c-I≥
(11) B[p-\nI t\mh¬Z¿i\w ˛ tUm : sI.-Fw.-X-c-I≥
72
(12) ae-bmf t\mhens‚ thcp-Iƒ˛ Xp-ºa¨ tXmakv
(13) `mhp-IXzw amdp∂p ˛ B¿.-\-tc-µ-]-kmZv
(14) t\mh¬ kn≤nbpw km[-\bpw ˛ ]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥
(15) t\mh-ens‚ hn`m-K-߃ ˛ s\Snbw ho´n¬ _me-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥
(16) t\mh-ep-I-fn-epsS ˛ sI.-]n.-i-c-XvNµ≥
(17) A‘-\mb ssZhw ˛ tUm : ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥
(18) ]Xy-£-h¬I-cWw t\mh-en¬ ˛ hnem-kn\n
(19) t\mh¬kz-cp]w ˛ sI.-kp-tc-µ≥
(20) t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ
(21) The turn of the Novel – Alen Friedman
(22) The 20th
Century Novel – J.W.Beach
(23) The craft of the Novel – Colin Wilson
(24) The Novel and the Modern world – David Daichos
(25) The structure of the Novel – Edwin
(26) Aspects of the Novel – E.M. Forster
(27) Character of the Novel – Harvey.W.J.
(28) The Rise of the Novel - Iamwatt
(29) TheArt of the Novel – James Henry
(30) The Modern Novel.Vol.. I – Paulwest
(31) The Living Novel – Pritcherr V.S
(32) The Novel and the people – Ralph Fox
(33) A Guide to the Novel – Richard.M.Eastman
(34) Plot, Story and the Novel – Robert.L. Casenio
(35) The Development of the English Novel – Willbar. L. Cross
(36) The English Novel – Walter Allen
(37) The Theory of the Novel – (Ed:) Philip Stevide
(38) A Treatise on the Novel – Robert Liddell.
73
(39) Linguistics and the Novel – Roger Fowler
(40) The Growth of the English Novel – Richard Church
(41) Time and the Novel – Mendilow.A.A
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃: (sNdp-IY)
(1) sNdp-IYm ]ÿm\w ˛ Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ
(2) sNdp-IY ˛ C∂se C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥
(3) ae-bmf sNdp-IYmkm-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ tUm:Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿
(4) `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ Vol.. 2.FUn.:tUm:sI.-Fw.-tPm¿÷v
(5) ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy]ÿm\w ˛ \nemhpw shfn-®hpw ˛ ]n.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
(6) tIc-f-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-]ÿm\Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ Fw.-B¿. Nµ-ti-J-c≥
(7) ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xyhpw a‰pw ˛ kpIp-am¿ Agn-t°mSv
(8) kmt¶-XnI \ncp-]-W-߃ ˛ G. _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈
(9) Iptd-°pSn kmt¶-XnI \ncp-]-W-߃ ˛ G. _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈
(10) ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
(11) ImYn-Is‚ Ie ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
(12) NnX-I-ebpw sNdp-I-Ybpw ˛ Sn.-B¿
(13) cmP-e£van F∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcn -˛ Hcp Iq´w teJ-Iƒ
(14) Imcq¿ ]T\w ˛ FUn: Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿
(15) s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n-bpsS IY-Iƒ ˛ cta-iv Nµ≥
(16) Xcnip\n-e-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ ˛ If¿tImSv hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
(17) Bflmhns‚ apdn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-tXm-a-kvamXyp
(18) acp-`q-an-Iƒ D- m-hp-∂Xv ˛ Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥
(19) IY-˛-BJym-\hpw A\p- -h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
(20) sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµv ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥
(21) Fw.-Sn.- I-Ybpw s]mcpfpw ˛ (F-Un) Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿
(22) \ho-\IY ˛ (F-Un) Fw.-Fw.-_-jo¿
(23) IYbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw ˛ Pn.-a-[p-kp-Z-\≥
(24) F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX ? ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥
74
(25) IYbpw ^m‚-knbpw ˛ h’-e≥ hmXp-t»cn
(26) IYm-¥m-c-߃ ˛ tUm: ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥
(27 FIm-¥-\-K-c-߃ ˛ tUm: ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥
(28) B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-NcnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-epsS ˛ (F-Un) sI.-Fw.-tPm¿÷v
(29) Narrative – A Seminar – (Ed. ) Amiya Dev Kendra Sahitya Acadamy
(30) The Art of Fiction – Henry James
(31) The Lonely Voice – A Study of the short story- Frank.D’Connor
(32) The Rhetoric of Fiction – Wayre,C. Booth
(33) The writers of Fiction – Theodore Goodman
(34) How to write short stories - Thomson
(35) Writers Great short stories – Mas garet Lucke
(36) Hand book of short story writing (Ed Frank.A. Dickson
(37) The craft of Fiction – Percy bubbock
(38) The Art of Fiction – David C odse
(39) American Women short story written Ed: Juilie Brown
(40) The shape of Fiction – Alen Casty.
