Figure 6.3 Linnaean Classification of the Domestic Dog Linnaean Classification of the Domestic Dog.
Making the Connection TAXONOMY science of describing, naming and classifying organisms Traditional...
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Transcript of Making the Connection TAXONOMY science of describing, naming and classifying organisms Traditional...
Making the Connection TAXONOMY
science of describing, naming and classifying organisms
Traditional
• Linnaean System
Modern
• Systematics
• Phylogenetics
• Phylogenetic tree
• Cladistics
• Cladograms
TRADITIONAL
• Linnaean System – 1735, Systema Naturae ranks organisms by categories according to form & structure.
Represented by hierarchical levels
King Phillip Came Over For Ginger Snaps
MODERN • Systematics - Describing, classifying
and naming organisms in terms of their natural relationships
Natural relationships = physical features, embryos, genes in the
nucleus, DNA & RNA
Classification should reflect Phylogeny
• Phylogenetics - Hypothesis of the evolutionary history of species or taxonomic group
Compare visible similarities among current living or fossils or compare chromosomes and macromolecules
Represent hypotheses in the form of Phylogenetic diagram also called Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetic tree – Evolutionary tree or Tree of Life
•Charles Darwin 1837 Transmutation of Species
•Charles Darwin 1859 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
•Ernst Haeckel 1866 Monophyletic tree of organisms
Darwin’s First Tree
This is alleged to be Darwin's first sketch of an
evolutionary tree of life (circa 1837)
taken from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species, which is viewable at the the Museum of
Natural History in Manhattan, New
York City..
The Origin of Species, 1859
Origin of Species Ch 13 "The affinities of all the beings of the same class have
sometimes been represented by a great tree... The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree
was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well
represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups. . . As buds give
rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the Tree of Life,
which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching
and beautiful ramifications" (Charles Darwin, 1859).
Ernst Haeckel Monophyletic tree of organisms 1866
Evolutionary tree that included all forms of life with a universal
common ancestor
CLADISTICS Developed by Willi Hennig in 1966, A phylogenetic classification system that
uses shared & derived characters as the only criteria for grouping taxa
• Shared character – feature that all members of a group have in common
• Derived character – feature that evolved only within the group under consideration
CLADISTICS• Clad – group of organisms that include an
ancestor plus all of its descendants
Represented by a
• Cladogram – hypothesis phylogenetic diagram of evolutionary relationship between a group
NAILING CLADASTICS
• Take out your worksheets.
• What characteristics did you use to organize organisms?
• How did you design your table?
• Compare and contrast Cladograms.
Cladogram Group
Cladogram of vertebrate animals
Ingroup
Outgroup
Trees Portray Clades
Interpreting a Phylogenetic Tree
• Nodes: Organism at base of tree is common ancestor to all the others in the tree.
• Sister Groups: Branch points indicate the evolution of some characteristic that splits a group into two groups.
• Groups shown at tips of branches include organisms that have evolved most recently.
Major Revision of the Classification System
When looking at the cells of any living organism what 2 fundamental types of
cells can you identify?
EURKARYOTES
&
PROKARYOTES
NEW TREE OF LIFE • 1977, Carl Woese began grouping
organisms by their genetic (RNA) similarities
• Phylogenetic tree drawn from his RNA grouping shows that living things seem to fall into 3 broad groups or domains and an additional kingdom
Redrawing The Classifications of Life
Tree of Life
TREE OF LIFE FLOW CHART
• http://cmapsnasacmex.ihmc.us/servlet/SBReadResourceServlet?rid=1025200161531_1068066319_1715&partName=actualhtmltext
ANY QUESTIONS?
HOMEWORK
WHAT DO YOU THINK???
• Due 5/5/09 List three ways of how evolutionary trees are used.
• Read p 346 – 351
• QUIZ???