Lymphatic system and body defenses

63
ight © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonspecific defenses Do not distinguish one type of threat from another 7 types Specific defenses Protect against particular threats Depend upon the activation of lymphocytes Lymphatic system and body defenses

description

Lymphatic system and body defenses. Nonspecific defenses Do not distinguish one type of threat from another 7 types Specific defenses Protect against particular threats Depend upon the activation of lymphocytes. SECTION 22-3 Nonspecific Defenses. Nonspecific Defenses, Physical barriers. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Lymphatic system and body defenses

Page 1: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nonspecific defenses

• Do not distinguish one type of threat from another

• 7 types

• Specific defenses

• Protect against particular threats

• Depend upon the activation of lymphocytes

Lymphatic system and body defenses

Page 2: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 22-3 Nonspecific Defenses

Page 3: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Keep hazardous organisms outside the body

• Includes hair, epithelia, secretions of integumentary and digestive systems

Nonspecific Defenses, Physical barriers

Page 4: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses (Part 1 - Physical Barriers)

Page 5: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign pathogens

• Monocyte-macrophage system - Fixed and free

• Microphages – Neutrophils and eosinophils

• Move by diapedesis

• Exhibit chemotaxis

Nonspecific Defenses, Phagocytes

Page 6: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 2 - Phagocytes)

Figure 22.10

Page 7: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Constant monitoring of normal tissue by NK cells

• NK cells

• Recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells

• Destroy cells with foreign antigens

Nonspecific Defenses, Immunological surveillance

Page 8: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

NK cell activation

• Recognition of unusual surface proteins

• Rotation of the Golgi toward the target cell and production of perforins

• Release of perforins by exocytosis

• Interaction of perforins causing cell lysis

Page 9: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 3 - Immunological Surveillance)

Page 10: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.11

Figure 22.11 How Natural Killer Cells Kill Cellular Targets

Page 11: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses, Interferons (cytokines)

• Small proteins released by virally infected cells

• Trigger the production of antiviral proteins

• Three major types of interferons are:

• Alpha– produced by leukocytes and attract/stimulate NK cells

• Beta– secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflammation

• Gamma – secreted by T cells and NK cells stimulate macrophage activity

Page 12: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 4 - Interferons)

Figure 22.10

Page 13: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses, Complement system

• Cascade of ~11 plasma complement proteins (C)

• Destroy target cell membranes

• Stimulate inflammation

• Attract phagocytes

• Enhance phagocytosis

Page 14: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Complement proteins interact with on another via two pathways

• Classical

• Alternative

Page 15: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 5 - Complement System)

Page 16: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.12 Complement Activation

Figure 22.12

Page 17: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses, Inflammation

• Localized tissue response to injury producing

• Swelling

• Redness

• Heat

• Pain

• Effects of inflammation include

• Temporary repair of injury

• Slowing the spread of pathogens

• Mobilization of local, regional, and systemic defenses

Page 18: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 6 - Inflammatory Response)

Figure 22.10

Page 19: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.13 Inflammation

Figure 22.13

Page 20: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses, Fever

• Maintenance of a body temperature above 37.2oC (99oF)

• Pyrogens reset the hypothalamic thermostat and raise body temperature

• Pathogens, toxins, antigen-antibody complexes can act as pyrogens

Page 21: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10

Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 7 - Fever)

Page 22: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 22-4 Specific Defenses

Page 23: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Forms of immunity

• Innate immunity

• Genetically determined

• Present at birth

• Acquired immunity

• Not present at birth

• Achieved by exposure to antigen

• Active immunity

• Passive immunity

Page 24: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.14 Types of Immunity

Figure 22.14

Page 25: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Properties of immunity

• Specificity – activated by and responds to a specific antigen

• Versatility – is ready to confront any antigen at any time

• Memory – “remembers” any antigen it has encountered

• Tolerance – responds to foreign substances but ignores normal tissues

Page 26: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The immune system response

• Antigen triggers an immune response

• Activates T cells and B cells

• T cells are activated after phagocytes exposed to antigen

• T cells attack the antigen and stimulate B cells

• Activated B cells mature and produce antibody

• Antibody attacks antigen

Page 27: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.15

Figure 22.15 An Overview of the Immune Response

Page 28: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 22-5 T cells and Cell-mediated Immunity

Page 29: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major types of T cells