75
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv 15 B[p-\nI IhnX (MAL4 E 15(b))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\yhpw ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v
khn-ti-j-hp-amb [mcW D- m-°m-\mWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. ]_-e-ß-fmb ]ÿm-\-
ßsf°pdn®pw ]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-ap-- v. Imev]-\n-I-X, B[p-\n-I-X,
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw XpS-ßnb Imhy-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]Tn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hn]p-e-
am-sbmcp taJ-e-bmWv ]Tn-°m-\p-≈sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-ap≈ Nneh amXta
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈p. ka-Im-en-I-amb Ihn-X-IƒIqSn A[ym-]-I¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xp-- v.
bqWn‰v ˛ 1.
Ihn-X-b-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Tn-°p∂p ae-bmf alm-Im-hy-˛JWvU Imhy `mhp-IXzw ]cn-h¿Øn-X-am-
Ip∂ Zi-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ]T\ e£yw.
hni-Z-]-T\w:˛
Nn¥m-hn-jvT-bmb koX ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥
Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥ ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
t]akwKoXw ˛ D≈q¿
thZw \o hmbn-®n-´pt- m ˛ s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥
bqWn‰v :˛ 2
ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnse Imev]-\nI ]ÿm-\sØ ]cn-N-bs∏Sp-Øp-∂p,-a-e-b-hn-em-kw, Hcp hnem-]w,
IÆp-\o¿Øp≈n XpS-ßnb IrXn-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
hni-Z-]-T\w
76
1. hn´-b-bv°pI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ
2. kmK-c-KoXw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v
3. ]mSp∂ ]nimNv ˛ Nß-ºpg
4. IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
5. a¨Ip-S-Øns‚ hne ˛ ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
6. Ipcn-in-t\mSv ˛ knÿ tacn-_-\oRvP
bqWn‰v:˛ 3.
Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS XpS¿®bpw CS¿®bpamWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zyw. Imhy-`m-j-bnepw ]cn-N-c-W-
Ønepw h∂p-tN¿∂ hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ChnsS ]Tn-°p-∂p.
1. ]qX-∏m´v ˛ CS-t»cn
2. aZn-cm-in-bnse Hcp kmbm”w F≥.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿
3. k¿K-kw-KoXw ˛ hb-em¿
4. Hcp s]m∂m-\n-°m-cs‚ at\m-cmPyw Fw.-tKm-hn-µ≥
6. tIcfw hf-cp∂p ˛ ]mem-\mcmbW≥v\mb¿
7. H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-µ≥
8. k^-e-ao-bmX ˛ F≥.-F≥.-I-°mSv
9. D∏v ˛ H.-F≥.hn
10. IrjvW \osbs∂ And-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
bqWn‰v:˛ 4
B[p-\nI Ihn-Xsb ]Tn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ `n∂-ap-J-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hni-Z-]-T\w:˛
1.- Ip-cp-t£Xw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
2. IS-Ω-\n´ ˛ IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥
3. Ch-s\-°qSn ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
4. sIm®n-bn-sehr-£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
5. Kk¬ ˛ _me-N-µ≥Np-≈n-°mSv
6. Idp∏v ˛ F.-A-ø-∏≥
7. A©n-Xƒ hn\m-bIw ˛ Un.-hn-\-b-N-µ≥
77
8. XmX-cm-am-bWw ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
9. a\p-jy-]-Z¿i\w ˛ Ipco-∏p-g-io-Ip-am¿
10. cmjvS-X¥w ˛ Sn.-]n.-cm-Po-h≥
11. I- Øn ˛ cmL-h≥ AtØmfn
bqWn‰v:˛ 5
ka-Im-eo\ Ihn-X-bmWv ChnsS ]Tn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXy¥w hn]p-ehpw ]Xn-`n-∂-hp-amWv
AXv. Ne-\m-fl-I-amb h¿Ø-am\ Ihn-Xm-a-WvUew IqSn A[y-b-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. ]cn-
h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ Ihn-X-Iƒ°pw CuL-´-Øn¬ ]mapJyw D- m-hp-∂p-- v. AXpw A≤ym-]-
I≥ ]cm-a¿in-t°-- -Xp-- v.
