BSR Operations II Rev 202841239-2

Welcome

IntroductionCopyright 2006 Motorola All Rights Reserved.

Motorola General Business Information, 00_Introduction, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Copyright 2006 Motorola Inc. 111 Locke Drive Marlborough, MA 01752 All Rights Reserved

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Introduction Introductions Name Company Title and Responsibilities

About Connected Home Solutions General Information Course Goals Schedule Prerequisites Additional Courses


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Motorola Connected Home Solutions

Motorola Connected Home Solutions provides a scalable, integrated end-to-end system for the delivery of broadband services that keeps consumers informed, entertained, and connected. Motorola provides the standards-based solutions that help operators worldwide efficiently deliver data, voice, and video services to both residential and enterprise customers

Motorola Connected Home Solutions 101 Tournament Drive Horsham, Pa 19044Motorola General Business Information, 00_Introduction, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Motorola Connected Home Solutions 111 Locke Dr. Marlboro, MA 01752

Our products are integrated into end-to-end Voice and Data Solutions that address the opportunities available today to cable operators, and Motorola complements these leading-edge products with the professional services expertise that can help operators reduce time-to-market with new services and capture new subscribers. Digital Set-top Terminals HFC Network Solutions Business Access Solutions PON Optical Amplifiers Cable Modems & Gateways CMTS & Routers Consumer Products Digital Cable Head end Products Digital Optical Transport DSL Gateways Enterprise Access Solutions Multi-service Access Solutions Network Management System Satellite and Broadcast Products VOIP Telephony CPE Discontinued Products Wireless Broadband Solutions

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General InformationFacilities

Phones, Internet, E-mail, Food & Drink, Restrooms, Exits, Smoking, etc. Class Protocol Cell phones, pagers, set to silent mode Please be on time returning from breaks & lunch Class Hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Breaks and lunch Course finish time


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Course ContentWhat would you like to cover in this course?


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Statement of PurposeWe will cover : Service Classes Service Flows Cable Modem Configuration Provisioning Static Routing RIP OSPF Access Lists Policy Based Routing


This course is the second of two courses designed to provide students with a foundation of knowledge for configuring and operating the BSR 64000 and BSR 2000 products.

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ScheduleDay 1 Module 00: Introductions Module 01: Tiered Services Day 2 Module 02: Cable Modem Configurations Module 03: Provisioning Module 04: SNMP and Logging Day 3 Module 05: Path Determination Module 06: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Module 07: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Day 4 Module 08: Policy-based Routing


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PrerequisitesUnderstanding of IP networking concepts and HFC technologies Understanding Windows operating system and technology Completion of BSR Operations I


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Additional CoursesBSR and MTA VOIP System TrainingThis three-day, hands-on course is an instructor facilitated, highly interactive, training course using a simulated voice network and Motorola equipment.


The BSR and MTA VOIP System Training course provides task-oriented, skills training on the installation, configuration, operation, and troubleshooting of the VOIP system and Motorola BSR and MTA. Tools such as Incognito's DHCP/DNS/TFTP/MPS, CM-CLI, CM HTML diagnostic tool and Ethereal will be used extensively.

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Tiered ServicesBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006


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Module 1 Table of ContentsTiered Data Quality of Service (QoS) QoS Components Classification Policing Buffering Scheduling CoS in DOCSIS 1.0 QoS in DOCSIS 1.1 Service Flows Service Flow Types Viewing Summary SFID and QoS Information Service Classes Service Classes and Service Flows Creating a Service Class Maximum Assigned Bandwidth Configuring Maximum Assigned Bandwidth DOCSIS QoS Traffic Priority Maximum Sustained Rate Maximum Burst Size Reserved Traffic Rate Overbooking Configured Active Percent (CAP) Configuring CAP Scheduling Priority Configuring Schedule Priority Service Flow Statistics Upstream Service Flow Statistics 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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Tiered Data

Tiered Data Differentiated data rates and other service-level guaranteesPer service-type Per service

Differentiated pricingIncremental revenue opportunities


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Quality of Service (QoS)

Network is a shared resource Typically over-subscribed Transmission quality depends on network load Traditionally not guaranteed in any way Multiple applications with different needs Real-time applications need strict temporal relation enforced between communicating hosts Provide applications with required network servicesData throughput capacity Packet loss rate Availability

Consistent, predictable service as conditions change Optimize network use QoS guarantees necessary for advanced servicesMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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QoS Components

Quality of Service defined as collective effect of service performance which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service Per ITUT E.800 Classification Identifying packets/flowsFiguring out which packets get better service

Policing Preventing packets/flows from getting too much service Buffering Making sure that packets stored when network is under resourced Scheduling Providing the resources for the serviceTypically bandwidthMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Classification - Always needed Must define traffic types and isolate service requirements Policing, Buffering, Scheduling In practice any two will do

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Classification

Flow identification Allows for queuing identified flows Complex classification not required/desirable. Deep packet classifiers will be rendered obsolete by encryption End-user system knows more about QoS requirements than the network will ever be able to inferInferred QoS classification is a open invitation for users to try to steal service.


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Policing

Well understood for classical traffic types such as CBR and VBR Not well understood for newer types of traffic Leaky bucket policers cause issues for TCP streams Policing / marking of aggregated Diff-Serv traffic Policing / marking of aggregated Diff-Serv traffic across more than one ISP The least flexible way to provide QoS


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Buffering

Most switches are under-buffered OK if they are under-loaded Or if only a small portion of the traffic gets QoS TCP needs at least one packet per-session How much buffer is needed when switches are used in highly loaded ISP environments? A 1/10th of a second of buffer for a Gigabit Ethernet port is only ~150,000 packets! Dynamic buffer management is needed Dynamically sized packet buffers Dynamic queue sizes/queue service policies


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Scheduling

Unless ALL traffic is strictly policed ONLY proper scheduling can provide QoS to ALL flows


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CoS in DOCSIS 1.0

Single Service ID (SID) per Cable Modem Static minimum upstream bandwidth allocation Loosely defined CIR Eight (8) priority levels Concatenation optional No Fragmentation


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QoS in DOCSIS 1.1

Explicit support Based on service flowsUnidirectional packet streams

QoS parameters defined per flow Support for dynamic flow creation, modification and deletion (DSx) Network access per service flow Implicit Support Payload header suppression (PHS) Fragmentation Concatenation Piggy-backing contention requests


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Service Flows

E-mail Voice

HFC

E-mail Voice

HFC

file

CM

file

CM

In DOCSIS 1.0, all services In DOCSIS 1.0, all services compete for upstream compete for upstream bandwidth on a best effort bandwidth on a best effort basis. basis.

