Low visibility operations rev.1-2012

Training DepartmentLow Visibility Operations – Rev. 1/2012

Low Visibility Operations

• Instructor:– Start Time: 09:00– Coffee break: 10:15-10:30 & 11:45-12:00 – Lunch: 13:00-14:00– Coffee break: 15:15-15:30– End time: 17:00

WELCOME


Introduction

• Course Rules (1)– Language– Security Issues – Mobile phones– Smokers (breaks)


Introduction

• Course Rules (2)– Keep an open mind– Speak up– Participate– Feel free to disagree


Introduction

COURSE SCHEDULE (DAY 1)

• Airfield Requirements

• Low Visibility T/O

• Cat II/III Approaches


Introduction

• Introduction of participants– Name, position, background,...– What are yours responsibilities?– Previous contacts with ......subjects......– Define your expectations.


Introduction

Training DepartmentLow Visibility Operations – Rev.1

Airfield Requirements

Airfield Requirements


Airfield Requirements - Introduction

Introduction

An operator shall not use an airfield for CAT II or CAT III operations unless it is approved for such operations by the state in which the airfield is located.

Airfield requirements are contained in the ICAO document "All-Weather Operations Manual" which refers to standards and recommendations from ICAO Annex 10 first volume (ILS) and ICAO annex 14 (Aerodrome). ICAO standards are internationally accepted but additional requirements or variants may be found in national regulations (AC120.29 and AC120.28C for FAA for instance) or in the ECAC document n°17.

The present chapter addresses the following subjects:

runway characteristics, visual aids, non-Visual aids (ILS), RVR measurements, obstacle clearance area,

The aim of this chapter is to present a summary view of the typical CAT II or CAT III airfield requirements.


Airfield Requirements – Rwy Characteristics

RUNWAY CHARACTERISTICS

RUNWAY LENGTHThere is no specific requirement concerning runway length for an aerodrome to be CAT II or III approved. The runway length is only an operational limitation.

RUNWAY WIDTHThe runway width should be normally not less than 45m.

RUNWAY SLOPEFor CAT II or CAT III, disregarding normal standards, it is recommended that for the first and the last quarter of the length of the runway the slope does not exceed 0.8%. To permit the use of the automatic landing system, ICAO also recommends that slope changes must be avoided or, when it is not possible, kept to a maximum of 2% per 30m (i.e. a minimum radius of curvature of 1500m) in the area located just before the threshold (60m wide, 200m long). This limitation is due to the fact that automatic landing systems use radio altimeter and a rapid slope change could disturb the landing. During airworthiness certification, it must be demonstrated that the automatic landing system works on a particular runway profile.

OBJECTS ON RUNWAY STRIPSIt is recommended that for runways intended for use for CAT II or CAT III approaches, no fixed object (other than frangible visual aids) are installed on a runway strip within 60m of the centerline. During landing, no mobile objects are permitted in the same area.

TAXI-HOLDING POSITIONA taxi-holding position is established at each intersection of a taxiway and the runway. The distance between the holding position and the centerline of the runway is not less than 90m (greater if the runway elevation exceeds 700m).


VISUAL AIDS-RUNWAY MARKS

RUNWAY CENTRELINE MARKSFor CAT II or CAT III operations, the runway centerline marks, as shown in Figure 1, must have a width not less than 0.90m (or not less than 0.45m for CAT I).

TOUCHDOWN ZONE MARKSTouchdown zone marks, as shown in Figure 1, are required for all precision approaches, unless the authority declares that they are unnecessary. They are painted in the touchdown zone (the zone beginning at the threshold and extending to a distance of 900m).

TAXIWAY MARKSTaxiway marks are not a specific CAT II or CAT III requirement, but experience has shown that they are an efficient means of guiding aircraft in low visibility conditions during the day.

TAXI-HOLDING POSITION MARKINGSThe taxi-holding positions must be as shown in pattern A for the closest marks to the runway and pattern B for the other markings (see Figure 2). Either CAT II or CAT III is written on the surface when the area exceeds 60m width. CAT II or CAT III signs are also placed on either edge of the taxiway at the holding-position and the sign CAT III must be accompanied with flashing lights. These markings or signs are an efficient means to avoid aircraft intruding into the obstacle-free zone orin the critical/sensitive area.

Airfield Requirements – Rwy Marks


MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS

Airfield Requirements – Mandatory Instruction Signs

CAT I CAT II

CAT II/III CAT III

CAT II - III

NO ENTRY


VISUAL AIDS-RUNWAY LIGHTS

Runway lights on runways intended for use by CAT II or CAT III operations consist of high intensity threshold lights, runway end lights, runway touchdown zone lights, runway edge lights, and runway centerline lights. The basic pattern of runway lights and requirements for taxiway lights is shown in Figure 3.

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTSRunway edge lights are placed along the full length of the runway in two parallel rows equidistant from the centerline, with a distance of no more than 3m to the runway edge. These lights are uniformly spaced at intervals of no more than 60m and may be omitted at the intersections. The lights are fixed lights showing variable white.

THRESHOLD LIGHTSThreshold lights are placed in a row at right angles to the runway axis, outside the runway with a distance of no more than 3m to the threshold. The lights are fixed unidirectional lights showing green, uniformly spaced at intervals of no more than 3m.

RUNWAY END LIGHTSRunway end lights are placed in a row at right angles to the runway axis, outside the runway with a distance of no more than 3m to the runway end. The lights are fixed unidirectional lights showing red, with a minimum number of 6 lights. ICAO also recommends a spacing between the lights of no more than 6m for runways intended for use by CAT III approaches.

Airfield Requirements – Visual AIDS-RWY


RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTSRunway centerline lights are a specific requirement for CAT II or CAT III approaches. They are located along the centerline of the runway, with a longitudinal spacing of approximately 7.5m, 15m or 30m for CAT II and only 7.5m or 15m for CAT Ill. These lights are fixed lights showing:

Variable white from the threshold to the point 900m from the runway end. Alternate red and variable white from the point 900m to the point 300m from the runway

end (pairs of red lights followed by pairs of variable white lights if the spacing is only 7.5m) Red from the point 300m to the runway end. (If the runway length is less than 1800m, the

alternate red and variable white lights are extended from the mid-point of the runway to 300m from the runway end).

TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTSRunway touchdown zone lights are a specific requirement for CAT II or CAT III approaches. They extend from the threshold for a longitudinal distance of 900m (full touchdown zone) but do not extend beyond the mid-point if runway length is less than 1800m. The pattern is formed by pairs of barrettes containing at least three lights. The lights inside each barrette are fixed unidirectional lights showing variable white, spaced at an interval of no more than 1.5m. Each barrette must be not less than 3m and no more than 4.5m in length. The lateral spacing (or gauge) between the lights is not less than 18m and no more than 22.5m with a preference of 18m. The longitudinal spacing between pairs of barrettes is 60m or 30m, but it is recommended to have a spacing of 30m for low minima.

Airfield Requirements – Visual AIDS-RWY


TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTSTaxiway edge lights are not a specific CAT II or CAT III requirement, but provide efficient visual aid during low-visibility operations. The lights are fixed lights showing blue.

TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTSTaxiway centerline lights have to be installed on airfields intended for use by operations with an RVR 400m or less (400m is the mean value for CAT II approach). The lateral spacing between lights must not exceed 15m but the proximity of a curve must be indicated by a spacing equal to, or less than, 7.5m. The lights are fixed lights showing green, but from the beginning of the taxiway to the perimeter of the ILS critical area/sensitive area or the lower edge of the inner transitional surface, the lights are alternately showing green and yellow.

Airfield Requirements – Visual Aids-RWY


Airfield Requirements – Visual AIDS-APP

VISUAL AIDS-APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEM

The approach light system is mandatory for CAT II operations, and only optional for CAT III operations. It consists of a row of lights on the extended centerline of the runway, extending over a distance of 300m from the threshold (over 900m for CAT I).In addition, the system has two side rows of lights, extending 270m from the threshold, and two crossbars, one at 150m and one at 300m from the threshold as shown in Figure 5.5.It is specified by the ECAC that sequenced strobe lighting is considered to be incompatible with CAT II and III operations. When installed for other operation, it should be switched off when CAT II or CAT III approaches are in progress.

EXTENDED CENTERLINE LIGHTS

The lights forming the centerline are placed at longitudinal intervals of 30m, with the first one located 30m from the threshold.These lights consist of barrettes showing variable white. Each barrette is at least 4m in length. When a barrette is composed of point sources, the lights are uniformly spaced at intervals of no more than 1.5m.


Airfield Requirements – Visual AIDS-APP

SIDE ROW LIGHTS

The lights forming the side rows are placed on each side of the centerline, at alongitudinal spacing equal to that of the extended centerline lights (30m), with thefirst ones located 30m from the threshold. The lateral spacing (or gauge) betweenthe lights is not less than 18m and no more than 22.5m, with a preference for 18m.In any case, the lateral spacing shall be equal to that of the touchdown zone lights(see Figure 4).These lights consist of barrettes showing red. The length of a side row barrette andthe longitudinal spacing of its lights shall be equal to those of the touchdown lightsbarrettes.

CROSSBAR LIGHTS

The crossbar provided at 150m from the threshold fills in the gap between thecenterline and the side row lights. The crossbar provided at 300m is extended onboth sides of the centerline lights to a distance of 15m from the centerline. Thelights forming the two crossbars are fixed lights showing variable white.


Airfield Requirements – Obstacle clearence

OBSTACLE CLEARANCE AREA

Due to the very low visibility in CAT II and CAT III operations, each airfield must meet stringent criteria concerning obstacle clearance to avoid any aircraft on approach, landing or go-around touching obstacles on the ground. The basis of those criteria are fully included in ICAO Annex 14 and PANS-OPS Doc 8168 and in other national documents. In CAT II and III operations, two important concepts are often mentioned in the regulations.

− the Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ), − the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).

Provided below are the definitions of the OCH and OFZ as defined in ICAO.

OCA/OCH: The lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation as applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.

Sometimes, the term OCL (obstacle clearance limit) can be found in the documentation, but this term is being phased out.When an operator establishes his operating aerodrome minima, he must take into account the OCH only for CAT II. The minimum DH for CAT II is always equal to or higher than any OCH mentioned in the aerodrome chart. This OCH is a function of the category of aircraft (A to E).

OFZ: The airspace above the inner approach surface, inner transitional surfaces, and balked landing surfaces and that portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces, which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle other than a low-mass and frangible mounted and required for air transportation purposes.


Airfield Requirements – ILS Facility

ILS FACILITY DESCRIPTION

Nowadays, all CAT II and III approaches are based on ILS facilities. The ILS installation must conform to the appropriate specifications contained in ICAO Annex 10, Volume 1, Part 1, Chapters 2 and 3, and be designed and operated in accordance with the guidance material contained in attachments C to part 1 of Annex 10.

There are three categories of ILS, providing guidance down to a height higher orequal to

60m(200ft) for CAT I, 15m(50ft) for CAT II, runway surface and along the runway for CAT III.

Generally, the authority requires a CAT II ILS facility for the performance of CAT II approaches, and a CAT Ill ILS facility for the performance of CAT III approaches.However, it is acceptable to use a category II ILS facility for the performance of CAT III approaches with the highest minima (for example CAT III A or CAT III with DH not less than 50ft). Generally, a special agreement from the authority should be obtained. Mainly, the authority will take account of the continuity of service objective and the integrity objective of those installations.


Airfield Requirements – ILS Facility

ILS PROTECTION

In CAT II and III approaches, the ILS beams must be protected from unacceptable disturbance. For this purpose, two kinds of protection area are defined

the critical area, the sensitive area.

ILS critical area An area of defined dimensions about the localizer and glide path antennas where vehicles, including aircraft, are excluded during all ILS operations. The critical area is protected because the presence of vehicles and/or aircraft inside the boundaries will cause unacceptable disturbance to the ILS signal-in-space.

ILS sensitive areaAn area extending beyond the critical area where the parking and/or movement of vehicles, including aircraft, is controlled to prevent the possibility of unacceptable interference to the ILS signal during ILS operations. The sensitive area is protected to provide protection against interference caused by large moving objects outside the critical area but still normally within the airfield boundary.

The ILS beam is also protected by longitudinal separation between aircraft on landing or take-off.

ILS protection is mandatory when low visibility procedures are in force.


Airfield Requirements – ILS facility

Typical localizer critical and sensitive areas dimension variations for a 3 000 m (10 000 ft) runway

Typical glide path critical andsensitive areas dimension variations

Figure 4

Figure 4.1


Airfield Requirements - RVR

RVR (Runway Visual Range) RVR MEASUREMENTSThe RVR measurements are provided by a system of calibrated transmissometers and take account of the effects of ambient background light and the intensity of runway lights.Description of RVR measurement system RVR measurement system includes:

One or more transmissometer(s): A transmissometer is a system providing the value of the opaqueness of the atmosphere on a reference distance through the ratio between the transmitted light flux and the received light flux.

