LTE LATAM 2015 - Base Station Virtualization: Advantages and Challenges
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Transcript of LTE LATAM 2015 - Base Station Virtualization: Advantages and Challenges
Base Station Virtualization: Advantages and Challenges
Network Technology Strategy Department Alberto Boaventura
2015-04-05
April, 7-9th 2015
1 2
3
We have approximately 330,000 kilometers of fiber optic cable installed, which makes our network the
largest telecommunications backbone in Brazil.
Our mobile network, with more than 25,000 outdoor stations and almost 1 million of Wi-Fi hotspot, covers areas where approximately 88.5% of the
population lives and works.
Currently we provide ADSL and VDSL services in 4703 of 5570 Brazilian cities. We are upgrading with
fiber optic-based GPON to support VDSL2 and facilitate the provision of our TV services. Already we offer services up to 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps for
residential and enterprise customers respectively.
Who we are ...
40,3% 27,1% 32,6%
54,7%
23,1% 21,6%
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
GDP Population
After privatization, the Brazilian market has been split in 3 Regions. Oi is fixed incumbent operator in Region 1 & 2, but has presence in all Brazilian regions.
Where we are ...
Brazil is the largest country in Latin America with 8.5 million of km2. The GDP is 2.246 Trillion of USD and Population is 203 million of inhabitants.
16 States 10 States 1 State
174 202,9
242,2 261,8 271,1
41,5 42 43 44,3 44,8
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mobile Accesses Fixed Accesses
Millions
Source: Teleco/2014
Changes and …
Source: Ericsson 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1000
1800
Voice
Data
Tota
l (U
L+D
L) t
raff
ic (
Pe
taB
yte
s)
Source: Cisco VNI 2012
12
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
6
Mobile File Sharing
Mobile M2M
Mobile Web/Data
Mobile Video
Exab
yte
s p
er
mo
nth
In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated consumer mobile service
with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer mobile users - Cisco 2012
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
MBB DevelopingMBB DevelopedFBB DevelopingFBB Developed
Wo
rld
Bro
adb
and
Su
bsc
rip
tio
ns
(Bill
ion
s)
Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014
132 89 113 147
117 161 146 103
181 170 149 151
110 59 66 43
540 min 479 min 474 min 444 min
Indonesia China Brazil USA
TV Laptop+PC Smartphone Tablet
Source: KPCB & Milward Brown 2014 Dai
ly D
istr
. Of
Scre
en
Min
ute
s
13 kbps 50 kbps
125
kbps
200
kbps
684
kbps
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Cisco VNI (2010/2011/2012/2013)
242%
2009 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18
10
6
LTE UMTS/HSPA GSM;EDGE TD-SCDMA CDMA Other
Wo
rld
Mo
bile
Su
b. (
Bill
ion
s)
Source: Ericsson 2012
Lati
n A
me
rica
Ave
rage
Th
rou
ghp
ut
VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL … DATA BECOMES VIDEO … MOBILE BECOMES DATA … TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE …
On the market demand in dense urban areas during
business hours, it has been calculated that 800
Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G
Projects).
The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines
recommend 10 square feet per person. It represents 1
Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video
with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!
Whatsapp: Over 50bn messages every day.
Facebook: 1 billion of active users and a half of them use mobile access (488 million users) regularly.
Twitter: 50% users are using the social network via mobile.
YouTube: more than ¼ of users use in Mobile Device
Instagram: The average Instagram mobile user spent two times comparing tp Twitter.
By 2018 there will be nearly 1.4
mobile devices per capita. There
will be over 10 billion mobile-
connected devices by 2018,
including machine-to-machine
(M2M) modules—exceeding the
world’s population at that time
(7.6 billion) – CISCO VNI 2014
… VIDEO & SOCIAL BECOME CROWD TRAFFIC INTERNET OF EVERYTHING TRAFFIC & REVENUE DECOUPLING
Voice Centric
Data Centric
Traffic
Reveue
LTE Advanced
ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency
DL 15 bits/Hz UL 6.75 bits/Hz
Latency User Plane < 10 ms Control Plane < 100 ms
Bandwidth ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz
ADVANCED
Coverage C
apac
ity
SmallCells
High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation
Hetnet/CoMP
LTE
LTE –A
3GPP TR 36.913
3GPP Release 8
3GPP Release 10
RELEASE 8/9 RELEASE 10/11 RELEASE 12/13
20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB
Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)
Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support
LTE Roadmap
Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band
Band X
Band y
Multihop Relay
Multihop Relay
Smallcells Heterogeneous Network
Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet
High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro Cell F1
F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
New Architecture
METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON) METIS: 29 PARTNERS
5G Vision and Timeframe
ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:
IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”
Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for 2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT
IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014)
To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and beyond and to provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects
EU (Nov 2012)
China (Fev2013)
Korea (Jun 2013)
Japão (Out 2013)
2020 and Beyond Adhoc
Exploratory Research Pre-standardization Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
WRC15 WRC12 WRC19
Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society
5G Potential Technologies
1=0º
1=45º
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180
...
p1
p2
pN
Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices
with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption
hnm
h21
h12
h11
Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of
number of antennas
Spatial-temporal modulation schemes SINR optimization Beamforming
Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity
Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);
Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro Cell
F1 F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in
another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).
Net
Radio
Core
Cache
Access Network Caching Network Virtualization Function Cloud-RAN Dynamic and Elastic Network
5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)
Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;
Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Sustainability fragmented spectra.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Sparse-Code Multiple Access (SCMA) High modulation constellation
MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME
New protocol for shared spectrum rational use
Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.
In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.
... Challenges
ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000
future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.
531 MHz 749 MHz
971 MHz
749 MHz
557 MHz 723 MHz
997 MHz
723 MHz
587 MHz 693 MHz
1027 MHz
693 MHz
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
MORE SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE SPLIT CELL & SITE DENSIFICIATION
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝑹
Smallcells
Heterogeneous Network
hnm
h21
h12
h11
Mobile operation needs spectrum below 6 GHz,
but there is no enough around world.
Interference with exiting services: cleanup cost,
interference mitigation
High spectrum cost: The average license cost in
new spectrum auctions ranges around 100-700
million of Reais per 10 MHz FDD block
Spectrum Refarming
Spectral Efficiency
New infrastructure investment
Technology life cycle and adoption
Market Scale
New site legal barriers
Tax barriers
New site investment
Interference control and mitigation
Backhaul capillarity
HIGH ORDER MIMO
Cell Site Densification HIGH ORDER MODULATION
High Density Traffic
2013 2014 2015 2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
0,0 Mbps/km2
500,0 Mbps/km2
1000,0 Mbps/km2
1500,0 Mbps/km2
2000,0 Mbps/km2
0,250 km0,350 km0,450 km0,550 km
DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC
Coverage Radius
Capacity 2015
Capacity 2016
Capacity 2017
A +63%
C
D
+61%
+54%
B
Green line represents the system capacity density.
The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;
However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;
In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites respectivelly;
In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to save CapEx and OpEx;
TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Legend Notes: 2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario; +1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz using 1800 MHz in Basic Scenario coverage; +1800 (10): Same as above, but using 10 MHz; SmallCell: SmallCell using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz for bandwidth;
TIMES BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY
TCO
A B C
Indifference between Macro
1800 & 2600 MHz
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for
coverage
Dual layer Macro LTE 1800
& 2600 MHz
181 265 890
SmallCell 2600 MHz
𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔
𝒌𝒎𝟐
X: BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY
X
DEMANDS
DOWNTOWN DEMAND: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC
Source: SmallCells Forum
Indoor Environment
Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor
propagation. But lack bandwidth for
capturing mobile broadband traffic.
90 MHz 150 MHz 200 MHz
500 MHz
13 GHz
700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz 5800 MHz
(LTE-U)
mmWave
INDOOR TRAFFIC TRAFFIC DENSITY BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS
0,0 dB 10,0 dB 20,0 dB
700 MHz
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2100 MHz
2600 MHz
INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE MACRO SITE DENSITY FOR INDOOR COMPENSATION
39%
32%
14%
4%
11%
In Car
At Home
At Work
Travelling
Others
0 bps/Hz
4 bps/Hz
8 bps/Hz
12 bps/Hz
-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm
3GPP (LTE) Shannon
Outdoor Indoor
-50%
50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are
performed in indoor environment;
Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB,
that reduces at minimum of 50% overall performance
of outdoor macro sites;
FREQUENCY DILEMMA
0
300
600
900
0,25 km0,30 km0,35 km0,40 km0,45 km0,50 km
Indoor Outdoor
219%
High Concentration Traffic
Low dense data traffic. It is dispersed in coverage area
Indoor Environment Outdoor Environment
The indoor traffic density can be thousand times higher
than outdoor. For instance, in stadium & arenas, the
number of persons per km2 can reach 1 Million! If all
persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents 64
Gbps/km2
2600 MHz (10 MHz) Graphs
Better propagation
Outdoor Coverage Radius
Building Penetration Loss varies in each frequency.
Lowest frequency has better propagation behavior.
New Radius for increasing capacity
Ban
dw
idth
Voice Originating Call
Amount of Bandwidth Mbps/km2
Why Centralizing?
CAPACITY & COVERAGE:
Centralized RAN acts as huge Base Station and can easily coordinate resources for interference avoiding by using functionalities such as CoMP and e-ICIC. CoMP and e-ICIC can together increase the system capacity in 30 times homogeneous network;
C-RAN is also suitable for non-uniformly distributed traffic due to the load-balancing capability in the distributed BBU pool. Though the serving RRH changes dynamically according to the movement of UEs, the serving BBU is still in the same BBU pool.
50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are performed in indoor environment, and due concentrated traffic , indoor traffic density can represent 10-100 times outdoor environment;
Centralized RAN can be optimal solution and accordingly to Airvana and it is 69% cheaper than DAS;
TRANSMISSION & INFRASTRUCTURE:
Algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter latency requirement below 10 micro seconds. In general IP backhaul transport cannot accomplish this latency level in X2 interface.
Network Synchronization can be simplified by requiring synchronism in less centralized sites
Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for transport CPRI inside of lambdas.
Space/Colocation, air conditioning and other site support equipment's power consumption can be largely reduced.
China Mobile estimates a reduction of 71% of power saving comparing to Distributed Cell Site;
ROLLOUT, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE :
Faster system rollout due simpler remote cell site that reduces 1/3 comparing to Distributed RAN.
Multi-Tenant BBUs are aggregated in a few big rooms, it is much easier for centralized management and operation, saving a lot of the O&M cost associated with the large number of BS sites in a traditional RAN network.
TCO :
Accordingly to China Mobile, 15% and 50% of CapEx and OpEx savings respectivelly comparing to Distributed RAN
Core Net.
BBU
TDM
IP
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
eICIC CoMP
Distributed RAN Centralized RAN
Coherent transm. & Non-Coherent transm.
Instantaneous Cell Selection
X2
X2
ABS Protected Subframe
Aggressor Cell Victim Cell X2
Identifies interfered UE
Requests ABS Configure
s ABS ABS Info Measurement Subset Info
Uses ABS and signals Patern
Base Station Virtualization & Cloud RAN Architecture
Fronthaul Interface Hardware
Backplane
Backhaul Interface Hardware
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)
VM BBU 1 VM BBU N Core
Network
Cache & Local
Breakout ...