In DOCSIS 1.1, each In DOCSIS 1.1, each service can get service can get performance assurances performance assurances based on QoS parameters based on QoS parameters (e.g. bandwidth, jitter) (e.g. bandwidth, jitter)


DOCSIS 1.1 introduces the concept of a service flow and a service flow identifier (SFID). A service flow represents either an upstream or a downstream flow of data, which can be uniquely identified by a SFID. Each service flow can be assigned QoS parametersthe upstream and downstream class of service (CoS) are decoupled or independent of each other in DOCSIS 1.1. The term SID for service identifier is still used in DOCSIS 1.1 and corresponds to an upstream service flow in a DOCSIS 1.1 environment. Multiple service flows can be assigned per cable modem in either the upstream or downstream direction. Each of these service flows can correspond to a different service class with different characteristics. This is conducive to allowing the cable modem to accommodate multiple kinds of traffic at once, such as standard Internet HSD and VoIP traffic.

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Service Flows (cont.)A Service Flow is partially characterized by the following attributes: ServiceFlowID - exists for all service flows ServiceID - only exists for admitted or active upstream service flows ProvisionedQosParamSet - defines a set of QoS Parameters which appears in the configuration file and is presented during registrationThis MAY define the initial limit for authorizations allowed by the authorization module The ProvisionedQosParamSet is defined once when the Service Flow is created via registration.

AdmittedQosParamSet - defines a set of QoS parameters for which the CMTS is reserving resources ActiveQosParamSet - defines set of QoS parameters defining the service actually being provided to the Service FlowOnly an Active Service Flow may forward packets.Motorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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Service Flow Types

Static Provisioned when the CM registers Defined in CM configuration file Dynamic Created as needed, based on demand Dynamic service flow messages (DSx)Dynamic Service Add (DSA) Dynamic Service Change (DSC) Dynamic Service Delete (DSD)

Either CM or CMTS can create


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Viewing Summary SFID and QoS InformationFrom Privileged EXEC show cable qos svc-flow summary [ | ]If the SFID is not given, QoS service flow summary statistics for all SFIDs are displayed


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Service Classes

Service flows belong to a Service Class Maximum of 32 Service Classes across system11 default Service Classes 4 DownstreamDefBE-Down - Default downstream service class/no minimum rate DefRRDown - Default downstream service class/non-zero minimum rate DefEMDown Default downstream emergency call service class DefMCDown Default downstream multicast service class

7 UpstreamDefBEUp - Default upstream best-effort service class with no min. rate DefRRUp - Default upstream best-effort service class/non-zero min. rate DefUGS Default upstream UGS service class DefUGSAD Default upstream UGS-AD service class DefRTPS Default upstream real-time polling service class DefNRTPS Default upstream non-real-time polling service class DefEMUp Default upstream emergency call service class

Can be modified, but not deleted

Bandwidth reservations based on Service ClassesService flows assigned to Service Classes by CM configuration file Text string identifier type 24.4 for upstream and 25.4 for downstreamMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

The concept of service classes implies assigning service flows to a service class and providing all flows belonging to that class with a defined quality of service. DOCSIS 1.1 has defined a set of QoS parameters, including maximum sustained and minimum reserved traffic rates, and a way for associating specific QoS parameter values to service flows. DOCSIS 1.1 has further incorporated the concept of a service class name so that service flows, when being created, may be assigned their QoS parameters by referencing a service class name. The Service Level Classes with Maximum Assigned Bandwidth feature has extended the DOCSIS definition of a service class by introducing additional service class parameters for maximum assigned bandwidth, over-booking, and class-based scheduling priority. Service classes are supported for both downstream and upstream directions.

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Service Classes and Service Flows

A Class is set of bandwidth related parameters that are used by multiple flows A Service Flow is a unidirectional data path between BSR and a Cable Modem Multiple Flows may exist within a Service Class Classes can be defined for upstream direction and downstream direction Upstream FlowsCIR (Mission Critical Data)

UGS (Voice) CIR or BE (Data)


An example of a Class (Service Level Class) might be a Best-Effort class. This class, as an example, will have no minimum guaranteed and possibly a maximum rate limit. When a DOCSIS modem registers, it creates something like a virtual circuit with the CMTS. This is called the primary flow. In a data only environment a modem will have a primary flow and probably no others. In the TFTP file (the modem configuration file) the operator may have specified bandwidth requirements for each modem (flow). The CMTS will attempt to admit the modem (flow) in the requested class of service. If the class is the BE class, then no problem, the modem will be added. But if the requested class of service for the flow is class that has minimum rate guarantees, then the CMTS must verify if it can support the requested bandwidth. The modem (flow) will get admitted if bandwidth is available.

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Creating a Service Class

From Global Configuration ModeMOT:7A(config)#cable service-class

From Service-Class Configuration Modename sched-type [BE-DOWN | BE-UP | UGS | UGS-AD | RTPS | NON-RTPS]

During registration, service-flow name string, if configured, sent to CMTS If doesn't exist on CMTS, then rejected If no other QoS parameters are included in the Registration Request message, then the parameters configured for the service class in the CMTS are applied to the service flows If reg-req has name and explicit qos parameters, then they will override what is permitted for the class. If service flow is configured without name it will be placed in appropriate service class based on scheduling typeMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

The upstream or downstream directionality of a Service Class is inferred from the scheduling type.

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Maximum Assigned Bandwidth

Aggregate percentage of MAB for all service classes (per direction) cannot exceed 100%100% 80%

Interface - Upstream Channelx = 2.56 Mbps

Unlimited Flows

60%

BEUp (Best-Effort Class) MAB = 50%

40%

Flow 5 Flow 4 Flow 3 Flow 2 Flow 1

20%

PremiumUp Reserved Rate Class MAB=50%


MAB is a way of prioritizing traffic for access to the available bandwidth fairly. It supports a Weighted Fair queue which distributes based on the priority of the traffic among the service level classes. The sum of the weighting must equal 100%. Maximum Assigned Bandwidth (MAB) specifies the amount of bandwidth a service class is permitted to consume on an interface. It is expressed as a percent of the total interface bandwidth capacity. The MAB of a service class is applied during admission control to determine whether to admit a new service flow and again by the scheduling algorithms to provide a class-based weighting to the scheduler. Any unused portion of a class bandwidth may be used on demand by other classes which have a traffic load in excess of their own MAB.

