MA-20 Evolution of Warfare The Nature of War
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Transcript of MA-20 Evolution of Warfare The Nature of War
MA-20 Evolution of WarfareMA-20 Evolution of WarfareThe Nature of WarThe Nature of War
Man and War Man and War LtCol MitchellLtCol Mitchell
HOW WE’RE GOING TO EXAMINE THE “EVOLUTION OF WARFARE”
USE MCDP-1 (MARINE CORPS WARFIGHTING DOCTRINE) AS A TOOL TO ANALYSE PAST BATTLES, CAMPAIGNS & WARS
USE INTERNAL & EXTERNAL THREADS OF HISTORICAL CONTINUITY IN WAR AS A MEANS TO ANALYZE EFFECTS ON CONFLICT
USE PRINCIPLES OF WAR
“Everything in war is simple, but the simplest thing is difficult.
The difficulties accumulate and end by producing a kind
of friction that is inconceivable unless one has experienced
war.”
— Carl von Clausewitz
“In war the chief incalculable is the human will.”
— B. H. Liddell Hart
“Positions are seldom lost because they have been destroyed,
but almost invariably because the leader has decided in his
own mind that the position cannot be held.”
— A. A. Vandegrift
NATURE OF WAR
What is the definition of “WAR” ?WAR
• “Open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations.”
• “Any conflict between rival groups by force of arms or other means,…recognized as a legal conflict.” (Preston and Wise)
• “An act of force to compel the enemy to do our will” (Clausewitz)
WAR
• Spectrum of conflict– Level of commitment (and destruction)– Driven by policy and culture
Limited War MOOTW Total war
NATURE of WAR
• Friction
• Disorder
• Uncertainty
• Fluidity
• Complexity
• Human Dimension– FEAR– Physical, mental, moral forces
NATURE of WAR
Is War more Art or Science?
• SCIENCE– Logistics– Troops– Weapons systems– Enemy capabilities– Planning
• ART– Leadership– Courage– Tactics – Enemy analysis– Execution
Origins of war
• Group discussions of what constitutes warfare.
• War – “A violent clash of interests between or among organized groups characterized by the use of military force.” (MCDP-1)
• Warfare – The waging of war against an enemy; armed conflict. Acts undertaken to destroy or undermine the strength of another.
• Is warfare a natural state of Man?• Mans evolution that contributed to the conduct of war.
Domestication and Agriculture
NATURE OF WAR
HISTORICAL THREADS OF CONTINUITY
ART OF WAR IS EVER-CHANGING
EACH WAR IS DIFFERENT
CHANGE COMES ABOUT IN TWO WAYS
•EVOLUTIONARY
•REVOLUTIONARY
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES
HISTORICAL THREADS OF CONTINUITY
MILITARY LEADERS MUST BE
STUDENTS OF THE ART AND
SCIENCE OF WAR
ADAPT TO CHANGE
ADAPT OR FAIL…
FAILURE TO LET GO OF THE PAST
INTERNAL THREADS MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM
TACTICS
OPERATIONS
STRATEGY
LOGISTICS & ADMINISTRATION
GENERALSHIP
MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE
MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM
WHAT IS A PROFESSION “An occupation or a calling that
requires specialized knowledge of a given field of human activity.”
MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM IS: “Conduct, aims and qualities of
members seeking to create or striving to perfect a profession whose public service is the conduct of war.”