O&
M/C
on
tro
l/O
rch
es
tra
tor
Fronthaul: CPRI, OBSAI, ETSI ORI
Internet
RRU/ RRH
Radio Unit
Network Datacenter
Only Radio Unit
Backhaul IP
RRU/ RRH
Backhaul
Core Network
BBU BBU BBU
Internet
RRU/ RRH
RRU/ RRH
GbE
Existing Deployed Topology
Fronthaul
Internet
V-BBUs V-Core
RRU/ RRH
RRU/ RRH
RRU/ RRH
CPRI/ OBSAI
Cloud RAN Topology
DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE
PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES
ARCHITECTURE
Network Function Virtualization
Elastic & liquid Resources
Operational Flexibility
Reduces space and power consumption
Reduces CapEx, OpEx and delivery time
Software Defined Network
Creates an abstraction layer for: controlling; faster development ; system service orchestration and overall system evolution;
Open Development Interface
Creates an open environment for new development;
Catalyzes new SON & interference mitigation functionalities support;
Cases & ... CENTRALIZED RAN OR SUPER CELLSITE SMALLCELLS VS DAS
WATERFRONT SIDEWALK COVERAGE WITH PICO/SMALLCELLS VIRTUALIZED RAN SHARING
BBU
RRU
eNB/DAS
1 Sector
Limited to the throughput of 1 sector and the air link
Engineered for coverage
Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission (“neutral host”)
BBU 1
BBU N
BBU Hotel
CPRI Limited to the throughput of the air interface and backhaul
Is a mini Base Station in itself
Capable to accommodate high density traffic
Not geared toward neutral host operation
According to Airvana, Smallcell deployment can be 69% cheaper than DAS;
SmallCells
DAS
Super CellSite
BBUs
RRH/RRU Only
Fronthaul Interface Hardware
Backplane
Backhaul Interface Hardware
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
Oper1 (BBU)
Oper2 (BBU) ...
O&
M/O
rch
est
rato
r
OperN (BBU)
Multiple sectors Base Station (or Hotel BBU) extended in their neighborhood through the use of fiber to
supplement coverage / capacity indoor or outdoor
Solution to minimize visual impact on coastlines, parks, public squares, monuments, street furniture and so forth.
Alternative to buried/under ground CellSite: extending sectors from existing base station to cover interested places.
Complements MOCN RAN Sharing deployment, bringing a new alternative (MORAN Like) for supporting multiple
operators, technologies and frequencies.
Internet
Fronthaul
... RRH/RRU
Only
Backhaul
Super CellSite with Pico/SmallCells
RRH/RRU Only
BBU N
BBU 1
...
... Concerns
Transport and Fronthaul
BBU CPRI OBSAI
ETSI ORI
Data
Control
Sync
RRU/RRH
Transport Media: Typically Optical Link in dedicated lambda
BBU N
BBU 2
BBU 1
CRAN – BBU Hotel
SmallCells unfolds complexity of capillarity
246 Mbps 1200 Mbps
2500 Mbps
9830 Mbps
WCDMA (1 Carrier) LTE (MIMO 2x2, 10
MHz)
LTE (MIMO 2x2, 20
MHz)
WCDMA (1 Carrier, 3
Sectors) + LTE (MIMO2x2, 20 MHz, 3 sectors)
High throughput requirement for supporting MIMO and high order of frequency bandwidth.
Although there are fronthaul standards, but
each vendor implemented its own flavor.
STANDARDIZATION:
There exist two main commercial standards CPRI (Common Public Radio Interfce) and OBSAI (Open Base Station Architecture Initiative), but the supporters implemented their own flavor;
ETSI has recently introduced new standard for fronthaul technology: Open Radio Interface that promises to support several medias - not only fiber.