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Configuring Maximum Assigned Bandwidth

From Service-Class Configuration Modemab

Remember! Aggregate percentage of MAB for all service classes (per direction) cannot exceed 100%


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DOCSIS QoS Traffic Priority

From Service-Class Configuration Mode trafpriority Characterizes a priority for service flows that have identical QoS parameter sets


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Maximum Sustained RateFrom Service-Class Configuration Mode max-rate Expressed in bits per second


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Maximum Burst Size

From Service-Class Configuration Mode

max-burst Maximum burst size in bytes


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Reserved Traffic Rate

From Service-Class Configuration Modemin-rate

Expressed in bits per second


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Overbooking

Not all service flows are active simultaneously Service classes feature permits customers to overbook service classes Overbooking means admitting service flows to a service class such that the sum of their guaranteed minimum reserved rates are in excess of the configured MAB for the service class A configurable overbooking factor is provided by the service levels classes feature to control the amount of overbookingCalled the Configured Active Percent (CAP) CAP is an estimate of how many service flows, expressed in percent, are likely to be active simultaneously e.g., if the CAP for a service class is set to 20 percent then it is estimated that only 20 percent of the service flows belonging to that class will be active simultaneouslyTherefore, 5x (1 / 0.2) overbooking would be allowed

CAP of 100 percent means that no overbooking will be allowed A CAP of zero percent means that unlimited overbooking is allowedMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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Configured Active Percent (CAP)

10 flows admitted to the class because only half (50%) of that amount is expected to be active at any one timeInterface - Upstream Channelx = 2.56 Mbps Reserved Rate = 256000 MAB = 50% CAP = 50% (10 flows admitted) BEUp (Best-Effort Class) MAB = 50% Active Flow 5 Active Flow 4 Active Flow 3 Active Flow 2 Active Flow 1

100% 80%

60%

40%

20%


Absolute Bandwidth Guarantee assumes 100% of the flows simultaneously active no overbooking i.e. CAP=100% Statistical Guarantee assumes not all members of a flow are active simultaneously estimate percentage of members active as CAP 10 modems admitted to the flow, expecting only 5 active at once. If all 5 are active and a 6th flow becomes active, all six contend for available bandwidth.

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Configuring CAP


cap CAP can be specified for a service class that has a minimum reserved traffic rate Overbooking for UGS classes is not permittedCAP parameter is fixed at 100 percent

CAP for UGS-AD classes may not be set to less than 80 percent


Configured Active Percent (CAP) is an estimation of percentage of simultaneously active flows in a particular Service Class expected to be simultaneously active 0% means use unlimited overbooking Appropriate for a best-effort class with no guaranteed minimum rate 50% means that you expect only half the flows to be active, so you can double the number of flows for that class 100% means that you expect all flows to simultaneously active or that you want to provide an absolute guarantee of minimum bandwidth Functionally, admission control mechanism divides minimum reserve rate by percentage to check for resource availability i.e., with cap of 10%, then 128 kbit guarantee is treated as 12.8 kbits Overbooking allows for statistical gain on the interface

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Scheduling PriorityService Classes are serviced in priority order 0 lowest 32 highest Not the same as DOCSIS QoS traffic priority100% 80%

Service Class1

60%

Max Rate = 128000 bps Reserved Rate = 0 MAB = 50% CAP = 0% Priority = 1 Max Rate = 500000 bps Reserved Rate = 256000 MAB = 50% CAP = 50% Priority = 7

40%

20%

Service Class2


The scheduling priority of a service class determines the order in which service flows are serviced by the packet scheduling algorithm. All service flows belonging to a service class with a higher scheduling priority will be serviced before service flows belonging to service classes with a lower scheduling priority. Class scheduling priority is distinct from the DOCSIS QoS parameter, traffic priority, which is specified to differentiate priority for service flows with other-wise identical QoS parameter sets. In this example Service Class 2 flows will get service before Service Class 1 queues. If a flow with a minimum rate guarantee is below its guaranteed rate then its packets will get priority in the queue regardless of the priority setting.

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Configuring Schedule Priority


schedpriority The scheduling priority is different from the traffic priority DOCSIS QoS parameter that is specified to characterize a priority for service flows that have identical QoS parameter setsScheduling priority determines the order in which service classes are serviced All service flows belonging to a service class with a higher scheduling priority are serviced before service flows belonging to service classes with a lower scheduling priority Will service highest priority class until out of quantum or out of backlog, then on to next class/flowMotorola General Business Information, 01_Tiered Services, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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Service Flow Statistics

From Privileged EXEC show cable qos svc-flow statistics [ | ]If the SFID is not given, QoS service flow statistics for all SFIDs are displayed


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Upstream Service Flow Statistics

From Privileged EXEC show cable qos svc-flow upstream-stat Shows upstream service flow statisticsincludes the number of fragmented packets, incomplete fragmented packets, and the number of concatenated bursts


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CM ConfigurationBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006


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Module 2 Table of ContentsDHCP Summary Configuration Cable Modem Configuration Files Required Configuration File Settings Optional Configuration File Settings Creating Configuration Files DOCSIS 1.0 Class of Service (CoS) Sample DOCSIS 1.0 CoS Settings Classification Displaying Packet Classifiers Sample Configuration 2 3 4 6 8 10 11 12 13 14 15

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DHCP SummaryTuning Ranging Connection Configuration Discover Registration MaintenanceMotorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

DHCP ServerOffer Response

CMTS

Request

CM

IP Address Gateway TFTP Server ToD Server Config File Name

The following fields are typically expected in the DHCP response returned to the CM: The IP address to be used by the CM (yiaddr). The IP address of the TFTP server for use in the next phase of the bootstrap process (siaddr). If the DHCP server is on a different network (requiring a relay agent), then the IP address of the relay agent (giaddr). Note: this may differ from the IP address of the first hop router. The name of the CM configuration file to be read from the TFTP server by the CM (file). The subnet mask to be used by the CM (Subnet Mask, option 1). The time offset of the CM from Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) (Time Offset, option 2). This is used by the CM to calculate the local time for use in timestamping error logs. A list of addresses of one or more routers to be used for forwarding CM-originated IP traffic (Router Option, option 3). The CM is not required to use more than one router IP address for forwarding. A list of [RFC-868] time-servers from which the current time may be obtained (Time Server Option, option 4). A list of SYSLOG servers to which logging information may be sent (Log Server Option, option 7) The CM MUST configure itself based on the DHCP response.

