MACROMOLECULES Matter and energy are one in the same.
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Transcript of MACROMOLECULES Matter and energy are one in the same.
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MACROMOLECULES
Matter and energy are one in the same
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Functional Groups
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Functional groups
Functional groups tend to be POLAR and therefore HYDROPHILIC (water loving)
Macromolecules can easily dissolve in water
Protein shape influenced by their placement.
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Organic compound MONOMERS
Fatty acid
Amino acidMonosaccharide
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Four Macromolecules
1) Polysaccharides (Sugars)
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
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How polymers are made:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS All monomers have hydrogen (H) and
hydroxyl (OH) groups. Water is REMOVED to JOIN monomers These CREATE covalent bonds
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How polymers separateHYDROLYSIS Water is ADDED to BREAK monomers apart These break covalent bonds, releasing
monomers.
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Taste?
Function?
Monosaccharides examples:
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
examples: Sucrose, maltose, lactose
WHAT’S THE SAME ABOUT THESE NAMES?
Simple carbohydrates
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Complex carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Many sugar molecules bonded together into long chains. Have many Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds! (Energy!!!)
Storage of energy Slow “time release” mechanism for supplying energy. Stored in granules – large masses of macromolecules ___Starch __ in plants Glycogen _ in animals
Fiber Cellulose in plant cell walls Arranged like: cables Good for: structure and strength
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Forming Polysaccharides:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!
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Effects on blood sugar levels
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Starch
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Glycogen
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Cellulose
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Chitin
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Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes don’t mix with water because: Consist mainly of H-C bonds which are nonpolar
because of equal sharing Hydrophobic!!!!!!
Lots of energy – high density of __C-H bonds. 1 gram of fat stores 2x as much energy as a
starch!!! Long term energy storage, generally used after
carbs.
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Fats (Triglycerides)
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
Formed through dehydration synthesis!
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Not equal…
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated?
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats ? Saturated – only single bonds. Maximum # of
hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated – some double bonds Less than maximum
# H atoms
Oils vs. solids!!!
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Lipids – other functions Other functions:
Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids
Waxes – coating for fruits and animals to resist water
Steroids – ring structures 3 six-sided, 1 five-sided carbon ring Cholesterol is the starting material for building!
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Phospholipids Have a hydrophilic head (phosphate group is
polar!!!!) And a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids!) This allows them to form a membrane bilayer.
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If lipids are hydrophobic, how do they travel in the bloodstream?
Lipids get around in molecules which are surrounded hydrophilic phospholipids and proteins (lipoproteins)
Because proteins/phospholipids are hydrophilic, they surround lipids, so they can carry them in the bloodstream
How do lipids get around?
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High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL = “ Good cholesterol”)
Act as:
Cholesterol ???HDL LDL
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL = “Bad cholesterol”)
They can get:
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Steroids
used by many organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants
Include hormones – control and regulate activity of certain cells/organs Ex. testosterone, estrogen
Catabolic steroids – break down muscle mass
Anabolic steroids – build muscle mass
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Steroids
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone
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Anabolic Steroids
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Anabolic Steroids Synthetic variants of testosterone When prescribed, used to treat general anemia
and diseases that destroy muscle mass Athletes use to build muscle mass
Benefits include: increased strength, stamina, and aggressiveness
Side effects include: “steroid rage”, deep depression, liver damage leading to
cancer reduced output of natural hormones leadin to: shrunken
testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility, and breast development in men.
In teens, bones may stop growing, stunting growth.
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Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Saturated
Formula Common Name
CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid
CH3(CH2)12CO2H myristic acid
CH3(CH2)14CO2H palmitic acid
CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid
CH3(CH2)18CO2H arachidic acid
UnsaturatedFormula Common Name
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H palmitoleic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H oleic acid
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linoleic acid
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linolenic acid
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2CO2H arachidonic acid
Lipids
CarbohydratesName Type of sugar (mono =1 or di =2 sugar units) Chemical formula of sugar
Glucose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Fructose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Galactose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Lactose Disaccharide (glucose + galactose) C12H22O11
Sucrose Disaccharide (glucose + fructose) C12H22O11
Maltose Disaccharide (glucose + glucose) C12H22O11
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Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Lipids
Carbohydrates 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
1:2:very few ratio of C:H:O
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Proteins Not a lot of energy available
due to low density of ___________ __________.
Mega important for variety of reasons ! See functions _______________ - absorb
and reflect sunlight _______________– help
biochemical reactions.
If used for energy, tissue or molecules are destroyed. Think of your car using:
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Proteins• Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
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Amino acids How many
different kinds?
Label areas:
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PROTEINS
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• Are polymers of molecules called amino acids
• All amino acids have an amino group at one end –NH2 and a carboxyl group at the other end –COOH
• There are 20 amino acids found in nature
• The R group section distinguishes one amino acid from another.
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20 Amino Acids
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Polypeptide chains formed through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!
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Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Proteins perform numerous functions! Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory: hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
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Proteins (Polypeptides)Four levels of protein
structure:A. Primary StructureB. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM
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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded
together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Primary Structure
Insulin
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Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding
arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and
folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)
Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
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35. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more
“subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous
environments Example: enzymes
(hemoglobin)subunits
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Examples of Proteins Hemoglobin: transports oxygen
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Pigments gathersunlight
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Enzymes catalyze reactions Substrate(s) bind to_________ __________;
this lowers the __________ __________ (EA ) Bonds broken/formed; molecule(s) released Reusable Requires optimum ______ and ____________
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Nucleic Acids
Contain the elements : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.
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Nucleic acids Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
DNA contains the cells’ master instructutions
RNA copies those instructions to take to the ribosome (to make proteins)
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Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
Nucleotides are removed by hydrolysis
Form phosphodiester bonds
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Dehydration Synthesis (condensation reaction)
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Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:
phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:
DNA RNAadenine (A) adenine (A)thymine (T) uracil (U)cytosine (C) cytosine (C)guanine (G) guanine (G)
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NucleotideKnow how to number the Carbons!!!!!!!
OO=P-O O
Phosphate Group
NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar(deoxyribose)
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DNA Structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Hydrogen bonds hold 2 strands together A pairs with T (or U in RNA) G pairs with C
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DNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
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RNA vs. DNA
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RNA vs. DNA RNA:
Single-stranded Uracil A, U, C, G Leaves nucleus
DNA: Double-stranded Thymine A, T, C, G Cannot leave nucleus