Ltdl Nro3 Matyaas Leandro Saidel

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+olitical and &mpolitical: ,-o+erspecti*es to $ethin. theCommon and the +olitical in

Contemporary ,hought/

+oltico e &mpoltico: dos perspecti*as para repensar lo com0n y lo

poltico en el pensamiento contempor1neo

M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

Conse


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M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

una nueva su=


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Political and Impolitical 9

&4 &ntroduction

n t+is article introduce a distinction =etHeen tHo Ha*s of t+inGing

t+e common and t+e political in contemporar*/ post?foundational

political t+oug+t (Marc+art KLL7) H+ic+ call political andimpolitical (Esposito 1999) stage t+is dialogue in order to anal*'e +oH

t+ese t+eories can come to terms Hit+ t+e pro=lems posed =* a societ* in

H+ic+ our practices are captured =* t+e dispositifsof control and no solid

ground can =e found for our =eing?in?common maintain t+at =ot+

stances s+are t+e vieH of communit* as simultaneousl* impossi'le and

necessary 6onet+eless/ H+ile t+e politicalperspective seeGs to re?t+inG

political su=


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1L M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

communit* is impossi=le .oHever/ suggest t+at t+eir different

approac+es to t+e relation =etHeen t+e common and politics/ su=


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mutual delimitation/ moreover/ t+e deadlocGs of eac+ perspective Hill also

come to lig+t Hant to suggest t+at t+ese aut+ors attempt to offer

political alternatives to H+at +as =een perceived in t+e Best as

depolitici(ation/ Hit+out reinstating a normative discourse $nd *et/ as

Hill seeG to demonstrate/ onl* a mutual encounter of t+e tHo perspectivescan offer glimpses of a proper account of toda*Ys forms of governance

Bit+out suc+ an encounter/ activism =ased on t+e political perspectiveYs

demands can reinforce domination in our society of control (eleu'e)/

H+ile impolitical forms of retreat and inoperativenesscan amount to a

Hit+draHal into an individual/ aest+etic e,perience 0een as a dialectical

pair/ t+e tHo positions can correct one anot+er: t+e political stance serves

to avoid a ni+ilistic stance toHards politics/ H+ile impolitical t+oug+t

mig+t =e a good antidote for preventing sacrificial and aut+oritarian formsof transcendence 8+us/ in t+e final part of t+e paper Hill suggest t+at

an engagement Hit+ \i]eGYs anal*sis of capitalism and t+e full

commodification of social life actuall* ena=les $gam=enYs reflections on

useto gain neH cogenc* as an alternative econom* of social interaction/

production and en


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1K M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

notion of radical democracy ("aclau W Mouffe 19Q) %ar from

c+aracteri'ing a political regime/ radical democrac* indicates t+e potential

to democrati'e ever* realm of social life Hit+in a pluralistic/ multicultural

societ* t assumes t+e necessit* of contingenc* (Marc+art KLL7/ 11ss)

and antagonism/ avoiding an* totalitarian closure of t+e social H+ole nt+is Ha*/ "aclau and Mouffe supported li=eral democrac* H+ile

simultaneousl* re?evaluated t+e ontological role of politics f for Mar,ism

politics is traditionall* configured in instrumental terms and reduced to

t+e domain of t+e 0tate/ for "aclau and Mouffe politics is an instituting

social practice t+at +as no predefined ground/ locus/ su=


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Political and Impolitical 1J

8+us/ "aclauYs rhetorical ontologyis immediatel* political insofar as

ever* social identit* is politicall* constructed and su=


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14 M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

=* t+e part* of t+e poor/ as an activit* of a common t+at is necessaril*

litigious (Ranci^re 1999) and t+at implies a democratic su=


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Political and Impolitical 1Q

$t t+is point/ +oHever/ He ma* =egin to note some potential

pro=lems in "aclauYs account %irst/ t+e a,iomatic assertion t+at political

representation must =e invested in a name t+at unifies Zt+ese various

demands b into a sta=le s*stem of signification[ and t+e role of

leaders+ip in "aclauYs idea of populism reveal t+at li=idinal investments ina name cannot =e easil* separated from t+e investments in a =od*

ndeed/ t+is investments seem to unif* different demands Hit+in Zt+e

name of t+e leader[ and not Hit+in empt* signifiers liGe _


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1 M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

for t+e possi=ilit* of social c+ange %or even if t+e struggles of different

social identities can =e _progressiveY/ t+e* are not necessarilyc+allenging

H+at in +is vieH alHa*s returns to t+e same place: capitalism as Real

(1999/ KLLL) .e maintains t+at radical democrac* s+ould no longer =e a

(political) democrac*/ since li=eral democrac* cannot =e separated fromcapitalism ut differentl*: in \i]eGYs vieH/ since capitalism is t+e

condition of possi=ilit* of li=eral democrac*/ if He Hant to overcome

capitalism He must also =e read* to get rid of democrac*

6o Honder t+at "aclau accused \i]eG of recalling t+e _Horst tradition

of non?deconstructed Mar,ismY and of Hrongl* reading $lt+usserian over

determination as _determination in t+e last instanceY (KLLL W KLL)