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ConfigurationTuning TFTP-REQ Ranging TFTP-RSP Connection TFTP-RSPLAN/WAN

Configuration

TFTP-REQTFTP Server

Registration Maintenance

After the modem has acquired an IP address, it must be given some basic configuration information The configuration file name and location provided during the DHCP process is used to make the TFTP requestServer address is specified in the siaddr field of the DHCP response


The modem makes a TFTP request for the CM configuration file specified in the DHCP response. The TFTP server contains the configuration file for the cable modem. TFTP is a simple protocol (RFC1350) to transfer files, and therefore was named the Trivial File Transfer Protocol. It has been implemented on top of the Internet User Datagram protocol (UDP or Datagram). UDP port 69 is used for the transfer process. Port 69 is a software port in the TFTP protocol. The CM Configuration file contains information for: Network access Bandwidth Priority SNMP sets Filters Community strings MICs (Message Integrity Checks) The CM MIC is used for file integrity The CMTS MIC is used for theft of service prevention Shared Secret

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Cable Modem Configuration Files

The CM-specific configuration data MUST be contained in a file which is downloaded to the CM via TFTP This is a binary file in the same format defined for DHCP vendor extension data [RFC-2132]. It MUST consist of a number of configuration settings (1 per parameter) each of the form Type Length Value Where Type is a single-octet identifier which defines the parameter Length is a single octet containing the length of the value field in octets (not including type and length fields) Value is from one to 254 octets containing the specific value for the parameterMotorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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Cable Modem Configuration Files (cont.)

Configuration settings are divided into three types: Standard configuration settings which MUST be present Standard configuration settings which MAY be present Vendor-specific configuration settings CMs MUST be capable of processing all standard configuration settings CMs MUST ignore any configuration setting present in the configuration file which it cannot interpret To allow uniform management of CMs, conformant CMs MUST support a 8192-byte configuration file at a minimumConfiguration Setting 1 Configuration Setting 2 Configuration Setting 1 Configuration Setting n CM MIC CMTS MIC


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Required Configuration File Settings

The following configuration settings MUST be included in the configuration file and MUST be supported by all CMs Network Access Configuration Setting CM MIC Configuration Setting All Cable Modems CMTS MIC Configuration Setting End Configuration Setting DOCSIS 1.0 CMs and DOCSIS 1.0 Class of Service Configuration Setting DOCSIS 1.1 CMs in DOCSIS 1.0 Mode or Upstream Service Flow Configuration Setting DOCSIS 1.1 Cable Modems Downstream Service Flow Configuration Setting The CM wont send a REG-REQ based on a configuration file that lacks required itemsMotorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

A DOCSIS 1.0 CM must be provided with a DOCSIS 1.0 Class of Service Configuration. A CM conformant with this specification should only be provisioned with DOCSIS 1.0 Class of Service Configuration information if it is to behave as a DOCSIS 1.0 CM, otherwise it should be provisioned with Service Flow Configuration Settings. The DOCSIS configuration file contains all the operational parameters for the CM. Basic parameters (downstream, upstream, class of service) are needed for Service Class provisioning. Maximum downstream and upstream throughput are examples of Class of Service parameters.

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Required Configuration File Settings (cont.)

The following type/length/value encodings MUST be used in both the configuration file, in CM registration requests and in Dynamic Service Messages All multi-octet quantities are in network-byte orderi.e., the octet containing the most-significant bits is the first transmitted on the wire

These settings are found in the configuration file and, if present, MUST be forwarded by the CM to the CMTS in its Registration Request.


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Optional Configuration File Settings

The following configuration settings MAY be included in the configuration file and if present MUST be supported by all CMs Downstream Frequency Configuration Setting Upstream Channel ID Configuration Setting Baseline Privacy Configuration Setting Software Upgrade Filename Configuration Setting Upstream Packet Classification Setting Downstream Packet Classification Setting SNMP Write-Access Control SNMP MIB Object Software Server IP Address CPE Ethernet MAC Address Maximum Number of CPEs Maximum Number of ClassifiersMotorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) settings provide control and monitoring for DOCSIS Cable Modems. Traffic filtering and management access control are examples of SNMP parameters. CPE MAC address may be specified for enhanced security. Note: Baseline privacy for enhanced security.

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Optional Configuration File Settings (cont.)

Privacy Enable Configuration Setting Payload Header Suppression TFTP Server Timestamp TFTP Server Provisioned Modem Address Pad Configuration Setting SNMPv3 Notification Receiver


Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) settings provide control and monitoring for DOCSIS Cable Modems. Traffic filtering and management access control are examples of SNMP parameters. CPE MAC address may be specified for enhanced security. Note: Baseline privacy for enhanced security.

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Creating Configuration Files

The sequence of operations required to create a configuration file Create the type/length/value entries for all the parameters required by the CM Calculate the CM message integrity check (MIC) configuration setting and add to the file following the last parameter using code and length values defined for this field Calculate the CMTS message integrity check (MIC) configuration setting and add to the file following the CM MIC using code and length values defined for this field Add the end of data marker

type, length, value for parameter 1 type, length, value for parameter 2 type, length, value for parameter n type, length, value for CM MIC type, length, value for CMTS MIC end of data marker


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DOCSIS 1.0 Class of Service (CoS)DOCSIS COS parameters are configured in the TFTP file as TLVs (type/length/value) TFTP file parameters are for both upstream and downstream COS requirements. The Cable Modem configuration file that is loaded on the TFTP server has the DOCSIS Class of Service configurationThe CM will send the COS parameters upstream to the CMTS in its Reg-Req The BSR64000will search for a match with the COS parameters it has received from the CMMotorola General Business Information, 02_CM Configuration, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

TLVs (type/length/value) are how DOCSIS 1.0 spec refers to and how Class of Service parameters are configured.

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Sample DOCSIS 1.0 CoS Settings

NACO on Service Class 1 Max Forward Rate of 1.5 mbps Max Return Rate of 300 kbps Upstream Channel Priority of 1 Max Tx Burst of 1518 bytes Baseline Privacy Enabled


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Classification

DOCSIS 1.1 allows for service differentiation Upstream and downstream settings By application Must be able to differentiate cable modems/applications to applyThis is done through configuration file classification settings


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Displaying Packet ClassifiersA service flow classifier matches a packet to a service flow using a service flow reference The service flow reference associates a packet classifier encoding with a service flow encoding to establish a SFID Classifiers have the following features:Classifiers are loosely ordered by priority Several classifiers can refer to the same service flow More than one classifier may have the same priority The cable interface uses a downstream classifier to assign packets to downstream service flows The CM uses an upstream classifier to assign packets to upstream service flows show cable qos svc-flow classifier [ | ] [ | ] If the Classifier ID is not given, all the classifiers with the given SFID are listed.


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Sample ConfigurationOur goal is to provide better downstream service to traffic originating from local web caching servers Their originating network will always be 172.16.2.0Normal Premium Service

Priority for traffic from local caching servers


Our goal is to increase download speed from local servers without changing download from the Internet. We do this by classifying traffic with a source address equal to the range used by the local caching engines in the headend.

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ProvisioningBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 03_Provisioning, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006


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Module 3 Table of ContentsDOCSIS-Based Provisioning DHCP Summary DHCP Client States Default Timers DHCP Leases Initialization Simple Network Configuring Cable Helper Configuring IP Helper DHCP Options DHCP Option 60 Example (Microsoft XBOX) Example (Motorola DCT5000 STB) DHCP Relay Agents Initialization Complex Network Relay Agent Option Relay Agent Sub-Options Cable Modem Configuration Files Cable Modem Registration 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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DOCSIS-Based Provisioning

DHCP response includes reference to cable modem configuration file Tiered services provisioning is a function of differentiating CPEs during DHCP process to provide correct configuration fileService classification in configuration files Implicitly By reference to Service Classes on BSR64000


2

DHCP SummaryTuning Ranging Connection Configuration Discover Registration Maintenance Request

DHCP ServerOffer Response

CMTS

CM

IP Address Gateway TFTP Server ToD Server Config File Name


The following fields are typically expected in the DHCP response returned to the CM: The IP address to be used by the CM (yiaddr). The IP address of the TFTP server for use in the next phase of the bootstrap process (siaddr). If the DHCP server is on a different network (requiring a relay agent), then the IP address of the relay agent (giaddr). Note: this may differ from the IP address of the first hop router. The name of the CM configuration file to be read from the TFTP server by the CM (file). The subnet mask to be used by the CM (Subnet Mask, option 1). The time offset of the CM from Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) (Time Offset, option 2). This is used by the CM to calculate the local time for use in timestamping error logs. A list of addresses of one or more routers to be used for forwarding CM-originated IP traffic (Router Option, option 3). The CM is not required to use more than one router IP address for forwarding. A list of [RFC-868] time-servers from which the current time may be obtained (Time Server Option, option 4). A list of SYSLOG servers to which logging information may be sent (Log Server Option, option 7) The CM MUST configure itself based on the DHCP response.

3

DHCP Client States

Client can be in one of six states The server knows, but does not track, what state the client is in State changes are controlled by packet exchanges Knowing what state a client is in helps us to debug problems


INIT Client has just powered on or has lost its lease SELECTING Client has sent a DISCOVER and is collecting responses REQUESTING Client has selected a server and sent a REQUEST BOUND Client and server have agreed, client begins operation RENEWING The first timer (T1) has expired, the client sends a REQUEST REBINDING The second timer (T2) has expired, the client broadcasts a REQUEST INIT The lease has run out The client must shutdown its network interface

4

Default Timers

Two timers are used by the client T1 is set to one half of the granted lease time T2 is set to 87.5% of the granted lease time These timers tell the client when to renew or give up its lease


5

DHCP Leases

Short DHCP Leases Increase re-usability of addresses Increase packet traffic Increase server load Long DHCP Leases Reduce the probability of a client losing its lease Decrease load on other services


6

Initialization Simple Network

Initialization DHCPDISCOVER Message sent as broadcastContains MAC and hostname

BSR64000 inserts CMTS r/f interface IP address in DHCP GIADDR field Reframed and sent unicast to cable helper specified address(2)

Switch

Inserts CMTS IP address in GIADDR field CMTS reframes DHCPDISCOVER as unicast to cable helper BootP UDP port 67

Scopes

DHCP Server

Policies/ Options

(1)

DHCPDISCOVER Broadcast MAC address To 255.255.255.255 to BootP UDP port 67

MOT# show cable modem Interface Upstream IfIndex Cable 0/0 4 Prim Connect Sid 1 State dhcp(d) Timing Offset 1239 Rec Power 109 0.0.0.0 0030.ebff.f03 Ip Address Mac Address


When a DHCP client starts up, its TCP/IP stack initializes with an IP address of 0.0.0.0 (null IP address). With TCP/IP enabled, the DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on the local subnet to find information about DHCP servers. The server port for these broadcasts is the BootP UDP port 67 and the destination address is 255.255.255.255. With this DHCPDISCOVER message, the client sends the only information it has that uniquely identifies it its Media Access Control (MAC) address and hostname.

7

Configuring Cable Helper

Configure Helper Parameters Cable Helper AddressTells BSR64000 where to forward DHCP Client Messages Best Practice to use this on cable interfaces

From the Interface Configuration EXEC mode[no] cable helper-address [cable modem | host | mta]MOT> en MOT# config MOT(config)# int cable 5/0 MOT(config-if)# cable helper-address 192.168.100.100 cable modem MOT(config-if)# cable helper-address 192.168.101.100 host MOT(config-if)# cable helper-address 192.168.100.100 mta


This will only forward UDP traffic from cable modems if that parameter is used or from CPE if the host parameter is used.

8

Configuring IP Helper

Configure Helper Parameters IP Helper AddressTells BSR64000 where to forward broadcasts received on configured interface Forwards: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) (port 69), Domain Naming System (port 53), Time service (port 37), NetBIOS Name Server (port 137), NetBIOS Datagram Server (port 138), Boot Protocol (BOOTP) client and server datagrams (ports 67 and 68) Best Practice to use on all interfaces other than cable

Except to provide more (redundant) DHCP servers for CMTS interfacesShould be used with ip forward protocol command to limit to DHCP only

From the Interface Configuration EXEC mode[no] ip helper-address


IP helper addressing is a form of static addressing that cause the router to forward UDP broadcast packets as an IP unicast to the IP helper address location. To configure helper addressing, you must specify the ip helper-address command on every interface on every router that receives a broadcast that needs to be forwarded. The helper address is specified for UDP broadcast packets destined to the following port numbers by default: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) (port 69) Domain Naming System (port 53) Time service (port 37) NetBIOS Name Server (port 137) NetBIOS Datagram Server (port 138) Boot Protocol (BOOTP) client and server datagrams (ports 67 and 68)

The router places the IP address of the interface which received the broadcast in the "giaddr" field (meaning Gateway IP Address). This will be the address to which the DHCP server will send the DHCP response.

9

DHCP Options

In DHCP much of the work is done in the options All client and server messages are encoded in options Can be fixed or variable length Options are defined under separate RFCs (1497, 2132, ...) Newer options are assigned by IANA


There are over 70 defined options for DHCP They cover many different network services IP Layer Options Link Layer Options TCP Options Application Options Relay Agent Options Vendor Specific Options Clients request options by using the Parameter Request List Option (55)

10

DHCP Option 60

Part of DHCP client messages Vendor Class Identifier (VCI)RFC 2132: DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions March 19979.13. Vendor class identifier Identifies type of device making request Variable length string of characters or octets which has a meaning specified by the client vendor DOCSIS 1.0 based cable modems must set the value of this DHCP option to the string "docsis1.0 DOCSIS 1.1 based cable modems set this value to "docsis1.1 Some types of Set Top Boxes use Vendor Class Identifier to inform the DHCP server about the device's hardware type and functionalityCan be used by DHCP/Provisioning server to infer any required extra information that this client may need in a DHCP response or config file

Code 60

Length n

Vendor Class Identifier i1 i2


11

Example (Microsoft XBOX)

When a Microsoft XBOX sends a DHCP request, it sets the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) to a value XBOX 1.0 The DHCP Server can use this information to determine that a DHCP client is indeed an XBox MAC Address begins with 00:50:F2:*


12

Example (Motorola DCT5000 STB)

When a Motorola DCT5000 Set Top Box sends a DHCP request, it sets the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) to a value dct5000.008X X can be a hexadecimal digit from 0 to F depending on the capabilities of the set top box DHCP Server can use this information to determine that a DHCP client is indeed a DCT5000 Set Top Box


13

DHCP Relay Agents

Relay Agents Routers between CMTS and DHCP serverBy design, insert receiving interface network in GIADDR field

[no] ip dhcp relay information optionTells relay agents to not alter GIADDR inserted by CMTS

[no] ip dhcp relay information spectrum-group-nameInserts spectrum group name in circuit-id field of DHCP client messages


14

Initialization Complex NetworkIf DHCP Server not on network directly connected to BSR64000 ip dhcp relay information option should be set BSR64000 inserts CMTS IP address in DHCP GIADDR fieldSets DHCP option-82(3)

Forwarded like any other unicast traffic on BootP UDP port 67 GIADDR field left untouched by all routers in path

WAN(2)

Switch

Scopes

DHCP ServerPolicies/ Options

CMTS reframes DHCPDISCOVER as unicast to cable helper cable modem BootP UDP port 67

(1)

DHCPDISCOVER Broadcast MAC address To 255.255.255.255 to BootP UDP port 67

MOT# show cable modem Interface Upstream IfIndex Cable 0/0 4 Prim Connect Sid 1 State dhcp(d) Timing Offset 1239 Rec Power 109 0.0.0.0 0030.ebff.f03 Ip Address Mac Address


When a DHCP client starts up, its TCP/IP stack initializes with an IP address of 0.0.0.0 (null IP address). With TCP/IP enabled, the DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on the local subnet to find information about DHCP servers. The server port for these broadcasts is the BootP UDP port 67 and the destination address is 255.255.255.255. With this DHCPDISCOVER message, the client sends the only information it has that uniquely identifies it its Media Access Control (MAC) address and hostname.

15

Relay Agent Option

Defined in RFC 3046 Option number 82 Cannot be requested by the client Must be returned, as is, by the server New sub-options continue to be defined BSR64000 acts as relay agent Forwards DHCP client messages to configured DHCP server


16

Relay Agent Sub-Options

Two sub options are defined in RFC 3046 Agent Circuit ID (1)Identifies the line or circuit Cable Data spectrum group Ip dhcp relay information spectrum-group-name command, allows the relay agent in the BSR to inserts, when available, the Spectrum Group name associated with the upstream channel that the DHCP client is using as option-82, sub-option 1

Agent Remote ID (2)Identifies the remote system Cable Modem MAC AddressMotorola General Business Information, 03_Provisioning, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

17

Cable Modem Configuration FilesTuning TFTP-REQ Ranging TFTP-RSP Connection TFTP-RSPLAN/WAN

Configuration

TFTP-REQTFTP Server After the modem has acquired an IP address, it must be given some basic configuration information. The configuration file name and location provided during the DHCP process is used to make the TFTP request. Server address is specified in the siaddr field of the DHCP response.

Registration Maintenance


The modem makes a TFTP request for the CM configuration file specified in the DHCP response. The TFTP server contains the configuration file for the cable modem. TFTP is a simple protocol (RFC1350) to transfer files, and therefore was named the Trivial File Transfer Protocol. It has been implemented on top of the Internet User Datagram protocol (UDP or Datagram). UDP port 69 is used for the transfer process. Port 69 is a software port in the TFTP protocol. The CM Configuration file contains information for: Network access Bandwidth Priority SNMP sets Filters Community strings MICs (Message Integrity Checks) The CM MIC is used for file integrity The CMTS MIC is used for theft of service prevention Shared Secret

18

Cable Modem Configuration Files (cont.)

The CM-specific configuration data MUST be contained in a file which is downloaded to the CM via TFTP This is a binary file in the same format defined for DHCP vendor extension data [RFC-2132]. It MUST consist of a number of configuration settings (1 per parameter) each of the form Type Length Value Where Type is a single-octet identifier which defines the parameter Length is a single octet containing the length of the value field in octets (not including type and length fields) Value is from one to 254 octets containing the specific value for the parameterMotorola General Business Information, 03_Provisioning, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

19

Cable Modem RegistrationCM generates a Registration Request (REG-REQ) Includes configuration parameters received from TFTP configuration file: Downstream frequency, Upstream channel ID CMTS Network access configuration settings Class of Service Modem CapabilitiesREG-REQ REG-REQHFC

Cable ModemMotorola General Business Information, 03_Provisioning, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

The modem will now try to register with the CMTS via a Registration Request. Within this registration request is the CM MIC. On receipt of a configuration file, the CM MUST forward the CMTS MIC as part of the registration request (REGREQ). On receipt of a REG-REQ, the CMTS MUST recompute the digest over the included fields and the authentication string and compare it to the CMTS MIC configuration setting in the file. If the digests do not match, the registration request MUST be rejected by setting the authentication failure result in the registration response status field.

20

Cable Modem Registration (cont.)

CMTS Checks CMs MAC address and authentication signature Assigns a permanent SID Provides bandwidth for CM requested Class of Service Modifies forwarding table to allow full user data if the modem requested Network Access Sends REG-RSP to CMCM can pass unencrypted dataREG-RSP REG-RSP

CMTS

HFC

Cable ModemMotorola General Business Information, 03_Provisioning, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

The CMTS will respond with a SID for the modem. The modem is now online. CM can pass unencrypted data only if the SID is defined as unencrypted. CM MIC is a digest which ensures that the data sent from the provisioning server were not modified en route. CMTS MIC is a digest used to authenticate the provisioning server to the CMTS during registration. It is taken over a number of fields one of which is a shared secret between the CMTS and the provisioning server. The authentication string is a shared secret between the provisioning server (which creates the configuration files) and the CMTS. It allows the CMTS to authenticate the CM provisioning.