hni-Z-]-T\w:˛
1. ]- p-]-- n-hnSw ImSm-bn-cp∂p ˛ kn.-F-kv.-P-b-N-µ≥
2. hnev]\ ˛ sk_m-Ãy≥
3. shj-°mb ˛ Fw.-B¿.-tc-Wp-Ip-am¿
4. IYm-tijw ˛ Bim-eX
5. I√v ˛ ]n.-G.-\m-kn-ap-Zo≥
6. \o h∂ \mƒ ˛ Ipgq¿ hn’≥
7. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω Fßs\ c£-s∏´p ˛ sI.-k-Pohv Ipam¿
8. Ce-Iƒ ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. ˛ inh-Zmkv ]qd-tacn
klm-bI KŸ-߃
Ihn-X-bpsS \q‰m- v ˛ Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥(-F.-Un)
Imhy-Ie Ipam-c-\m-im-\n-eqsS ˛ ]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥
h¿Æ-cmPn ˛ Fw.-eo-em-hXn
Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ `mhKoXw ˛ tUm.-Un.-_-©-an≥
Ihn-X-bpw-Im-ehpw ˛ sI.-k-®n-Zm-\-µ≥
78
IrXn Hcp Irjn-`qan ˛ tUm.-sI.-`m-kvI-c≥\m-b¿
Xnc-kvImcw ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
Ihn-bpsS Iem-X¥w ˛ tUm.-tZ-i-aw-K-ew-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
ZfnXv kmlnXyw ˛ tNc-h≈n iin
Nn¥-bn-se-cq-]Iw ˛ hn.-kn.-io-P≥
Imev]-\n-IX ˛ _n.-lr-Z-b-Ip-amcn
Ihn-X-bn-se-\mSpw \K-chpw ˛ tUm.-F.-\pPpw
]cn-k-c-I-hnX ˛ tUm.-F¬.-tXm-a-kvIp´n
IS-Ω-\n-´-bn-te-bvs°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ tUm.-B¿.-kp-tcjv
bph-I-hn-X-°q´w ˛ tUm.-sI.-Fw.-th-Wp-tKm-]m¬(-F.-Un)
\mem-anSw ˛ sI.-k-®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (F.-Un)
79
Fw.F ae-bmfw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
skaÿ 4
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w (MAL 4 E 15(c))
sIUn-‰v-˛4
ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ D¬]-Ønbpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wmaß-fpw- Im-em-\p-I-a-
ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I-bmWv CutImgvkns‚ e£yw.]mTy-`m-K-߃ AXm-Xn-S-ß-fn¬ sIm-
Sp-Øn-´p-s- -¶nepw ka-Im-en-I-\n-cq-]-W-ßfpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ kmam-\y-]-T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-t°-
- -Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v H∂v : Imhy-]-T\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ ]mcw- -Zi
1. eoem-Xn-eIw F∂ kmln-Xy-e-£-W-KŸw ˛ ckw , Imhyw, `mj, KpW-tZm-jm-e-¶m-cmZn-
Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ eoem-Xn-eIØnse N¿®.