• Cytotoxic T cells (TC) – attack foreign cells

• Helper T cells (TH) – activate other T cells and B cells

• Suppressor T cells (TS) – inhibit the activation of T and B cells

Page 30: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Antigen presentation

• Antigen-glycoprotein combination appears on a cell membrane

• Called MHC proteins (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

• Coded for by genes of the MHC

• T-cells sensitive to the antigen are activated upon contact

Page 31: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MHC classes

• Class I – found on all nucleated cells

• Class II – found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes

Page 32: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphocytes respond to antigens bound to either class I or class II MHC proteins

• Antigen recognition

• T cell membranes contain CD markers

• CD3 markers present on all T cells

• CD8 markers on cytotoxic and suppressor T cells

• CD4 markers on helper T cells

Page 33: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins

Figure 22.16

Page 34: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins

Figure 22.16a

Page 35: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins

Figure 22.16b

Page 36: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Activation of CD8 cells

• Responds quickly giving rise to other T cells

• Cytotoxic T cells – seek out and destroy abnormal cells• lymphotoxin

• Memory TC cells – function during a second exposure to antigen

• Suppressor T cells – suppress the immune response

Page 37: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.17

Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells

Page 38: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.17

Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells

Animation: Cytotoxic T Cell ActivationPLAY

Page 39: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Activation of CD4 T cells by antigens presented on class II MHC proteins

• Produces helper T cells and memory T cells

• Activated helper T cells

• Secrete lymphokines that coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses

• Enhance nonspecific defenses

• Stimulate the activity of NK cells

• Promote activation of B cells

Page 40: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.18

Figure 22.18 Antigen Recognition and Activation of Helper T cells

Animation: Antigen Recognition and Helper T Cell ActivationPLAY

Page 41: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.19

Figure 22.19 A Summary of the Pathways of T Cell Activation

Page 42: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 22, part 4

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Page 43: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 22-6 B Cells and Antibody-mediated Immunity

Page 44: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

B cell sensitization of activation

• Sensitization – the binding of antigens to the B cell membrane antibodies

• Antigens then displayed on B cell Class II MHC

• TH cells activated by same antigen stimulate B cell

• Active B cell differentiates into Memory B Cell or Plasma cell

• Plasma cells synthesize and release antibody

Page 45: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.20

Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B Cells

Animation: B Cells and Antibody ProductionPLAY

Page 46: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Antibodies structure

• Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:

• Two parallel polypeptide chains

• Heavy chains and light chains

• Constant region and variable region

• Antigen binding site

Page 47: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

Figure 22.21

Page 48: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

Figure 22.21a

Page 49: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

Figure 22.21b-d

Page 50: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Actions of antibodies include:

• Neutralization

• Agglutination and precipitation

• Activation of complement

• Attraction of phagocytes

• Opsinization

• Stimulation of inflammation

• Prevention of adhesion

Page 51: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)

• IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins

• IgE – accelerates local inflammation

• IgD – found on the surface of B cells

• IgM – first type secreted after antigen arrives

• IgA – primarily found in glandular sec

Page 52: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Primary and secondary antibody response

• Primary response

• Takes about two weeks to develop

• Produced by plasma cells

• Secondary response

• Rapid increase in IgG

• Maximum antibody titer app

Page 53: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.22

Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

Page 54: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.23

Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune Response

Page 55: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.25a, b

Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial Infection

Page 56: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 22-7 Normal and Abnormal Resistance

Page 57: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development of the Immune Response

• Immunological competence

• The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen

• Fetuses receive immunity from the maternal bloodstream

• Infants acquire immunity following exposure

Page 58: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Immune disorders

• Autoimmune disorders

• Immune response mistakenly targets normal cells

• Immunodeficiency diseases

• Immune system does not develop properly or is blocked

Page 59: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergies

• Inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens

• Anaphylaxis

• Circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body

Page 60: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.26 The Mechanism of Anaphylaxis

Figure 22.26

Page 61: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stress and the immune response

• Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages

• Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release

• Moderates the immune response

• Lowers resistance to disease

Page 62: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stress can cause the following:

• Depression of the inflammatory response

• Phagocytic reduction

• Inhibition of interleukin secretion

Page 63: Lymphatic system and body defenses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The structure and function of lymphatic cells, tissues and organs

• The body’s nonspecific defenses and the components and mechanisms of each

• Specific resistance, cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

• The role of the T cell, B cell and antibodies in specific immunity

You should now be familiar with: