War  of  1812  •  Main  causes:  •  Conflict  on  the  seas  •  Bri2sh  support  of  Indian  tribes  against  western  se:lers  •  Territorial  aspira2ons  for  Canada  and  Spain  

•  Supported  by  “war  hawks”  Henry  Clay  and  John  C.  Calhoun  

Peace  Settlement  •  Treaty  of  Ghent  •  Americans  gave  up  demand  for  renuncia2on  of  impressment  and  cession  of  Canada  

•  Bri2sh  abandoned  call  for  Indian  buffer  state  in  Northwest  •  Rush-­‐Bagot  Agreement  •  Mutual  disarmament  on  Great  Lakes  

•  Commercial  treaty  opened  trade  between  U.S.  and  Bri2sh  Empire  

Growth  of  the  Economy  •  War  of  1812  s2mulated  manufacturing  •  Second  Bank  of  the  United  States  •  Protec2ve  tariffs  protected  Northern  tex2le  industry  from  English  compe22on  –  Boston  Manufacturing  Company  

End  of  the  First  Party  System  •  “The  Virginia  Dynasty”  –  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe  •  Monroe  chose  diverse  cabinet  members  

•  Federalist  Party  ceased  to  exist  

The  Monroe  Doctrine  •  Series  of  La2n  American  revolu2ons  against  Spain  •  Monroe  declared  American  con2nents  off-­‐limits  to  European  coloniza2on  •  Became  known  as  the  Monroe  Doctrine  (1823)  

“President  of  the  Common  Man”  •  Jacksonian  theory:  “equal  protec2on  and  equal  benefits”  –  favor  no  region  or  class  •  Not  for  Indians,  African-­‐Americans,  or  women  

•  “Spoils  System”  •  Appointed  own  followers  to  public  office  

•  Na2onal  Party  Conven2ons  for  party  nomina2ons  

The  Expanding  Electorate  •  Few  Americans  could  vote  prior  to  the  1820’s  •  White  males  who  owned  property  and  paid  taxes  

•  Beginning  in  the  western  states,  state  governments  began  to  remove  property  qualifica2ons  •  Resistance  –  The  Dorr  Rebellion  

The  Expanding  Electorate  •  1824:  fewer  than  27%  of  adult  white  males  voted  •  1828:  58%  •  1840:  80%  

Calhoun  and  NulliFication  •  Jackson’s  Vice  President:  John  C.  Calhoun  •  Theory  of  “Nullifica2on”  •  Federal  government  was  the  crea2on  of  the  states  •  States  were  final  judges  of  cons2tu2onality  of  laws  

The  Webster-­‐Hayne  Debate  •  Robert  Y.  Hayne  (SC):  declared  the  South  and  the  West  were  vic2ms  of  “tyranny”  from  the  Northeast  •  Daniel  Webster  (MA):  saw  as  a  challenge  to  the  integrity  of  the  Union  •  “Liberty  and  Union,  now  and  for  ever,  one  and  inseparable!”  

The  NulliFication  Crisis  •  Issue  over  1828  “tariff  of  abomina2ons”  •  South  Carolina  conven2on  voted  to  nullify  tariffs  of  1828  and  1832  

•  Jackson  declared  nullifica2on  treason  •  Congress  authorized  military  force  to  see  that  acts  of  Congress  were  obeyed  

•  South  Carolina  received  no  support  from  other  states  

Compromise  • Henry  Clay  averted  crisis  • Compromise:  tariff  would  be  lowered  gradually  • Calhoun,  now  a  South  Carolina  senator,  claimed  victory  for  nullifica2on  

The  Second  Great  Awakening  •  Religious  skep2cism  •  Jefferson  and  Franklin  were  “Deists”  •  Commitment  to  organized  religion  decreased  

•  The  Second  Great  Awakening  was  a  reac2on  to  this  phenomenon  •  Effort  by  evangelicals  to  revitalize  the  church  

Second  Great  Awakening  •  Spearheaded  by  Methodists,  Bap2sts,  Presbyterians  •  Cane  Ridge,  Kentucky  (below)  