TACTICS SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES SMALLER
UNITS USE TO WIN BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS ENGAGEMENT – Small tactical conflict,
usually between maneuver forces BATTLE – A series of related tactical
engagements. Battles last longer than engagements & usually involve larger forces
OPERATIONS
PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF
CAMPAIGNS DESIGNED TO DEFEAT
AN ENEMY IN A SPECIFIC SPACE AND
TIME WITH SIMULTANEOUS AND
SEQUENTIAL BATTLES The Commander projects thoughts
forward in both time and space
OPERATIONS
LINK BETWEEN STRATEGY &
TACTICS
USE AVAILABLE MILITARY
RESOURCES TO ATTAIN OBJECTIVES
IN A SPECIFIC THEATER OF WAR
STRATEGY
THE LONG-RANGE PLANS AND POLICIES FOR DISTRIBUTING AND APPLYING RESOURCES TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
ATTAINMENT OF THE POLITICAL OBJECTIVES OF WAR THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF FORCE OR THE THREAT OF FORCE
LOGISTICS & ADMINISTRATION
Logistics is the providing, movement and
maintenance of all services and resources
necessary to sustain military forces
Administration is the management of all
services & resources necessary to sustain
military forces
LOGISTICS Design Development Acquisition Storage Movement Distribution Maintenance Evacuation &
disposal of material
Movement, evacuation, & hospitalization of personnel
Facilities Civilian Labor Services
MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE
THEORY – The body of ideas that
concern war, especially the
organization & training for & the
conduct of war Those whose thoughts about war have
influenced considerable numbers of
soldiers are known as military theorists
MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE – The authoritative
fundamental principles by which military
forces guide their actions in support of
objectives
Doctrine is generally disseminated through
manuals, regulations, circulars, & handbooks
that prescribe standardized procedures &
organizations
MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE
After examination & acceptance
by highly experienced
professionals, theory becomes
doctrine
Sound Judgment
Solutions to every critical situation
cannot be found in doctrine
GENERALSHIP
EXERCISING THE QUALITIES &
ATTRIBUTES NECESSARY TO
COMMAND MAJOR UNITS Involved in each thread of continuity
Deep understanding of the value of
morale and esprit to the profession
NAPOLEON SAID:
“KNOWLEDGE OF THE HIGHER SPHERES OF WAR IS ONLY ACQUIRED THROUGH THE STUDY OF THE WARS & BATTLES OF GREAT CAPTAINS (MEANING: LEADERS OF BATTLES) & BY EXPERIENCE.”
NAPOLEON SAID: “EVERYTHING DEPENDS UPON THE:
CHARACTER OF THE GENERAL• QUALITIES & FAULTS
NATURE OF THE TROOPS RANGE OF WEAPONS SEASON THOUSAND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ARE
NEVER THE SAME
EXTERNAL FACTORS
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND
ECONOMIC FACTORS PROVIDE
THE FOUNDATIONS OF
NATIONAL POWER
TECHNOLOGY OFTEN PROVIDES
THE LIMITS TO NATIONAL
POWER
POLITICAL FACTORS
IDEAS & ACTIONS OF
GOVERNMENTS OR ORGANIZED
GROUPS THAT AFFECT THE
ACTIVITIES OF WHOLE
SOCIETIES
POLITICAL FACTORS
Determine the composition &
strength of the military
Establish goals & policies for
which wars are fought
Have major influence upon the
military profession
POLITICAL FACTORS
Until middle of 19th Century, most
heads of state were usually the
military commanders as well
Democratic societies of today have
political policies quite removed from
military capabilities & goals
POLITICAL FACTORS
In Democratic Societies –
Military profession influences legislation &
administrative decisions regarding national
security
Consequences of military actions on the
international balance of power & the
behavior of foreign states
SOCIAL FACTORS POPULAR ATTITUDES RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS LEVEL OF EDUCATION ROLES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: (DOD) • Planned operations to convey selected information
and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign government, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also perception management.