CAPILLARITY:
SmallCells bring scalability concern to provide connectivity to large number of cell sites with high throughput and low latency;
However the SmallCells main applications reside in dense/urban and indoor environment where there exist cabling and fiber facilities
Wireless fronthaul solutions based on Multipoint to Multipoint have high transport capacity by using mmWave or 28 GHz and eventually can support CPRI/OBSAI
HIGH ORDER THROUGHPUT:
CPRI/OBSAI requires a huge throughput but compressed versions are commercial, allowing in some cases transport over Ethernet;
Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for transport CPRI inside of lambdas.
LOW LATENCY:
CPRI/OBSAI requires low latency 5 micro seconds in total, that introduces limitation of 40 km in terms of distance between BBU and RRU;
However, algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter requirement than CPRI, and the limitation must be 15 km.
TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP:
Although DWDM is more expensive than MPLS-TP, the cost optimization considering CapEx and OpEx can reach 1/3 of Distributed CellSite.
... Concerns
STANDARDIZATION PERFORMANCE
Technology and Architecture
Hardware Resources
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)
Virtualization Layer
VNF ...
NFV
Man
agem
ent
and
O
rch
estr
atio
n
Compute Storage Network
NFV Infrastructure Virtual
Compute Virtual Storage
Virtual Network
VNF VNF VNF
Another challenges of virtualization are: real-time processing algorithm implementation; virtualization of the baseband processing pool; dynamic processing capacity allocation to deal with the dynamic cell load in system; exploitation of virtualized resources on commodity hardware, which does not provide the same real-time characteristics as currently deployed hardware.
This will introduce an additional computational latency and jitter, which needs to be considered in the protocol design.
It is an opportunity for new algorithms exploiting a large amount of resources efficiently (e.g., through stronger parallelization) or new Hardware Architecture (such as Intel DPDK).
In theory, a split for function centralization may happen on each protocol layer or on the interface between each layer.
However, 3GPP LTE implies certain constraints on timing as well as feedback loops between individual protocol layers. Hence, in a deployment with a constrained backhaul, most of the radio protocol stack and RRM are executed locally, while functions with less stringent requirements such as bearer management and load balancing are placed in centralized platform.
If a high capacity backhaul is available, a higher degree of centralization is achieved by shifting lower-layer functions (e.g., parts of the physical, PHY, and medium access control, MAC, layers or scheduling) into the centralized platform.
Source: Intel
Network Packet Size Server
Packet Size
WHAT TO VIRTUALIZE
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
How much to centralize
Executed at RRH
Centralized Executed
Centralized Executed
CRAN/SDR Monolithic
Executed at BTS
Middle Range Virtualization
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine
In order to use a common HW and Virtual Network functions, standardization is imperative to guarantee interchangeability of elements, functionalities and interfaces;
NFV ISG formed under ETSI (Nov. 2012), led by network operators with wide industry participation. It defined the architecture for NFV and 9 Use Case, including CRAN.
However an oldest process is in course through 3GPP process, such as 37 series for SDR/MSR.
CRAN needs to capture the best practices of these two processes and to have a single movement.
A Mobile SDN is needed for redefining processes in North/South Bound Interfaces and protocol between Flow Controller and Forward Engine – “MobileFlow” (IEEE Communications Magazine)
... Concerns
Infrastructure
POWERING FOR DISTRIBUTED RRH/RRU IN CENTRALIZED RAN BATTERY BACKUP: DISTRIBUTED OR CENTRALIZED?
VISUAL POLLUTION SITE ACQUISITION
Li-Ion Battery
Lead-Acid Battery SmallCells and RRH/RRH can be powered locally. However it is necessary to provide SLA in case of commercial power unavailability;
The Lead-Acid Battery still requires a large space to install. An alternative is Li-Ion Battery that is becoming affordable solution.
Lithium ion battery can work at the temperature of 60℃ normally. The cycle life can reach 5-to Machine room cost The volume and weight of lithium ion battery is 1/3 of 5 10years. that in lead-acid battery with the same capacity, which save the space efficient and without consider the floor weight.