B+ereas "aclau t+inGs t+at t+ere is no transcendental locus for social

antagonism and t+at ever* political articulation is contingent/ \i]eGmaintains t+at t+e ver* possi=ilit* to perceive social identities as

contingent onl* emerges in late capitalism ndeed/ t+e concept of

contingenc* is for +im t+e Ouasi?transcendental condition of possi=ilit* of

our multicultural societies 8+us/ in t+e last decade \i]eG +as associated

"aclauYs position Hit+ li=eral multiculturalism and also dismissed an*

form of _+istoricismY/ _relativismY or _deconstructionismY as part of t+e

cultural logic of late/ postmodern capitalism

n t+is sense/ H+ereas "aclau t+inGs politics t+roug+ contingentl*

construed identities/ H+ere universalism is alHa*s contaminated =*

particularism/ \i]eG Hill defend t+e possi=ilit* of a direct access to

Universalit* .oHever/ +e Hill avoid a condemnator* approac+ to

su=stantial identities Bit+ regards to t+e notion of community/ \i]eG does

not propose onl* a formal or negative approac+ liGe t+e impoliticalone (see

=eloH) .e states t+at H+en He confront et+nicall*?=ased communities/

He must differentiate =etHeen t+e latent dream thought and t+e desire

e,pressed in a dream 8+erefore/ t+e roots of fascism are not to =e soug+t

in t+e legitimate desire to form a su=stantial communit* Rat+er/ fascism

in+eres onl* in a Ha* of sym'oli(ingt+is His+ as an e,plicit ideological

te,t .ence/ fascist ideolog* tries to o=scure t+e structural impossi=ilit* of

full* reali'ing a communit* =* =laming one of t+e communit*Ys parts for

t+e presence of antagonism (\i]eG 199J W KLLL) -n t+e ot+er +and/ +e

states t+at H+at +olds communities toget+er is not a common

identification =ut rat+er a disidentification/ a Ha* of organi'ing en)oyment

t+roug+ t+e disavoHed transgression of pu=lic rules (KLLQ/ QQ): Zt+e fear

of e,cessive identification is `b t+e fundamental feature of t+e late?

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capitalist ideolog*[ (199J/ KJ7) .ence +e maintains Xin contrast to

"aclauX t+at overidentification is more su=versive t+an fig+ting

_essentialismY and _fi,ed?identitiesY

$lso Ranci^re Hill t+eori'e disidentification =ut in a different sense

Rat+er t+an organi'ing communal en


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1 M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

to catastrop+e (KLL/ 4KL?JL) n t+is sense/ =esides t+e crucial

antagonism =etHeen t+e e,cluded and t+e included/ \i]eG points out

t+ree domains of antagonisms =etHeen t+e commons (6egri) and t+eir

commodification: in culture or socio?s*m=olic space/ in outer nature

(environment) and inner nature (=iogenetics)t is t+is reference to commons Xt+is su=stance of productivit* H+ic+ is

neit+er private nor pu=licX H+ic+


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&&&4 ,he impolitical perspecti*e: the e5posure to the common

8+e impoliticalperspective/ liGe its political counterpart/ conceives

politics as a conflictive realit* .oHever/ impolitical t+eorists focus on t+e

community as t+e Ge* figure to t+inG t+e common as a sp+ere of

constitutivel* impossi=le +armon* $lt+oug+ t+is approac+ s+ares t+eanti?identitarian/ anti?totalitarian and anti?essentialist vieH of politics He

find in "aclau and Mouffe/ it does not consider t+e common as a result of

political su=


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KL M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

practica=le for most of t+e European "eft %or Esposito/ t+e impolitical

taGes us =e*ond an* political p+ilosop+*/ understood as a tradition in

H+ic+ politics is measured =* its correspondence Hit+ a good p+ilosop+*

and p+ilosop+* is evaluated =* its capacit* to transform politics (1999)