There are two types of transmissometer commonly used as shown Figure 5.

LOCATION OF THE TRANSMISSOMETERSThe RVR measurements are basically provided for three parts of the runway.

the touch-down zone (TDZ), the mid runway portion (MID), the roll-out portion or stop-end.

The required number of measurements depends on the type of operations. Transmissometers should be placed at each zone in which they are intended to provide an RVR measurement. The location is supervised by the technical services of the authority. The transmissometer must be close enough to the runway to provide an acceptable value, but at the same time must be a non-hazardous obstacle for the aircraft.



RVR MEASUREMENT REPORTSICAO recommends that RVR reports are given with 50m increments when the RVR is less than 800m and 25m increments when the RVR is less 150m. In any case, any change of the RVR value must be known by the ATC as soon as possible and in less than 15 seconds.During operations, the pilot must know the RVR value related to the touch-down. Generally, it is not necessary to give the other values (MID, stop-end) unless these values are lower than the TDZ report or there is special mention in the ATC procedures.



Figure 5

Airport Facilities – Aerodrome Operating Minima


Aerodrome Operating MinimaEach aerodrome is different and requires different consideration for the efficient and expeditious operation of airplanes. The Operator must establish by law Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM), which specify the minimum meteorological conditions necessary and specific requirements for pilots to achieve before operating aircraft into or from the aerodrome.

The AOM are not universally applied but are specific to the aerodrome, the type of airplane, the type of operation, the qualification of the crew, and many other criteria. However, the minima specified by the Operator are not to be less than those approved by the Authority of the State in which the aerodrome is located which, in turn, is not less than the minima stated in Annex 6 and JAR-OPS.

In specifying the minima, the Operator needs to take into account:

The type, performance, and handling characteristics of the airplane The composition, competence, and experience of the crew Dimensions and characteristics of the runway used Adequacy and performance of ground aids Airplane equipment for navigation and/or the control of the airplane during the takeoff,

approach, the flare, the landing, the roll-out, and the missed approach Obstacles in the approach, missed approach and climb-out areas The obstacle clearance height/altitude (OCH/A) for instrument approaches The means of determining and reporting meteorological conditions

Low Visibility T/O


Low Visibility Take Off

Takeoff with RVR less than 400m is considered as LVTO by JAR OPS 1.

The maximum RVR at Takeoff is quite independent of the aircraft type and aircraft equipment except for very low RVR.

The Takeoff minima is mainly determined by the airport installation (runway lighting system, RVR measurement system, ...).

When weather conditions are more severe than the landing minima, a takeoff alternate is normally required:

− within one hour for twins − within two hours for quads − within the maximum approved diversion time for aircraft qualified for

ETOPS, but not more than 2 hours (JAR OPS). (Above time is determined at the one engine inoperative speed).

Take Off Minima


Low Visibility Take Off – Take Off Minima


Low Visibility Take Off – Take Off Minima

Take Off with RVR ≥ 150m

CM1 is PF

Line up with care, check QFU and LOC deviation

TOGA

Static T/O

Highest flaps setting

Lowest VR

CM2 looks inside (call deviation of Loc Left or right via YAW bar)

FMA to be read by CM2 on T/O

CM2 monitor and call out any abnormality


Low Visibility T/O – Operational procedures

Take Off with 125m ≤ RVR ≤ 150mSame as T/O with RVR ≥ 150m, plus…

Both pilots must be previously simulated trained (in order to have the required

authorization)

Max Xwind 10 kts

Braking action not lower than “good”

Loc indication is recommended on PFD’s Vis from cockpit must not be less than 90m at start of TOR (6 lights spaced 15m

or 12 lights spaced 7.5m) (slant vis from cockpit A320 12.5m)

15m



Take Off with 125m ≤ RVR ≤ 150m (cont’d)

If the reported RVR in the initial part of the T/O is given as 125m, a 90 m visual segment (6 centre lights if spaced 15m) must be available from the cockpit at the start of the take-off run. The required RVR value must be achieved for all RVR reporting points.s.

In this case no pilot assessment is allowed to substitute “A” point.