21

SNMP and Logging OverviewBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 04_SNMP and Logging, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006


0

Module 4 Table of ContentsNetwork Management Architectures SNMP SNMP Versions SNMP Operations Polling DOCSIS MIBs Logging 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

Network Management Architectures

NMSManagement Entitym sn

Key Components Management Entity Agent Management DatabaseAgent

m p

snmp

sn

p

Agent

Agent

Management Database

Management Database

Management Database

Managed Devices


Management entities within network management systems (NMSs) request (poll) this data via a network management protocol. Well-known network management protocols include the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP). Agents in the managed devices respond to all polls. Agents are software modules that collect information about the managed devices on which they reside. This information is stored in a management database called a mib (management information base). End stations (managed devices), such as CMTSs and other network devices, run software agents that allow management entities to poll end stations to check the values of certain variables.

2

SNMPSNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol MIB: Management Information Base OID Object IDentifier Pointer to storage location in MIB Example: 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.3.0 = sysUpTime Public vs. Private Public MIB prefix: 1.3.6.1.2.1 Private MIB prefix: 1.3.6.1.4.1 Community Strings Passwords required to extract or change SNMP data Read community Read/Write community


The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Internet standard that allows you to monitor computers and other network devices and analyze how well they are performing. You can also use SNMP to find and resolve network problems and plan for network growth. To monitor the network, the SNMP manager relies on SNMP agents embedded in the network devices that you want to monitor. The manager discovers these devices through SNMP, polls the statistics collected by each devices MIB at user-defined intervals, and collects the information into a database. The SNMP manager uses a Pre-Compiled MIB file (PCM) to point to an Object ID (OID) within a devices MIB. When collecting performance data from agent.

3

SNMP Versions

SNMP V1 Introduced in RFC 1067 Incorporated changes to attain alignment with the MIB working group SNMP V2 Introduced in RFC 1441 Defined in RFC 14421452; 19011907 GetBulkRequest message type added Adds new data types with 64-bit counter SNMP V3 Multi-lingual implementations Coexistence of versions Enhanced securityMotorola General Business Information, 04_SNMP and Logging, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

4

SNMP Operationsmanager get agent manager getNext agent

MIBresponse

MIBresponse

manager set

agent

manager

agent trap

MIBresponse


Defines only five types of messages Get Request Operator Fetch the value of one or more variables Get-Next Request Operator Fetch the next variable after one or more specified variables Set Request Operator Set the values of one or more variables Get-Response Operator Return the value of one or more variables Trap Operator Notify the manager when something happens on the agent Uses two UDP ports Port 161 for set and get requests Port 162 for trap messages

5

PollingSNMP gathers data from all elements by Polling them at set intervalsAlso tests for reachability and latency Retrieve MIB values via SNMP Store values in the SNMP manager

64000_motoMIB Variable sysUptime Port Status ifInOctets(1)* OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.3.0 Value 56m34s Up 5246401 Up

SNMP Get RequestCommunity String

SNMP Server

1.3.6.1.4.1.498.1.4.51.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10.1

ifOperStatus(1)* 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8.1

Get ResponseData for 64000_moto

* Indexes allow for multiple values per OID.


On a network device (such as a router, client system, server system, or switch), a software module called an SNMP agent collects performance, configuration, and status information about that device. The agent stores the data as defined by a management information base (MIB). At any time, a network management system (NMS) can ask the SNMP agent for the current values of particular variables, such as the number of incoming packets and outgoing packets or the total number of errors.

6

DOCSIS MIBsCMTS Downstream Table docsIfDownstreamChannelTable Equivalent information to show cable downstream 0 command CMTS Upstream Table docsIfUpstreamChannelTable Equivalent information to show cable upstream 0 command CMTS Status Table docsIfCmtsStatusTable Equivalent information to show cable modem command Cable Modem Status Table docsIfCmtsCmStatusTable Equivalent information to show cable modem hosts command


7

Logging

Console

EVT

BufferMotorola General Business Information, 04_SNMP and Logging, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Syslog

Console Logging Set to error level by default The logging buffer Use the show log command to view Set to notifications level by default Buffer size set to 512,000 by default Event logging Can impact performance, use only with assistance of Motorola Support Syslog Provides a mechanism to send event notifications to event message collectors No assumptions are made concerning formatting or the contents of the messages No acknowledgement of the receipt of the event message is generated there may be NO message collector present Event criteria determined by transmitter Syslog is configured as part of the logging configuration on the BSR At least one server needs to be configured Message severity and a logging facility may also be configured RFC 3164 has been drafted as an Informational Document on Syslog

8

Path DeterminationBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

0

Module 5 Table of ContentsWhat is Routing? What Are The Functions of a Router? Routing and Routed Protocols Static Routes Configuring Static Routes Static Route Example Default Static Route Verifying Routes Where do the Routes Go? How do I look at the Routing Table? Static Routing Summary 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1

What is Routing?.2 .3

To route packets a router must know the following:Network Destination addressWhere is it going?

192.168.130.0

.1

Routes to remote networksRouter maintains a routing table Do I know about the destination network?

Next Hop Network (or Interface).1 .2 192.168.120.0 Where do I send it? (Which interface or next hop address)

FilterDrop or forward traffic based on policy


Routing is the process by which an item gets from one location to another. Examples of items that get routed: Trains Mail Telephone Calls Traffic (A router moves data traffic)

2

What Are The Functions of a Router?

Learning Routing Forwarding Lookup packet DA in forwarding tableIf known, forward to correct port Forward packet to outgoing interface Transmit packet onto link If unknown, drop packet

Decrement TTL, update header Cksum


3

Routing and Routed ProtocolsRouted ProtocolIP, IPX, APPLETALKUser data packets that are sent from source host to destination host.

Routing ProtocolRIP, OSPF, or BGPProtocols that allow routers to exchange information about networks. Routers depend on static routes or a dynamic routing protocol to learn about remote networks. (Not directly connected). Routing protocols are carried in routed protocolsMotorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Routed protocols are nothing more than protocols that actually pass user data. By contrast, routing protocols are used to share data between routers in order to help determine information about networks. This information is used to determine paths through connected and remote networks, in order to pass routed (or routable) protocols with user data.

4

Static Routes

Stub Network

200.20.20.0 A 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.1 B B

200.10.10.0

Static Routes are unidirectional Static routes must be entered in both routers to allow bi-directional communications to occurMotorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

For intercommunication, static routes must be configured in both directions. Static routes are often used to route traffic to a stub network or other network where only a single route to that network exists.