MASS MEDIA
SOCIAL FACTORS MINORITY QUESTIONS STANDARDS OF MORALITY &
JUSTICE COMBAT PSYCHOLOGY THE WILL OF A PEOPLE TO
RESIST WHAT SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTED
THE FIGHTING OF THE VIETNAM WAR
ECONOMIC FACTORS PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION
THESE ARE THE MATERIAL RESOURCES OF THE STATE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIES AFFECT WARFARE DIFFERENTLY
ECONOMIC FACTORS ECONOMIC WAR
BOYCOTT
BLOCKADE
• PART OF TOTAL WAR, BUT CAN ALSO
OCCUR WHEN WAR AS A GENERAL
CONDITION DOES NOT EXIST
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY IS THE USING OF
KNOWLEDGE TO CREATE OR
IMPROVE UPON PRACTICAL
OBJECTS OR METHODS
TECHNOLOGY WITHIN THE MILITARY PROFESSION,
TECHNOLOGY LEADS TO PROGRESSIVE ADVANCEMENT IN SUCH AREAS AS: TRANSPORTATION WEAPONRY COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION METALLURGY FOOD PRODUCTION AND MEDICINE
TECHNOLOGY (EXAMPLES)
LASARS ACCOUSTIC WPNS – MOTION SICKNESS, NAUSEA,
DIARRHEA, INTERNAL ORGANS RESONATE VORTEX WPN – SENDS SHOCK WAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WPN – PRODUCES SEIZURE LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC WPNS –
CAUSES BRAIN TO RELEASE CHEMICALS BRINGING ON SLEEP, RELEASE OF HISTAMINES
MICROWAVE WPNS – PAIN, BURNS
TECHNOLOGY HAS AN INFLUENCE UPON:
STRATEGY
TACTICS
LOGISTICS
MILITARY THEORY AND DOCTRINE
GENERALSHIP
THREADS OF CONTINUITY
OFFER A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
THAT SEEKS TO PROVIDE A MEANS
TO RECONSTRUCT AT LEAST THE
GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE MILITARY
PAST USE DOCTRINE, “THREADS,” &
PRINCIPLES TO EVALUATE WARFARE
THREADS OF CONTINUITY
PATTON
“THE PURPOSE OF HISTORY IS TO
LEARN HOW HUMAN BEINGS
REACT WHEN EXPOSED TO THE
DANGER OF WOUNDS OR
DEATH, & HOW HIGH RANKING
INDIVIDUALS REACT WHEN
SUBMITTED TO THE ONEROUS
RESPONSIBILITY OF
CONDUCTING WAR OR THE
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR.”
PRINCIPLES OF WAR MASS
OBJECTIVE
OFFENSIVE
SECURITY
ECONOMY OF
FORCE
MANEUVER
UNITY OF
COMMAND
SURPRISE
SIMPLICITY
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
FIELD MARSHALL EARL WARELL “DON’T TREAT THE SO-CALLED
PRINCIPLE OF WAR AS HOLY WRIT, LIKE THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. THEY ARE MERELY COMMON SENSE MAXIMS. MERELY TO MEMORIZE THE MAXIM “CUT YOUR COAT ACCORDING TO YOUR CLOTH” DOES NOT INSTRUCT ONE HOW TO BE A TAILOR.”
MASS: GOOD EXAMPLE RUSSIAN ARTILLERY
GERMANS FEARED RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE DUE TO MASSED USE OF ARTILLERY AT POINT OF DECISION
FOCUS ARTILLERY REGIMENT/DIVISION ON ONE GRID SQUARE• PHYSICALLY & PSCHOLOGICALLY
DISLOCATE YOUR ENEMY
MASS: BAD EXAMPLE BATTLE OF SOMME, SUMMER OF 1916, WWI
HUGE CONCENTRATION OF ARTILLERY TO BATTER GERMAN DEFENSES OVER 20-MILE FRONT
1,400 GUNS SPREAD OUT OVER THAT DISTANCE NOT ENOUGH MASS FOR TRENCH WARFARE
• MORE FOCUS & MASS SHOULD HAVE BEEN USED AT POINT OF DECISION, CREATING A GAP IN LINE
20,000 DEAD OF THE 120,000 ATTACKING, 57,000 BECAME
CASUALTIES
OBJECTIVE
Directs military
operations toward a
defined and attainable
objective that contributes
to strategic, operational,
or tactical aims
OFFENSIVE
Dictates that we act rather than react and dictate the time, place, purpose, scope, intensity, and pace of operations. The initiative must be seized, retained, and fully exploited.