Take Off in LVOPF

HEAD.............................................. UP

RUNWAY CENTERLINE ................ VISUALLY FOLLOW (VISUAL CUES REMAIN THE PRIMARY MEANS TO TRACK THE RUNWAY

CENTERLINE. THE YAW BAR PROVIDES AN ASSISTANCE IN CASE OF

UNEXPECTED FOG PATCHES.)

PNF

HEAD............................................................ DOWN

YAW BAR/ILS .............................................. MONITOR

FLIGHT & ENGINE INSTRUMENTS ............ MONITOR

SPEEDS ........................................................ CALL

ROTATION .................................................. MONITOR

DEVIATIONS ................................................ MONITOR

(ADVISE PF IN CASE ANY DEVIATION OCCURS)

The PFD displays a Yaw Bar in green below 30 ft

RA and if a localizer signal is available:

During takeoff (in RWY mode) and

Upon landing (in FLARE and ROLL OUT

mode).



Take Off with 75m ≤ RVR ≤ 125m

Same as T/O with 125m ≤ RVR ≤ 150m plus…

Front beam of Cat III loc must appear on PFD

Airborne lateral guidance system must be certified for T/O on both PFD’s

RWY in use must be protected with procedures equivalent with Cat III Ops

NOT ALLOWED LBY



Take Off Alternate

When operational performance or meteorological conditions preclude to return to departure aerodorome (i.e. Wheater condition do not fulfill applicable minima for approach and landing), a takeoff alternate aerodrome must be selected. For an aerodrome to be selected as a takeoff alternate the folowing condition must be met:

The appropriate weather reports or forecasts or any combination thereof indicate that, during a period commencing one (1) hour before and ending one (1) hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather will be at or above the applicable Aerodrome operating minima;

When the only approaches available are non-precision and/or circling, the cloud ceiling must be taken into account;

Any limitation related to one engine inoperative operations must be taken into account; For twin engine aircrafts, the specified take off alternate is equivalent to a range of one (1) hour flying

time at single-engine cruising speed; The distance of a take-off alternate from the departure aerodrome is not to exceed the specified for

the aircraft type in the table below:


Low Visibility Take Off – Take Off Alternate

CAT II/III approaches


CAT II/III app

Introduction

The main objective of Cat II/III operations is to provide a level of safety equivalent to other operations but in the most adverse weather condition and associated visibility.

Approval for CAT II/III ops is dependent on the following elements in order to maintain the required level of safety

The Airfield The Aircraft The Crew The operator

CAT II/III app - Definitions


Cat II (EASA) A category II approach is a precision instrument approach and landing with

decision height lower than 200ft (60m) but not lower than 100ft (30m), and a runway visual range not less than 300m (1000ft)

(NOTE: CAT II weather minima has been established to provide sufficient visual references at DH to permit a manual landing (or a missed approach) to be executed (it does not mean that the landing must be made manually)

Cat III A (EASA) A category III A approach is a precision instrument approach and landing

with a decision height lower than 100ft (30m) and a runway visual range not less than 200m (700ft)

Cat III B (EASA) A category III B approach is a precision approach and landing with no

decision height or a decision height lower than 50ft (15m) and a runway visual range less than 200m (700ft), but not less than 75m (250ft)

CAT II/III app – Definitions (cont’d)


In contrast to other operations, CAT III weather minima do not provide sufficient visual references to allow a manual landing to be made. The minima only permit the pilot to decide if the aircraft will land in the touchdown zone (basically CAT III A) and to ensure safety during rollout (basically CAT III B).Therefore an automatic landing system is mandatory to perform Category III operations. Its reliability must be sufficient to control the aircraft to touchdown in CAT III A operations and through rollout to a safe taxi speed in CAT III B (and CAT III C when authorized).



Decision Height

Decision height is the wheel height above the runway elevation by which a go-around

must be initiated unless adequate visual reference has been established and the aircraft

position and approach path have been assessed as satisfactory to continue the approach

and landing in safety (JAA)

In this definition, runway elevation means the elevation of the highest point in the

touchdown zone. According to the JAA, the DH recognition must be by means of height

measured by radio-altimeter

At the DH, the pilot must make an operational decision, he must decide if the visual

reference to safely continue the approach have been established If the visual reference are not established a G/A must be initiated If the visual reference have been established, the approach may be continued.

However if a sudden degradation in visual reference occurs or in case of flight path deviation a G/A may still be initiated.