Texas  Boundary  Dispute  • Mexico  broke  diploma2c  rela2ons  with  Washington  •  Rio  Grande?  -­‐  Texas  •  Nueces  River?  –  Mexico  

•  American  interest  in  New  Mexico  and  California  –  Mexican  territory  •  Prepara2ons  made  for  war  

Mexican  War  •  A:empted  to  purchase  disputed  territories  –  rejected  •  Polk  moved  American  forces  under  Zachary  Taylor  across  the  Nueces  River  –  provoca2on  •  Disputed  reports  of  Mexican  a:ack  

•  Seen  as  a  staged  incident  by  Whig  opponents  

Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  •  Mexico  ceded  New  Mexico  and  California  •  Acknowledged  Rio  Grande  as  Texas  boundary  

Expansion  •  Fueled  by  “Manifest  Des2ny”  •  America  was  des2ned  to  expand  its  territory  over  a  vast  area  

Migration  From  the  East  •  Homestead  Act  (1862)  •  Granted  160  acres  for  a  small  fee  if  it  was  occupied  and  improved  upon  for  five  years  

•  Difficult  life  –  abandoned  by  many  •  Other  forms  of  government  assistance  •  Made  land  cheap  –  encouraged  further  migra2on  

Labor  in  the  West  •  Mining,  farming,  ranching  was  unstable  employment  •  Limited  social  mobility  •  Work  force  was  racially  diverse  and  stra2fied  

Sectional  Crisis  •  Missouri  •  Applied  for  statehood  in  1819  •  Controversy  over  free  or  slave  status  –  upset  balance  

•  Tallmadge  Amendment  proposed  it  would  be  admi:ed  as  a  free  state  

•  Missouri  Compromise  (1819)  •  Missouri  admi:ed  as  a  slave  state  •  Maine  admi:ed  as  a  free  state  •  Slavery  prohibited  north  of  southern  boundary  of  Missouri  

Compromise  of  1850  •  Henry  Clay  •  California  admi:ed  as  a  free  state  

•  Forma2on  of  territorial  governments  in  rest  of  Mexican  Cession,  without  slavery  restric2ons  

•  Aboli2on  of  slave  trade  in  D.C.  

•  New  and  more  effec2ve  fugi2ve  slave  law  

•  Congress  defeated  Clay’s  proposal  

Compromise  of  1850  •  Stephen  A.  Douglas  •  Broke  up  Clay’s  bill  •  Passed  as  separate  components  

•  Temporary  compromise  

Kansas-­‐Nebraska  Controversy  •  Stephen  A.  Douglas  proposed  bill  to  open  Nebraska  territory  •  Status  of  slavery  would  be  determined  by  popular  sovereignty  •  Repealed  Missouri  Compromise  •  Divided  into  two  territories:  Kansas  and  Nebraska  

•  Kansas-­‐Nebraska  Act  (1854)  •  Spurred  the  crea2on  of  the  Republican  Party  -­‐  1854  •  Formed  by  An2-­‐Nebraska  Democrats  and  An2-­‐Nebraska  Whigs  

“Bleeding  Kansas”  •  Northerners  and  Southerners  poured  into  Kansas  •  Hoped  to  influence  “popular  sovereignty”  

•  Two  governments  formed  –  pro-­‐slavery  and  free-­‐state  •  Violence  erupted  between  both  sides  •  Pro-­‐slavery  mob  sacked  Lawrence,  burned  “governor’s”  house,  destroyed  prin2ng  presses  

•  Guerilla  warfare  

Dred  Scott  Decision  (1857)  •  Dred  Sco)  v.  Sandford  •  Slaves  were  property,  not  ci2zens,  even  when  taken  into  free  states  

•  U.S.  government  could  not  prohibit  spread  of  slavery  into  the  territories  

John  Brown  •  Po:awatomie  Massacre  –  Kansas  •  Planned  to  seize  arsenal  at  Harper’s  Ferry  –  lead  slave  rebellion  •  Insurrec2on  never  formed  –  captured  •  Convinced  many  southerners  they  could  not  live  safely  in  the  Union