OFFENSIVE ALWAYS PLAN TO REGAIN THE
OFFENSIVE, FOR IT’S ONLY ON THE OFFENSIVE WHERE WE HOPE TO IMPOSE OUR WILL
RESORT TO DEFENSE WHEN WEAKNESS COMPELS YOU
EVEN IN THE DEFENSE YOU CAN ASSUME AN OFFENSIVE CHARACTER THE DECISIVE ELEMENT OF THE DEFENSE
IS THE COUNTERATTACK
SECURITY
NEVER PERMIT THE ENEMY TO ACQUIRE
AN UNEXPECTED ADVANTAGE
FLANKS
RECONNAISSANCE/INTELLIGENCE
REAR AREAS
ECONOMY OF FORCE
ALLOCATE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL
COMBAT POWER TO SECONDARY
EFFORTS
OCCUPATION FORCES
REAR AREAS
MANEUVER
PLACE THE ENEMY IN A
POSITION OF DISADVANTAGE
THROUGH THE FLEXIBLE
APPLICATION OF COMBAT
POWER
UNITY OF COMMAND
FOR EVERY OBJECTIVE, ENSURE UNITY
OF EFFORT UNDER ONE RESPONSIBLE
COMMANDER
GOOD – SCHWARTZKOPF/DESERT STORM
BAD – GRENADA (MAU, RANGERS, AIRBORNE)
POOR INTEROPERABILITY
SURPRISESTRIKE THE ENEMY AT A TIME OR
PLACE, OR IN A MANNER, FOR WHICH
THEY ARE UNPREPARED
*ENEMY BECOMES AWARE TOO LATE TO
REACT EFFECTIVELY
*NORMANDY WAS A SURPRISE FOR ROMMEL/WHY?
SIMPLICITY
STRIVE TO PREPARE CLEAR,
UNCOMPLICATED PLANS AND
CLEAR, CONCISE ORDERS TO
ENSURE THOROUGH
UNDERSTANDING
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
USE THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR TO
EVALUATE DEFINING
ENGAGEMENTS, BATTLES, AND
CAMPAIGNS THROUGHOUT THE
HISTORY OF WARFARE
LEVELS OF WAR War is a national undertaking
Must be coordinated from policy level to the basic execution level
Principles of War are appropriate to all levels of war
The application of the Principles of War involves different perspectives at each level of war
STRATEGIC LEVEL OF WAR PERSPECTIVE IS WORLDWIDE &
LONG-RANGE NATION OR GROUP OF NATIONS
DETERMINES NATIONAL OR ALLIANCE OBJECTIVES
DEVELOPS AND USES NATIONAL RESOURCES TO ACCOMPLISH OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIC LEVEL OF WAR STRATEGY GUIDES OPERATIONS:
ESTABLISHES AIMS ALLOCATES RESOURCES
• TANGIBLE – MATERIAL & PERSONNEL• INTANGIBLE – POLITICAL & PUBLIC SUPPORT
IMPOSES CONDITIONS• MAY BE POLITICAL CONCERNS THAT LIMIT
USE OF FORCE, ETC.• MAY BE SOCIAL CONCERNS
OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF WAR
PERSPECTIVE IS THEATER WIDE
JOINT, COMBINED, OR COALITION FORCES
MANEUVER WITH OBJECTIVE OF ACHIEVING
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
ASSISTS THE TACTICAL LEVEL BY BRINGING
COHERENCE, OTHERWISE WARFARE WOULD BE A
SERIES OF DISCONNECTED & UNFOCUSED TACTICAL
ACTIONS
ASSISTS THE STRATEGIC LEVEL BY EFFECTIVELY &
ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVING THE AIM OF STRATEGY
TACTICAL LEVEL OF WAR: THE WORLD OF COMBAT
PERSPECTIVE IS ONE OF A BATTLE
OR ENGAGEMENT WHEREBY YOU
EXECUTE A PLAN OF MOVEMENT
WITH FIRE SUPPORT TO ACHIEVE
AN OBJECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE IS EXECUTING YOUR
PIECE OF THE PIE, WHILE
MAINTAINING THE OVERALL
OPERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY
EXHAUSTION – A strategy which
seeks the gradual erosion of an
enemy nation’s will or means to
resist
GERMANY/WWII
VIETNAM/USA
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY
ATTRITION – A strategy which
seeks the gradual erosion of the
combat power of the enemy’s armed
forces
FORMS OF WAR STRATEGY
ANNIHILATION – A strategy which
seeks the immediate destruction of
the combat power of the enemy’s
armed forces
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS
OFFENSIVE – Operations designed
to achieve one’s purpose by
attacking the enemy
CATEGORIES OF OPERATIONS
COMBINED – Military operations
involving the armed services of
more than one allied nation
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
CENTER OF GRAVITY – An armed
combatant is a complex organism or
system. It depends upon smooth
and reliable component part(s)
interaction, as well as the will of the
commander.