Alert Height An Alert Height is a height above the runway, based on the characteristics of the airplane

and its fail-operational automatic landing system, above which a Category III approach would be discontinued and a missed approach initiated if a failure occurred in one of the redundant parts of the automatic landing system, or in the relevant ground equipment. In other AH definitions, it is generally stated that if a failure occurred below the Alert Height, it would be ignored and the approach continued. (ICAO)

Alert Height ConceptAlert height is a height defined for Category III operations with a fail-operationallanding system. Above AH, a go-around must be initiated if a failure(1) affects the fail-operational

landing system.(1) The list of these failures is mentioned in the AFM.

Below AH, the approach will be continued (except if AUTOLAND warning is triggered).

The AH is evaluated during aircraft certification; it is set at 100ft for A319, A320, A321.



Note: AUTOLAND is triggered for: loss of A/P, ACFT gets too far off LOC or Glide, loss of LOC signal above 15ft or glide above 100ft (transmitter or receiver), difference between both RA is greater than 15ft



Runway Visual Range (RVR) Runway Visual Range (RVR) is the range over which a pilot of an aircraft on the

centerline of the runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centerline. (ICAO)

Categories II and III operations require rapidly updated and reliable reports of the visibility conditions which a pilot may expect to encounter in the touchdown zone and along the runway.

RVR measurements replace the use of Reported Visibility Values (RVV) which is not appropriate for conditions encountered during the final approach and landing in low visibility, because the visibility observations are often several miles away from the touchdown zone of the runway.

Slant Visual Range (SVR) SVR is the range over which a pilot of an aircraft in the final stages of approach

or landing can see the markings or the lights as described in RVR definition.



Fail-Passive Automatic Landing System An automatic landing system is fail-passive if, in the event of a failure, there is

no significant out-of-trim condition or deviation of flight path or attitude but the landing is not completed automatically. For a fail-passive automatic landing system the pilot assumes control of the aircraft after a failure (JAA).

On Airbus aircraft since the A320, fail-passive capability is announced by the display of CAT 3 SINGLE on the PFD.



Fail-Operational Automatic Landing System An automatic landing system is fail-operational if, in the event of a failure below

alert height, the approach, the flare and landing can be completed by the remaining part of the automatic system. In the event of failure, the automatic landing system will operate as a fail-passive system (JAA).

On Airbus aircraft since the A320, fail operational capability is announced by the display of CAT 3 DUAL on the PFD.




CAT II/III app – Operational Procedures A320F

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES A320F

AIRPORT AIRCRAFT CREW

WX Status Qualification

LVO Active Procedure if Failure Seat Position

Notams Use of AutoBrakes and Reverse

Sterile Cockpit

Airport Equipment GO-AROUND procedures

Task Sharing

Minima and Approach

Procedures

Callouts

Landing Distance



In addition to normal preparation, the following planning must be performed when Cat II/III are foreseen

Airport

Wx at destination and alternate (including specific winds limitations)

Check Low Visibility operations are in effect in order to guarantee the full availability of the necessary radio aids and aerodrome visual aids

Check Notams

Check the status of the facilities at the airport (ILS, lights,…), they could have an effect on the operating minima.

More…



Effect of downgraded Equipment




Review minima, approach profile, missed approach and G/A procedure.

More…



APPROACH PROFILE

AT 400 FT (LAND GREEN) MID

RVR MUST BE AT OR ABOVE

MINIMA (STOP also if relevant)400ft

OM

The app may only be continued past the OM or equivalent position (if not specified use 1000 Ft AGL) if the latest reported RVR for the relevant (controlling) Point(s) is equal to or higher than

Relevant (required) means that part of the runway used during the high speed phase of the landing down to a speed of 60 kts

The Commander may normally commence an instrument approach regardless of the reported RVR/Vis

GO AROUNDIf insufficient visual references




Review minima, approach profile, missed approach and G/A procedure.

Check the required landing distance to determine which part of RWY will be “relevant”.

More…



Required Landing Distance

For Cat II use the table Configuration Full Dry

for Cat III use the table Configuration Full Medium

Use the appropriate table



Aircraft

Check the Status page to determine the Landing capability of the ACFT, for non monitored items refer to QRH OPS.04

More…



Check the Status page to determine the Landing capability of the ACFT, for

non monitored items refer to QRH OPS.04 (A320)

Review procedure in case of failure

Above 1000 ft perform ECAM actions and if necessary revert to higher

minima

Below 1000 ft Go Around

Below AH 100ftA320family, continue except in case of red Auto land

warning Review G/A procedure

Use Auto brake Medium and reverse

Use of lights (Strobe, landing lights?)