Undou=tedl*/ most intellectuals He Hould include in t+e _politicalYperspective also retreat into an ontological reflection t+at departs from

political p+ilosop+* t+us descri=ed 3ut H+ile in t+e political perspective

t+ere is a need to ret+inG political su=


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Political and Impolitical K1

assertion of t+eproprium/ communitasimplies a positive relation(cum) to

it/ our common e7posureto a t+reatening/ violent/ mandator* gift B+at

He +ave in common/ t+en/ is not+ing =ut t+is gift/ t+is e,posure to t+e

possi=ilit* of mutual contagion/ H+ic+ +as to =e avoided for an*

immunitarian stance t+at protects life t+roug+ its negation6onet+eless/ a form of immunit* is necessar* if life is to =e

conserved or developed n t+is sense/ present?da* =iopoHer Xin H+ic+

t+e protection and increase of t+e Oualit* of life is t+e onl* issue t+at

legitimi'es a governmentX can =e understood t+roug+ immuni'ation

paradigm as a series of measures to protect communitarian and

individual life Hit+in t+e frameHorG of a self?same social =od* in H+ic+

t+e t+reatening dimension of t+e common/ t+e possi=ilit* of transgressing

=oundaries/ is Gept at =a* B+en an e,aggerated form of immuni'ationarises/ it ends up attacGing t+e same =od* it strives to protect/ as in auto?

immune diseases 3ut immunit* does not necessaril* lead to a

t+anatological/ auto?immunitarian outcome 8o t+e contrar*/ EspositoYs

idea of a common immunity/ e,emplified =* pregnancy, in H+ic+ t+e

mot+er protects t+e em=r*o despite t+e differenceof t+eir genetic codes

(KLLK)/ offers a paradigm in H+ic+ life emerges t+roug+ t+e conflict

=etHeen tHo immunities n t+is sense/ difference =ecomes t+e condition

for coe,istence and common groHt+ in an ontolog* =ased not on

presupposition=ut in e7position t is precisel* t+roug+ t+e concept of e,?

position t+at Esposito Hill tr* to t+inG affirmative/ communitarian

=iopolitics

3* e,?position He must understand a radical s+ift in t+e concept of

co?e,istence 8raditional metap+*sics +ave t+oug+t a !round or

0u=stance of H+ic+ t+e concrete e,istence Hould derive its meaning n

politics/ t+ere Has alHa*s t+e idea of a s+ared/ presupposed element

grounding t+e communit* or a 0u=


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KK M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

one of t+em =* t+e ot+er: 'ios and (o&/ logos and phon&/ human and

animal n +istoric communities t+is e,clusion renders t+e e,cluded

sacer/ ie/ possi=le to Gill Hit+out committing +omicide or sacrifice/

t+ere=* turning e7clusion into a transcendental presupposition for

=elonging $gam=en opposes to t+is t+e notion of t+e coming community(199L)/ H+ic+ is not founded in an* su=


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Political and Impolitical KJ

cut/ maGing impossi=le for t+e H+ole and t+e part to coincide aulYs

universalism is not


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K4 M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

capture our attempts of su=


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Political and Impolitical KQ

relation/ H+ere t+e first step is to t+inG potentialit* Hit+out an* relation

to actualit* (199Q) n t+is sense/ whatever singularity/ as a reformulation

of Dasein/ means for $gam=en t+e impossi=ilit* of isolating su=stance

and modes/ individualit* and universalit* $t staGe +ere is a form?of?life

H+ic+ reflects +uman life as (im)potentialit*/ since +uman =eings +ave nopredefined =iological tasG (KLLL)

$lso/ H+ereas "aclau and \i]eG strive to ret+inG political

su=


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K M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

impersonal t+roug+ immuni'ation

8o sum up/ impolitical aut+ors critici'e an* form of mediation of t+e

communit* in a separate sp+ere/ an* form of representation H+ic+/ as

Esposito maintains/ is alHa*s a representation of -rder (199J) 8+e* also

critici'e t+e role identities pla* in politics 8+e* s+are a moment of retreatand t+e assertion of norm5form?of?life (Esposito KLL4S $gam=en KL11=)