2. ae-bm-f-Ønse hymJym-\-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ ]mNo-\-a-[y-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-
߃°pw kvtXmX-߃°pw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-- mb hymJym-\-߃ ˛ Ah-bnse kmln-Xo-
b-k-ao-]\w ˛ kmln-Xym≤y-b\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬
3. tIm´-bØp Xºp-cm≥, DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿, Kncn-Pm-I-eym-W-Im-c≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kzIm-hy-ß-
fn¬ Imhye£-Ww, Imhy-kz-cq-]w, Imhy-L-S\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿i-
߃ ˛ a[y-Imeae-bm-f-kmln-XyØnse Ihn-I-fpsS Imhy-k-¶ev]w
bqWn‰v c- v B[p-\n-I-hn-a¿i\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw
1. tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ ˛ `mjmkmln-Xy hnIm-k-sØ∏‰n Ah-Xm-cn-I-
Ifpw \ncq-]-W-ßfpw ]pkvX-Im-`n-]m-b--ß-fpw, ]mk-hm-Zhpw AXn¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω
hln® ]¶pw.
2. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿ihpw ˛ kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ kw`m-h\
3. hna¿i\w kmln-Xy-Ncn-X-Øn¬ ˛ Kth-j-Whpw ]T-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw kmln-Xy-Ncn-
X-Øn¬ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Yakmln-Xy-Ncn-Xw ˛ k¿hm-[n-Im-cy-°m¿ tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈-
bpsS kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\w.
80
hni-Z-]-T\w
1. ZznXo-bm-£-c-]mkw ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥
2. imcZ ˛ kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥( kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w, kºm.
tUm.-Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥, amXr-`q-an)
3. Xp©-Øp-cm-am-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥(-J-WvUnI 374 apX¬ 405 hsc) ˛ `mjm-N-cnXw ˛ ]n.
tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈-
bqWn‰v aq∂v: \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hf¿®
1. G.-B-dns‚ \ncp-]Ww ˛ Ah-Xm-cn-IIfpw ]T-\-ß-fpw, kmln-XyØnse KZy kmln-Xy-
XØzw
2. kmln-Xy]©m-\≥ ˛ Poh-N-cn-X-]-chpw ]mWvUn-Xym-[n-jvTn-X-hpam-b-\n-cq-]Ww
3. sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈-bp-sSbpw, aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c-s‚bpw hna¿i-\-߃
4. Ihn-X-b-Øns‚ \ncq-]-Ww.
]mTy-`m-K-߃
1. \fn-\n-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω
2. NnX-tbm-K-\n-cq-]Ww I,II ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥
3. HSp-hn¬ Ip™p-°r-jvW-tat\m≥ ˛ D≈p¿
4. eoe ˛ Hcp \ncq-]Ww ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
bqWn‰v \mev: ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w
1. tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ, Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv, ap- -t»-cn, Ip‰n-∏p-g,
sI.-`m-kvI-c≥ \mb¿, F≥.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿, kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sv, Fkv.-Kp-]vX≥ \mb¿
F∂n-h-cn-eqsS ae-bm-f-hn-a¿i\w B¿÷n® hf¿®.
2. ]ÿm-\w, kt¶-Xw, kuµ-cym-fl-I-X, [¿Ω\n-jvT-X, cq]- -Z-X, kmaq-ln-I-]-Xn-_--≤X
F∂nh ae-bm-f-hn-a¿i\Øn¬
]mTy-`m-K-߃
1. _mey-Im-e-kJn Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ
2. Bims‚ eoe ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv
3. kmln-Xy-Ie ˛ ap- -t»-cn (Im-hy-]o-Tn-I)
4. Bims‚ koXm-Imhyw ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sv
5. im¥-c-khpw ckm-\p-`q-Xnbpw ˛ Fkv.-Kp-]vX≥ \mb¿
6. IrXn- Hcp Irjn-`qan ˛ sI.-`m-kvI-c≥ \mb¿,
bqWn‰v \mev:
81
a\x-imkvXw, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw, am¿Ivkn-kw, tamtU-Wn-kw, t]mkv‰v tamtU-Wn-kw apX-
emb ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥m-[m-c-I-fp-sSbpw ]m›m-Xy-hna¿i\-k-º-Zmbßfp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-Øns‚
^e-ambn ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn-\p-- mb hf¿®, Fw.-]n.-i-¶p-Æn-\m-b¿,
Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn, Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥, k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, sI.-]n.-A-∏≥, Bjm-ta-t\m≥, hn.-cm-P-Ir-
jvW≥, _n.-cm-Po-h≥, B¿.-hn-iz-\m-Y≥, hn.-kn.-io-P≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-
Øn\p \evInb ]pXnb am\-߃.