FAILURES AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS BELOW 1 000 FT DURING A CAT II APPROACH

CONTINUELanding

Alpha Floor Activation

AP OFF (cavalry charge)

Loss of CAT II (click click click)

Amber Caution (single chime)

Engine Failure


AUTOLAND

WARNING LIGHT200ft

DH

NO “LAND” MODE350ftINCORRECT SELECTED COURSE AT 350FT Disengage the autopilot at 50ft at the latest

NO “FLARE” AT 30FT Disengage the autopilot and complete

manually the landing

IF NOSE WHEEL STEERING FAIL Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF ANTI SKID FAILED Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF AUTOLAND WARNING LIGHT COMES UP BELOW DH Disengage the autopilot and perform a manual landing if

visual references are sufficient

1000ft



FAILURES AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS BELOW 1 000 FT DURING A CAT III APPROACH WITH DH



Loss of CAT III (click click click)


Engine Failure


AUTOLAND WARNING LIGHT

200ft

DH

NO “LAND” MODE350ft

INCORRECT SELECTED COURSE AT 350FT Revert to CAT II Minima Disengage the autopilot at 50ft at the latest

NO “FLARE” AT 30FTIf visual references are sufficient Disengage the autopilot and complete

manually the landing if not, execute a GO-AROUND

IF NOSE WHEEL STEERING FAILED Minimum DH = 50ft Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF ANTI SKID FAILS Revert to CAT III Single Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF AUTOLAND WARNING LIGHT COMES ON BELOW DH A GO-AROUND must be performed unless visual references

are sufficient for a manual landing

1000ft

100ft



FAILURES AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS BELOW 1 000 FT DURING A CAT III APPROACH WITH NO DH



Loss of CAT III (click click click)


Engine Failure


AUTOLAND WARNING LIGHT

200ft

NO “LAND” MODE350ft

INCORRECT SELECTED COURSE AT 350FT Revert to CAT II Minima Disengage the autopilot at 50ft at the latest

NO “FLARE” AT 30FTIf visual references are sufficient Disengage the autopilot and complete

manually the landing if not, execute a GO-AROUND

IF NOSE WHEEL STEERING FAILED Minimum DH = 50ft Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF ANTI SKID FAILS Revert to CAT III Single Disengage the autopilot at touchdown

IF AUTOLAND WARNING LIGHT COMES ON BELOW DH A GO-AROUND must be performed unless visual references

are sufficient for a manual landing

1000ft

100ft

NOT ALLOWED LBY



Crew Verify crew qualification

Adjust seat position

Brief Cabin Crew of Sterile cockpit concept

Review task sharing

Review call outs

FLARE and ROLL OUT must be checked and announced by CM2

3 things must be done manually in Autoland

Retard THR LEVERS when ordered

Select Reverse on main wheel touch down

Disconnect AP’s at the end of ROLLOUT

ALTITUDE COMMANDER CM2

AH Continue or G/A Flaps


DH Continue or G/A Flaps Hundred Above


DH + 100 ft Checked Hundred Above


350 ft LAND Checked


1000 ft Checked 1000 ft



TASK SHARING AND CALLOUTS FOR CAT II – III WITH DH & NO DH

OM


OM Checked OM/FAF Alt… ft

1000ft350ft

DHDH+100ft

AH


LOW GO-AROUND AIRCRAFT TOUCHES THE RUNWAY

Case 1 – TOGA was applied before Touch Down The G/A phase will not be disturbed even when the aircraft touches the

runway Modes stay at the same, spoilers will not extend AP remain engaged

Case 2 – TOGA is applied after Touch Down TOGA thrust applied, CONFIG warning if CONF FULL AP Disengages Landing gear up when positive rate of climb and no risk of further touch down Climb out as for standard GO-AROUND If reverse thrust already applied, full stop landing must be completed



FAILURES AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS ABOVE 1 000 FT FOR CAT II OR CAT III




Appendix and references

OM A part 8

QRH OPS.04

Getting to grips Airbus with Cat II & Cat III

PRO-NOR-SRP Systems Related Procedures

QUESTIONS



THANK YOU!



Low visibility operations rev.1-2012

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Transcript of Low visibility operations rev.1-2012