Main articles: Hydrology and Water distribution on Earth A graphical distribution of the locations...
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Transcript of Main articles: Hydrology and Water distribution on Earth A graphical distribution of the locations...
•Main articles: Hydrology and Water distribution on Earth •A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth.•Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 97.2% of the Earth's water.
•The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 90% of all fresh water on Earth, is visible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as clouds, contributing to the Earth's albedo.
•Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water is hydrography. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, of glaciers is glaciology, of inland waters is limnology and distribution of oceans is oceanography. Ecological processes with hydrology are in focus of ecohydrology.
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
Water pollutionWater pollution is the contamination of water is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.communities.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.compounds.
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION.SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION.
1) INDUSTRY1) INDUSTRY
Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment.extremely harmful to people and the environment.
Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. into rivers, lakes and oceans.
Pollutants from industrial sources include: Pollutants from industrial sources include: – Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard . Asbestos fibres can Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard . Asbestos fibres can
be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, lung cancer, intestinal be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, lung cancer, intestinal cancer and liver cancer.cancer and liver cancer.
– Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmental Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmental
problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up once problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up once the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of many the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of many animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes. animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.
2) OIL POLLUTION IN WATER2) OIL POLLUTION IN WATER Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine
shipping, run-offs and dumping. shipping, run-offs and dumping.
Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The rest Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and dumping. come from shipping travel, drains and dumping.
An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such a An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such a huge quantity of oil being spilt into one place. huge quantity of oil being spilt into one place.
Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic to Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic to local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.
Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping suffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.
HARMS OF WATER POLLUTIONHARMS OF WATER POLLUTION
Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants affect the health of animals in different ways:affect the health of animals in different ways:
Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. subsequently to the humans who eat them.
Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, acute poisoning. They can cause immune suppression, acute poisoning.
Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.mortality.
Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or potable water. Water that is not potable can be made potable by filtration or distillation (heating it until it becomes water vapor, and then capturing the vapor without any of the impurities it leaves behind), or by other methods (chemical or heat treatment that kills bacteria). Sometimes the term safe water is applied to potable water of a lower quality threshold . Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful for humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimes called safe water, or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin and mucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by government regulations (typically 1 part per million (ppm) for drinking water, and 1–2 ppm of chlorine not yet reacted with impurities for bathing water).
MAKING OURSELVES SAFEMAKING OURSELVES SAFE
Sewage treatmentSewage treatment, or , or domestic domestic wastewater treatmentwastewater treatment, is the process of , is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff and and household sewage, both runoff and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological physical, chemical and biological contaminants. contaminants.
Its objective is to produce a waste Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.and inorganic compounds.
•Sewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks, and so forth that is disposed of via sewers.
• In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas.
• Municipal wastewater therefore includes residential, commercial, and industrial liquid waste discharges, and may include storm water runoff.
•Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids
There are lots of uses of There are lots of uses of water. They are listed water. They are listed below :below :
Water is used for Water is used for drinking, washing , drinking, washing , bathing , etc.bathing , etc.
Its also used for Its also used for irrigation purpose.irrigation purpose.
A lot of water is used A lot of water is used to make food. Almost to make food. Almost every food contains every food contains water water
o Water is also used in Water is also used in industryindustry
o Water is used in dams Water is used in dams to manufacture hydro-to manufacture hydro-electricity electricity
o Its also used in vehicles Its also used in vehicles to make the to make the temperature of the temperature of the engine to cool down.engine to cool down.
o Its also used in Its also used in construction work.construction work.
There are lots of There are lots of river action plans river action plans taken by the taken by the government taken government taken to make the rivers to make the rivers pollution less.pollution less.
In the few slides In the few slides after this you will after this you will see about the few see about the few two India's river two India's river action plans.action plans.
An plan was setup to save An plan was setup to save river Ganga.river Ganga.
The plan was launched in The plan was launched in 1985.1985.
It was aimed to reduce the It was aimed to reduce the pollution levels in the pollution levels in the ganga.ganga.
But, the increasing But, the increasing population andpopulation and
industrialization have industrialization have already damagedalready damaged
this mighty river beyond this mighty river beyond repair.repair.
This plan was setup This plan was setup to save river to save river Yamuna.Yamuna.
It was launched in It was launched in 1993.1993.
It had a plan to It had a plan to restore the river restore the river yamuna to its past yamuna to its past glory.glory.
There were two There were two plans setup named plans setup named as YAP-I and YAP-II.as YAP-I and YAP-II.
Reuse of water whenever Reuse of water whenever possible, Kitchen water possible, Kitchen water can be used for watering can be used for watering the plant.the plant.
Plan your kitchen activity Plan your kitchen activity to avoid wastage of fuel to avoid wastage of fuel and water. and water.
Plastic materials can be a Plastic materials can be a murder weapons for murder weapons for wildlife, minimise their wildlife, minimise their use. Blown from land and use. Blown from land and roadsides, they often end roadsides, they often end up in the water, where they up in the water, where they can entangle and kill birds can entangle and kill birds and fishes.and fishes.
• Take showers instead of baths. Showers use less water - if you limit them to five minutes. Install low-flow shower-heads
• Use sprinkler for irrigation.• Use scientific method of
application fertilizers. . • Run your dishwasher, washing
machine, and dryer only when you have full loads. · When possible, use an outdoor clothesline instead of a clothes dryer.
• Fix leaks promptly. A dripping joint can waste more than 76 liters of water a day. .
Don't keep on the tap Don't keep on the tap running while having, running while having, bath, brushing teeth, bath, brushing teeth, or washing dishes it or washing dishes it wastes about 2 liters of wastes about 2 liters of water every minute.water every minute.
Don’t hose down your Don’t hose down your lawn or corridor to lawn or corridor to clean it. Sweep it off. clean it. Sweep it off.
Don’t wash the clothes Don’t wash the clothes and kitchen utensils in and kitchen utensils in the water bodiesthe water bodies
Don’t litter. When Don’t litter. When camping, keep the camping, keep the areas clean.areas clean.
Avoid throwing flowers, Avoid throwing flowers, sweets, puja materials sweets, puja materials into a river. It will degrade into a river. It will degrade the quality of water. The the quality of water. The river wont be happy with river wont be happy with this. this.
Avoid throwing dead Avoid throwing dead bodies in a river. This will bodies in a river. This will ultimately landing in the ultimately landing in the mouth of dogs, vultures & mouth of dogs, vultures & other animals. other animals.
Never dump anything into Never dump anything into the water bodies. the water bodies.
Avoid use of weedicidesAvoid use of weedicides