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
CENTER OF GRAVITY (Cont’d) –
Some components are more vital
than others to the smooth & reliable
operation of the whole.
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
CENTER OF GRAVITY (Cont’d) – If
these component(s) are damaged or
destroyed, their loss unbalances the
entire structure, producing cascading
deterioration in cohesion and
effectiveness. This may lead to complete
failure.
CLAUSEWITZ
“The Center of Gravity is the
hub of all power and movement,
on which everything depends.”
OPERATIONAL DESIGN Line of Operation – Directional
orientation of a force in relation to the enemy. The Line of Operation connects the force with its base of operations and its objective Interior Lines – The ability to reinforce
one’s separated units faster than one’s opponent, due to central position, superior mobility, or both
OPERATIONAL DESIGN Culminating Point – That point in
any offensive operation where the strength of the attacker no longer significantly exceeds that of the defender, and beyond which continued offensive operations risk overextension, counterattack, and defeat
OPERATIONAL DESIGN Culminating Point:
You want to achieve your decisive objective(s) before reaching the culminating point
May occur because supplies can’t keep up with operating forces
May occur because lines of communication are under attack
OPERATIONAL DESIGN As we study warfare, think about
how commanders and their armies planned and executed their operations. Did they: Have an enemy Center of Gravity in
mind. What was the Center of Gravity for each participant in a conflict?
What were their lines of operation? Was their a planned “culminating
point?”
WHAT IS MANEUVER
A PLANNED AND CONTROLLED TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL, STRATEGIC MOVEMENT OF TROOPS, WARSHIPS, AIRCRAFT, ETC., OR THE EMPLOYMENT OF FORCES TO SECURE AN ADVANTAGE—OR LEVERAGE—OVER THE ENEMY TO ACCOMPLISH THE MISSION
FORMS OF MANEUVER
FRONTAL ATTACK: Offensive
action that strikes the enemy across
a broad front and over the most
direct approaches
FORMS OF MANEUVER
PENETRATION: An offensive action
that breaks through the enemy on a
narrow front and seizes deep
objectives to destroy the coherence
of his defense
FORMS OF MANEUVER
ENVELOPMENT: An offensive
action that passes around or over
enemy defenses to seize objectives
on his flank or rear.
FORMS OF MANEUVER
TURNING MOVEMENT: An envelopment
that forces the enemy to abandon his
position defenses, divert major forces and
fight in two directions simultaneously Attacker attempts to avoid defense
Attacker wants to secure terrain deep in the
enemy’s rear and along lines of
communication
FORMS OF MANEUVER
INFILTRATION: The covert
movement of all or part of the
attacking force through enemy lines
to a favorable position in their rear
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
MOVEMENT TO CONTACT – An
offensive operation whose purpose
is to gain or reestablish contact with
the enemy
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
HASTY ATTACK – A planned
offensive action made without pause
in the forward momentum of a force
upon initial contact with the enemy
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
DELIBERATE ATTACK – A
thoroughly planned and coordinated
offensive action whose purpose is to
initiate the forward momentum of
friendly forces in contact with a
prepared enemy
MAIN & SUPPORTING ATTACKS
MAIN ATTACK – An offensive action
constituting the commander’s
principal effort to achieve his purpose
ONE UNIT THAT IS ASSIGNED PRIMARY
RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACCOMPLISHING
THE FOCUS OF EFFORT
MAIN & SUPPORTING ATTACKS
SUPPORTING ATTACK – An offensive action, separate from the main attack, intended by the commander to facilitate the main attack Deception
Fixing the enemy in position
Seizing key terrain
KHE SANH DIVERTED ATTENTION OF U.S. COMMAND PRIOR
TO TET OFFENSIVE
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
EXPLOITATION – An offensive
action, the purpose of which is to
prevent the enemy from
reconstituting his defense or