against an* t*pe of legal and political transcendence 8+ese aut+ors are

critical of li=eral democrac* since it can =e seen as immunitarian

(Esposito KLL) and since t+e predominance of government+as done aHa*

Hit+ an* form of popular sovereignt* ($gam=en KL11a) 6onet+eless/

despite Hriting a=out government and =iopolitics/ t+ese aut+ors usuall*

+ave a negative approac+ on poHer t+at does not let t+em consider

seriousl* present da* governance1Q

Be Hill come =acG to t+is in t+econcluding remarGs

&V4 Concluding remar.s

n t+is paper tried to s+oH t+at political and impolitical

perspectives t+inG t+e common in a non?foundational Ha*/ as t+e* do not

presuppose an* su=stantial or sta=le ground for it $t t+e same time/ =ot+

recogni'e t+at a full closure or total reconciliation of t+e communit* is

impossi=le and +as proved politicall* deadl* .oHever/ as He +ave seen/t+e* are not post?foundational in t+e same Ha*: H+ile t+e political

perspectivetries to fill t+e void of t+e communit* and name t+e not+ing

stressing t+e relevance of politicall* construed identities ("aclau) and t+e

ontological function of t+e 0u=


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order to avoid reinforcing t+e domination over life/ namel*/ t+e capture of

su=


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K M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

e,istential need/ an et+ical imperative or a suicidal actionV Be +ave

alread* commented on "aclauYs critiOue of $gam=enYs dream of politics

Hit+out e,clusions 0imilarl*/ \i]eG (KLL) critici'es t+e retreat from state

poHer =* suggesting t+at _local strugglesY and _infinite demandsY17 onl*

reinforce t+e position of t+ose H+o rule nstead of resisting state poHer orretreating from it/ +e suggests t+at true revolutionaries s+ould tr* to sei'e

it (KLL7) 3ut does it maGe an* sense to speaG toda* of _true

revolutionariesY and t+e sei'ure of state poHer in comple, and glo=ali'ed

societiesV

n m* vieH/ the limits of 'oth perspectives stem from the very

diagnoses they make espite providing useful insig+ts/ =ot+ stances +ave

a reductive understanding of toda*Ys forms of domination/ H+ic+

undermines t+eir capacit* to ela=orate a positive account of t+ecommunalit* to emerge and politics to come n t+is sense/ impolitical

t+oug+t seems to =e still secretl* o=sessed Hit+ sovereign poHer and Hit+

t+eological and


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understanding toda*Ys forms of poHer in _developed societiesY H+ere

demandsand desiresare more liGel* to =e construed and fulfilled t+roug+

marGeting and consumption or self?entrepreneurs+ip rat+er t+an =*

li=idinal investments in politics 6oHada*s t+e _affective investment in a

nameY Hit+ H+ic+ "aclau descri=es t+e construction of _t+e peopleY isliGel* to =e done =* political marGeting 3esides/ it also implies t+e

identification Hit+ a =od* t+at incarnates t+e communit*/ reinstating a

t+eological dimension in politics $ postmodern t+eolog* in H+ic+ no dea

mo=ili'es t+e people: onl* a name/ or slogan

-f course/ m* assertion implies leaving aside contingenc* for a

moment and taGing a _su=stantiveY and _outmodedY vieH of politics as

somet+ing different from marGeting and consumption t also implies a

critical vieH on marGeting as a su=tler =ut no less aut+oritarian Ha* ofconstructing political images and social identities compared to t+e

8otalitarian propaganda .oHever/ as mentioned a=ove/ t+is

spectaculari'ation of politics and t+is commodification of social identities

can +ave a positive outcome for =ot+ "aclau and $gam=en %or t+e first/

t+e dislocations t+ese processes impl* open t+e possi=ilit* of neH

demands/ struggles and political articulation %or t+e latter/ t+e

possi=ilit* of a communit* Hit+out identit* is t+e result of t+e

e,propriation of t+e Common =roug+t a=out =* toda*Ys capitalism and

t+is opportunit* s+ould =e used against t+e 0pectacle (199L) n t+is

sense/ t+e logic of profanation implies t+e possi=ilit* to create an

alternative econom* of social interaction/ production and en


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JL M$8P$0 "E$6R- 0$E"

means t+e increase of violence/ Esposito proposes to ret+inG t+e

impersonal dimension and/ liGe $gam=en/ to advocate a _m*sticalY life t+at

cannot =e separated from its forms/ a deactivation of =ot+ t+e "aH and its

su=


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Political and Impolitical J1

invented/ profaning an outdated idea of propert* and also an

aut+oritarian notion of politics in order to produce neH political

e,periences 8o do so/ He cannot sever t+e common from t+e political: not

even Hit+ $pellesYs +elp

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XX (KLL4)/ 5ios 5iopolitica e filosofia 8orino: Einaudi

XX (KLL7)/ Ter(a Persona Politica della vita e filosofia dell@impersonale

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Ltdl Nro3 Matyaas Leandro Saidel

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