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Evolution of WarfareEvolution of Warfare

Limited Warfare in the Age of MonarchsLimited Warfare in the Age of Monarchs

Major Carlos Rascon

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Comprehend and explain the resurrection of Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlboroughmobility and offensive by Marlborough

Know and trace the emergence of limited Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and tight professional war, international law, and tight professional armies of Kingsarmies of Kings

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Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)

Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfaremeans of limited warfare

Comprehend and explain the emergence of Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18colonial power by the end of the 18thth century century

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IntroductionIntroduction

Reaction to 30 Years War Reaction to 30 Years War

Mobility and Offense Mobility and Offense

International Law International Law

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

Limited War Limited War – Nature of armies Nature of armies – Discipline Discipline – Objectives of Limited WarObjectives of Limited War

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Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)

Conduct of Limited WarConduct of Limited War– StrategyStrategy– TacticsTactics– MeansMeans

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FrederickFrederick

1740-48 War of Austrian Succession1740-48 War of Austrian Succession– Frederick II of Prussia Made demands on Frederick II of Prussia Made demands on

Austrian throne (Maria Theresa) that were Austrian throne (Maria Theresa) that were refusedrefused

– France, Prussia & Spain vs. Austria & EnglandFrance, Prussia & Spain vs. Austria & England– England Provided Money only, & took advantage England Provided Money only, & took advantage

of French Preoccupation to seize territory in New of French Preoccupation to seize territory in New World & IndiaWorld & India

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Frederick (cont) Frederick (cont)

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

– To counter Prussia’s growing power, Austria, To counter Prussia’s growing power, Austria, France, Russia and Sweden join forcesFrance, Russia and Sweden join forces

– England (already in colonial & maritime war w/ England (already in colonial & maritime war w/ France) aided by Prussia with moneyFrance) aided by Prussia with money

Slide 9 Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War

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Seven Years’ War (cont)Seven Years’ War (cont)

Frederick’s position, attitude & strategy:Frederick’s position, attitude & strategy:– Too many enemies to wait for coordinated attackToo many enemies to wait for coordinated attack– Advantage of interior lines, move fast and strike Advantage of interior lines, move fast and strike

hard at one enemy at a timehard at one enemy at a time– Relied on discipline and training to defeat more Relied on discipline and training to defeat more

numerous enemiesnumerous enemies

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Seven Years’ War (cont)Seven Years’ War (cont)

Objective: destruction of forces of enemy, not Objective: destruction of forces of enemy, not just occupation or defense of territoryjust occupation or defense of territory

Military power out of proportion to size/wealthMilitary power out of proportion to size/wealth

Officer Corps: Junkers/poor nobility, Officer Corps: Junkers/poor nobility, professional, dedicated (Compared to French professional, dedicated (Compared to French Nobility)Nobility)

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Battle of Leuthen (Dec 1757)Battle of Leuthen (Dec 1757)

Austrian Army (80,000) in 5-mile long lineAustrian Army (80,000) in 5-mile long line– Hilly countryHilly country– Right flank on marshRight flank on marsh– Reserves behind partially entrenched left wingReserves behind partially entrenched left wing– Anticipating Frederick would envelop on leftAnticipating Frederick would envelop on left

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Battle of Leuthen (cont)Battle of Leuthen (cont)

Frederick moved forward with 36,000 troopsFrederick moved forward with 36,000 troops– Hidden by hillsHidden by hills– Changed direction obliquely to rightChanged direction obliquely to right– Left small force for demonstration on Austrian Left small force for demonstration on Austrian

rightright

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Battle of Leuthen (cont)Battle of Leuthen (cont)

Austrian reserves move to support the Austrian reserves move to support the apparently threatened right flankapparently threatened right flank

Frederick attacked Austrian left in two lanes Frederick attacked Austrian left in two lanes echeloned from rightecheloned from right

Local superiority (4 to 1) + each battalion Local superiority (4 to 1) + each battalion added firepower of 7-pound gunsadded firepower of 7-pound guns

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Battle of Leuthen (cont)Battle of Leuthen (cont)

Frederick captured 20,000 prisoners, 115 Frederick captured 20,000 prisoners, 115 guns, and killed or wounded 6,800guns, and killed or wounded 6,800

Frederick lost 6,200Frederick lost 6,200

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Battle of Leuthen (cont)Battle of Leuthen (cont)

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FrederickFrederick

““Oblique Order”Oblique Order”– From of “Manoevre”From of “Manoevre”– Parade ground Parade ground

formula for victoryformula for victory• Drill was a means to Drill was a means to

an end, not just an end, not just traditiontradition

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Prague (1757)Prague (1757)

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ResultsResults

PoliticallyPolitically

MilitarilyMilitarily

Laid foundation for a united GermanyLaid foundation for a united Germany

Royal NavyRoyal Navy

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Use of ArtilleryUse of Artillery

Pioneered indirect fire Pioneered indirect fire with high trajectory of with high trajectory of howitzerhowitzer

Cavalry artillery vice Cavalry artillery vice horsedrawn artilleryhorsedrawn artillery– Everyone on horse back Everyone on horse back

to keep up with fast to keep up with fast moving cavalrymoving cavalry

– Canister, Shell, Canister, Shell, GrapeshotGrapeshot

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Emergence of Great BritainEmergence of Great Britain

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

Cardinal Richelieu’s fleetCardinal Richelieu’s fleet

Anglo-Dutch WarsAnglo-Dutch Wars– 1647 Britain Victorious1647 Britain Victorious– ““Line ahead”Line ahead”

Video 8min GalleonsVideo 8min Galleons

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Emergence of Great Britain Emergence of Great Britain (cont)(cont)

France defeated at seaFrance defeated at sea– War of Spanish SuccessionWar of Spanish Succession– Mahan “She was Mahan “She was thethe sea power” sea power”

SolidificationSolidification– Colonial EmpireColonial Empire– Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War

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Mas ReveriesMas Reveries

Mas Reveries (French development in Mas Reveries (French development in military thought)military thought)– Marshall Maurice de SaxeMarshall Maurice de Saxe– Mas ReveriesMas Reveries– IdeasIdeas

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SummarySummary

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QuestionsQuestions

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Next session Learning Next session Learning ObjectivesObjectives

Comprehend and contrast/compare the Comprehend and contrast/compare the expressions “strategy of attrition” and expressions “strategy of attrition” and “partisan warfare,” and apply them to the “partisan warfare,” and apply them to the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Know and discuss British and American Know and discuss British and American strategy and objectives, and note how they strategy and objectives, and note how they changed during the course of the American changed during the course of the American RevolutionRevolution

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Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)

Comprehend and contrast the Continental Comprehend and contrast the Continental Army with the professional armies of the 18Army with the professional armies of the 18thth century and show how this difference century and show how this difference dictated Washington’s strategydictated Washington’s strategy

Comprehend and explain how French Comprehend and explain how French intervention tipped the balance in favor of intervention tipped the balance in favor of America in the War of IndependenceAmerica in the War of Independence