conducting an orderly withdrawal
NAPOLEON’S RETREAT FROM RUSSIA
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
PURSUIT – An offensive action, the
purpose of which is to intercept and
annihilate a retreating enemy which
has lost its ability to effectively react
TYPES OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
MOBILE DEFENSE – A defense that
employs a combination of offensive,
defensive, and delaying action to
defeat an enemy attack
CAUSE THE ENEMY TO REACH THE
CULMINATING POINT TOO EARLY
TYPES OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
AREA DEFENSE – A defense which
is conducted to deny the enemy
access to specific terrain for a
specified time
“SAVING PRIVATE RYAN” – THE BRIDGE
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
DELAY – A retrograde operation whose
purpose is to gain time for friendly forces
to reestablish the defense, cover a
defending or withdrawing unit, protect a
friendly unit’s flank, or to participate in an
economy of force effort THE SPARTANS AT THERMOPYLAE
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
WITHDRAWAL – A retrograde
operation, the purpose of which is
to remove subordinate units from
combat, adjust defensive positions,
or relocate the entire force
MARINES AT THE CHOSIN RESEVOIR
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
RETIREMENT – A rearward
movement away from the enemy by
a force not in contact
RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
RETREAT – Any movement away
from the enemy that is forced by the
enemy. Normally very disorderly in
nature
“This isn’t a retreat; this is an
attack in another direction.”
ADDITIONAL TERMS CAMPAIGN – A series of related
military operations intended to accomplish a common objective, usually within a given space & time
GUERILLA WARFARE – Mil. & Paramil. Operations conducted in hostile territory by irregular and primarily indigenous forces
ADDITIONAL TERMS COMBAT POWER – A unit’s fighting
ability. An abstraction that represents one’s judgment of a unit’s fighting ability. A unit’s combat power is not constant Combat power can be increased by the
manner in which a unit is deployed
ADDITIONAL TERMS COMBAT POWER – Factors making
up a unit’s combat power are: Size Weaponry Esprit Leadership Training Discipline Other qualities
ADDITIONAL TERMS
INSURGENCY – An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and armed conflict
INTELLIGENCE – Product resulting from collection, evaluation, and analysis of all available information about opposing forces or nations
ADDITIONAL TERMS
LIMITED WAR – A war prosecuted
by a belligerent who voluntarily
exercises restraints on means,
objective, geographical area, or time
ADDITIONAL TERMS
LINES OF COMMUNICATION – The
land, sea and/or air routes that
connect a military force with its base
of operations and along which
logistical support is provided
BATTLE OF BASTOGNE/WWII
ADDITIONAL TERMS
NATIONAL OBJECTIVES – The
fundamental aims, goals, or purposes
of a nation towards which a policy is
directed and efforts and resources of
the nation (or alliance) are applied
ADDITIONAL TERMS
NATIONAL POLICY – A broad course
of action or statements of guidance
adopted by the government (or
alliance) at a national level in pursuit
of national objectives
ADDITIONAL TERMS
RESERVE – A combat element
intentionally withheld from action by
the commander so as to be available
for commitment at the decisive
moment of a battle
ADDITIONAL TERMS
STRATEGIC CONSUMPTION – The loss of
available combat strength due to
diversions and irreplaceable casualties
imposed by the expansion of one’s base of
operations
Guarding lines of communication
Garrisoning key positions in the rear
ADDITIONAL TERMS
SUPPORTING DISTANCE – Distance by which
two or more forces can be separated while
retaining the ability to reinforce each other before
anyone can be defeated individually.
Terrain
Relative mobility
Relative strength
ADDITIONAL TERMS
TOTAL WAR – A war conducted by a
belligerent in which few restraints on
means, objective, geographic area,
or time are exercised and in which
the involvement of all resources of
the society are normally commited