Major Changes in Astronomy Within last 400 years: -- Earth is not the center -- Universe is immense...
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Major Changes in AstronomyWithin last 400 years:
-- Earth is not the center-- Universe is immense
Within last 200 years:-- Appreciate the age of the universe
Within the last 50 years:-- Universe is not static-- Contains truly bizarre objects
Within the last 10 years:-- Many planets around other stars-- Water elsewhere in the solar system
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History
Aim: What was the study of Astronomy like long ago?
Why did humans first study Astronomy?
• Mark time and cycles• Predict season change for planting crops• Navigation• Curiosity… need to explain phenomena
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Early Astronomy
Earliest known records show astronomical interest.
Many ancient cultures built sites and kept records on astronomical data.
3,000 BC - Stonehenge built (aligned with solstice and lunar eclipses).
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Big Horn Medicine Wheel
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Caracol Observatory - Mayans
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Calendar
Our calendar marks movements in our solar system.
Year - one Earth revolution around Sun.Month - one Moon revolution around EarthDay - one Earth rotation
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Early PhilosophersAristotle (350 BC) - Geocentric model. Why?
Because it explained observations
Geocentric Model:
Earth at the center of universe. Everything revolves around Earth.Universe is unchanging and static.
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Geocentric Model
Observations it explains: -- The stars, sun, and planets appear to revolve
around the Earth each day.
-- Earth does not appear to move… no constant wind.
-- No parallax.
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Parallax
How do we determine distances in space?
Simple way is triangulation. If you know two angles and one side, trigonometry does the rest.
Parallax = apparent movement of object when observer’s location moves.
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Parallax
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Early Philosophers
Aristarchus of Samos (310- 230 BC)
** Earth and all planets orbit Sun.
- idea rejected by later philosophers because they conflicted with Aristotle.
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How Big?
Eratosthenes - Greek mathematician (200 BC)
• Invented Latitude and Longitude.
• Measured Earth’s circumference.
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Eratosthenes
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How Round?
Earth is an oblate spheroid.
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Early Philosophers
3. Hipparchus - (150 BC) =
-- first astronomer-- developed trigonometry
-- first star chart-- discovered precession-- possibly developed the astrolabe
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Precession
Earth “wobbles” on its axis like a spinning top.
Every 26,000 years Earth completes one wobble.
Caused by Moon’s gravity.
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Hipparchus Star Catalog
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Farnese Globe
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Astronomical Clock
• Antikythera Mechanism (150 BC)
• Made by Greeks
• 31 gears – give sun, moon, 5 planets, eclipses.
• As complex as a 19th century clock.
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Early Astronomers
Claudius Ptolemy - (140) = Sophisticated geocentric model.
-- made geocentrism the standard model.
-- very complicated with 80 epicycles.
-- explained Mars retrograde motion.
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Early Astronomers
Nicolaus Copernicus - (1473 – 1543) = Heliocentric Model
-- Sun is at the center of universe.
-- Simple and elegant… no epicycles
-- Not accepted until Galileo
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Early Astronomers
Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) = Measured movements of planets and stars.
-- made most accurate star charts
-- based ideas on actual observations
-- Sun and Moon orbit Earth, but other planets orbit Sun.
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