Electric power cost Lithium ion battery can work at high temperature.Improve the air conditioner temperature in machine room so to save electric power;
Another advantages: Energy density=> space saving; Safety; High Temperature; Large current; Environmental protection
With centrilized RAN the site acquisition and collocation contracts must change. New type must be considered in different bases;
SmallCells deployment are in order of 10-100 times macro sites and their installation can be in different places: train and bus stations; airports; lighting poles; building façade; payphones etc. New types of leases/contracts should be developed.
In an Informa Telecoms & Media Small Cells Market Status Report, nearly 60% of respondents rated deployment issues and backhaul as the top 2 challenges for outdoor small cells. Lack of access to backhaul and power, environmental issues, and cell placement - including the need to deal with multiple landlords, new types of site owners and zoning issues – can delay deployment.
Some operators fail in SmallCells deployment due they did not account a long checklist: transport and infrastructure facilities; legal and site-acquisition issues
A Site Certification program removes these barriers, bringing the value-added suppliers with expertise in small cells to make sure metro deployment happens right the first time, with speed, and on a large scale.
Powering RRH/RRHU centralized/virtaualizaed RAN environment constitutes in one of big challenges;
Power of Ethernet is a preferable implementation for indoor and short distance outdoor SmallCells;
However Ethernet has capacity transport limitation and PoE is limited to 30-50 m;
Another alternative is powered fiber cable system that can offers a reach greater than 10 times the distance of power over Ethernet (POE+) cables.
Up to 12 Optical Fibers SMF/MMF
12 AGW or 16 AGW Conductors
Source: TE Connectivity
Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.
Rural Suburban Urban Dense Urban Ultra Dense Urban & Indoor
Individual satellite access or Satellite Backhaul.
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi 3G HSPA
Macro LTE 2600 MHz (Anatel Obligation)
Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi
Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi Metro Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Public Payphone Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz or 1800 MHz
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi 3G HSPA
Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage & voice offload
SmallCell to indoor Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic
below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz
densification Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification
Multi-sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz densification
Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi (802.11ad) Femtocell for 3G
Indoor & outdoor SmallCells Cloud RAN & Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz
densification Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz or 1800 MHz
Wi-Fi 802.11af (TVWS) – M2M Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &
voice offload SmallCell to indoor
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi (802.11ad), SmallCell LTE-U (Supp. DL)
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW) Wi-Fi Public Payphone Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & Multiple Frequency
Layer LTE for load balancing or CA
Coverage & Capacity Strategy Example
Short Term
Mid Term
Long Term
𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔
𝒌𝒎𝟐
Macro <1 GHz Macro Mddle Freq. Macro High Freq. SmallCell/Wi-FI
Base Station Virtualization in Phases
CLOUD RAN HETNET CENTRALIZED RAN MULTI STANDARD RAN
Multi-sector BBU or BBU Hotel
Overall TCO (CapEx+OpEx) saving of New Cell Site
Network elasticity based on resource pooled in a single BBU
Network synchronization simplification
Fronthaul Rollout
Vendor consolidation
MSR and SDR deployment
2G+3G+4G in single BBU
CellSite Modernization
IP Backhauling
Lifecycle Management Optimization
SmallCell Rollout
Capacity improvement by using CoMP, eICIC, CA etc.
Taking advantage of LTE-A & B (Rel.11 and Rel.12)
Baseband pooled across BBU
Using General Purpose HW
EPC and Cloud RAN in a same Network Datacenter
Core Net.
2G
3G
4G
2G
3G
4G
2G
3G
4G
TDM
IP
Core Net.
2G +3G+4G
TDM
IP
2G +3G+4G
2G +3G+4G
Core Net.
BBU
TDM
IP
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
SBI/Fronthaul
NBI/Internet
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
BB
U1
...
O&
M/O
rch
est
rato
r
BB
U2
BB
Un
EPC
IMS
MTA
S