5

Configuring Static Routes

Command to add a static route192.168.120.0

192.168.3.2 192.168.3.1

ip route [destination network] [mask] [next hop address] [administrative distance]The administrative distance is a number between 0 and 255 that represents the trustworthiness of the routing information source

192.168.5.1 192.168.5.2

Router (Config)# ip route 192.168.120.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2

192.168.130.0

Router (Config)# ip route 192.168.130.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.5.2


6

Static Route Example

Stub Network

Stub Network

200.20.20.0 A 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.1 B B

200.10.10.0

Router (Config)# ip route 200.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 Router (Config)#

This is a unidirectional route You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.Motorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

7

Default Static Route

Stub Network

144.27.0.0

Other Networks205.7.7.0

200.10.10.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2

Router (Config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 Router (Config)#

This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router AMotorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

With an address and subnet mask of 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 in the ip route statement, packets for any network not listed in the routing table will be sent to the next hop, 192.168.1.1.

8

Verifying Routes192.168.120.2 192.168.120.1

PingPing [destination address]

192.168.3.2

TracerouteTraceroute [destination address]

192.168.3.1

192.168.5.1 Router# ping 192.168.120.2 192.168.5.2 Type escape sequence to abort Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.120.2, timeout is 2 seconds: 192.168.130.0 !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 34/45/77Motorola General Business Information, 05_Path Determination, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

The ping command sends an ICMP echo request to the specified destination address. This gives us information on reachability (out of five attempts) as minimum, maximum and average round trip times. In most Unix platforms, this is done using a UDP message (nowadays), but, traditionally, it was all icmp. Ping is usually implemented using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ECHO facility. It is also possible to implement a ping capability using alternate methods, some popular implementations of which are: Using the UDP echo port (7), if supported This is defined by RFC 862 Timing an SNMP query Timing a TCP connect attempt Traceroute is a utility that records the route taken by packets from the BSR64000 and a specified destination host. It also calculates and displays the amount of time each hop took. The original traceroute was a Unix utility first included in early BSD distributions. More explicitly, traceroute will send an icmp echo to the destination address with a ttl of one, so that when it transits the next hop, the ttl is decremented and a ttl exceeded is sent. Then sending host then sends the next icmp echo with a ttl of one and two hops later, it is returned with ttl exceeded. This is continued (incrementing the sending ttl) until it reaches the destination, at which point we get the final response and can display the full path (and min/max/average response times). In general, almost any request/response flow can be used to generate a round-trip time. Often many of the non-ICMP ECHO facility methods stand a better chance of yielding a good response (not timing out for example) since some routers don't honor Echo Requests (timeout situation) or they are handled at lower (or higher) priority, hence possibly giving false indications of round trip times. In the Unix world, Traceroute is usually implemented by transmitting a series of probe packets with increasing time-to-live values. A probe packet is a UDP datagram encapsulated into an IP packet. Traceroute works by sending a sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams to an invalid port address at the remote host. Using the default settings, three datagrams are sent, each with a Time-To-Live (TTL) field value set to one. The TTL value of 1 causes the

9

Where do the Routes Go?Routes stored in Routing TableThe Routing Table displays the best routesDetermined from entries in a database

A Routing Table contains:MetricsHop count/Cost/Distance Dependant on routing protocol

Directly Connected Networks Static Routes Routes to remote networksDynamic Entries learned from a routing protocol


10

How do I look at the Routing Table?Show the IP Routing Table

show ip route [connected or OSPF or RIP or Static, or summary]Connected shows directly connected networks only (interfaces) OSPF or RIP will show only OSPF or RIP learned routes Summary will list the number of different type routes in the table (1 RIP, 1 Static, 2 directly connected)Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2, E1 - OSPF external type 1 E2 - OSPF external type 2, * - candidate default

Gateway of last resort is not set C C S R 192.168.120.0/24 is directly connected, ethernet 0/0 192.168.130.0/24 is directly connected, ethernet 0/1 192.168.140.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.120.10, ethernet 0/0 192.168.150.0/24 [120/3] via 192.168.130.10, ethernet 0/1


11

Static Routing Summary Static routing involves manually adding routes in each routers routing tables Advantages This reduces processing overhead in routers Reduces bandwidth used between routers (no dynamic exchanges)

Disadvantages Time-consuming Addition of routers means updates to all existing routers routing tables If a static path breaks, traffic will not reach the destination


12

RIPBSR Operations II

Motorola General Business Information, 06_RIP, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

0

Module 6 Table of ContentsWhat is a Routing Protocol? Interior/Exterior Gateway Protocols Interior/Exterior Gateway Protocols (cont.) Interior Routing Protocol Types Distance Vector Routing Protocols Routing Information Protocol Initial Configuration Starting the RIP process Specify the Networks to Advertise Maintaining Routing Information Discovering Routes with RIP Discovering Routes with RIP (cont.) Discovering Routes with RIP (cont.) Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes Examining Routing Information Examine the RIP Database Examine the Routing Table Routing Loops Symptom: Counting to Infinity Solution: Defining a Maximum Solution: Split Horizon Configuring Split-Horizon Route Poisoning Poison Reverse Version 1 and 2 Differences Specifying RIP Version Configuring a Passive Interface Route Redistribution Debugging RIP Stopping the RIP process RIP Configuration Example 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

1

What is a Routing Protocol?10.120.2.0 200.20.20.0

Routing protocols are used Network Destination Exit between Protocol Network Interface routers to determine paths and 10.120.2.0 E0 Connected maintain 200.20.20.0 P3 RIP routing tables. 200.10.10.0 P5 RIP Once the path is determined a Routing protocol: RIP, or OSPF router can route a routed protocol. Routed Protocol: IPMotorola General Business Information, 06_RIP, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

200.10.10.0

If network 10.120.2.0 wants to know about network 200.20.20.0, it must learn it from its P3 (or possibly P5) interface.

2

Interior/Exterior Gateway Protocols

Two applications of routing protocols Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) Used to exchange routing information within the same Autonomous Systems (AS). AS is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain RIP and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) are examples of IGPs

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) Used to exchange routing information between Autonomous Systems This includes Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Motorola General Business Information, 06_RIP, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

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Interior/Exterior Gateway Protocols (cont.)IGPs: RIP, OSPF EGPs: BGP

Autonomous System 100

Autonomous System 200

An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain IGPs operate within an autonomous system EGPs connect different autonomous systemsMotorola General Business Information, 06_RIP, Rev 202841239-2MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2006

Interior gateway routin

BSR Operations II Rev 202841239-2

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