]mTy-`m-K-߃
1. klys‚ aI≥ ˛ Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥
2. at\m-hn-⁄m-\obw Ihn-X-bn¬ ˛ Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn (I-hn-Xbpw imkvX-hpw)
3. IΩyqWn-k-Øn¬ \n∂p apt∂m´v ˛ Fw.-tKm-hn-µ≥
4. Xnc-kv°mcw ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
5. Ipd-Øn- H-c¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw ˛ hn.-kn.-io-P≥
6. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph-∂-hm¬ ˛ B¿.-\-tc-µ-]-kmZvv
7. eh-W-tZ-h-X-amcpw Im™n-c-hn-K-lhpw ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ ( Ihn-X)
klm-bI KŸ-߃
eoem-Xn-eIw
tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw hmeyw 1. ˛ D≈q¿
]kw-K-kw-Klw ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥
]_-‘-kw-Klw ˛ F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω
]mk-hmZw ˛ kºm. tUm.- Fkv.-sI. hk-¥≥
kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w ˛ kºm. tUm.-Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥, amXr-`q-an)
]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-\-Xbw ˛ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈
Bim≥ hna¿i-a-Øns‚ BZy-c-ivan-Iƒ ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c-≥
KŸ-hn-lmcw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃ ˛ ]km.-F-kv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
Ie PohnXw Xs∂ ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv
ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂se ˛ kºm. Fkv.-Kp-]vX≥ \mb¿
ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw \º¿ 9
\ncq-]Ww ]pXnb apJw ˛ FUn. B¿. cma-N-µ≥
82
\ho-\-hn-a¿i\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ amºpg A∏p-°p-´≥
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-km-ln-Xy-a-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ FUn.-kn.-sP.-tPm¿÷v
ae-bm-f-kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sv
Imƒ am¿Ivkns‚ Iem-Z¿i\w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (aƒ_-dn)
am¿Ivkn-khpw Iebpw ˛ sI.-F-kv.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈(aƒ_-dn)
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn.-_n.-kp-[m-I-c≥
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw ˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥
\h-bp-Kinev]n cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω ˛ cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿
B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-X, hni-I-e-chpw hna¿i-\hpw ˛ hn.-kn.-io-P≥
kmln-Xy-ao-amwk Xmc-X-ay-]-cn-t]£yw ˛ NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn
]mThpw s]mcpfpw ˛ kn.-cm-tP-µ≥
adpXnc ImØp-\n-∂-t∏mƒ ˛ tUm.-hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥
A¥-∏m-bn-bp-sSbpw aq- -t»-cn-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-]-£-]m-X-߃ ˛ tUm.-sI. i¶-c-\pÆn
Fw.-]n. t]mfns‚ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w ˛ tUm.-Fw.-ap-c-fo-[-c≥
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥chnNm-cw, hmb\ ˛ ]n.-]n.-c-ho-µ≥
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhn-a¿i\w ˛ ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈
˛˛- -˛- - - -˛- -˛˛˛ -˛˛
Board of studies Malayalam ( P.G)
Dr. Pavithran T, Dept. of Malayalam , University of Calicut. (Chairman )
Dr. P.M. Vijayappan, (Retd.) Dept. of Malayalam , University of Calicut
Dr. L.Thomas Kutty , Dept. of Malayalam , University of Calicut.
Dr. RajendraBabu, HOD , Dept.of Malayalam, University of Madras.
Dr. Sreekumari, Dept.of Malayalam , Madhurai Kamaraj University.
Dr. P.Muraleedharan, Dept.of Malayalam, Govt. Victoria College ,Palakkad.
Dr.Anil Kumar ,Dept.of Malayalam SriVivekananda College ,Kunnamkulam.
Dr. N.Sankaranunni , Dept.of Malayalam Sree Krishna College , Guruvayoor.
Sri. E.S .Satheesan ,Dept.of Malayalam Sree KeralaVarma College , Thrissur.
Sri.M.Sathian ,Dept.of Malayalam,Govt. Arts & Science College,Kozhikode.
Sri.Suresh Babu, Chairman, Board of studies Malayalam (U.G)