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I
t, lrlsttÀtY
r)t I
llltst.
le.
Cl
de
Rosi,
Ào,n. i ú.dú.,
T.
lt,
p.
l,
XX,
no.
I
20. Cl
d€
Saint-Laurenr,
criL.
T. I. plae
IV n.. 2.
2t. let
tl,'
Íü?t|nlnns
ds ptü
haú
srdd6
d.
ld
ltrnçannê,i
díoijé\,
ytt
sÉde,
JerúsÀt.m;
P.
94.
22.
A. MáÍin,
SJ.,
"D6 ocrs p
toiále:,',
i" Métdn+s
archéal%qut.
T. Iy,
1816,
pp. 2()(1201, 6g,
62.
24. Sr. Mafthêr
26:2ó18,
Douay-Rhim,
vc6ion.
2t,
I
Côrinthiáns
,:7-8,
26
RerÊlárion
2l:22-24.
27.
Cl Marikn
CapêI, .ldrio,,
VIII:
ako
Mâúisnr,
Í);d.
dntiq
.hía., p.
tt,2ná
A.
tero"A.
4r.rr..,, .r-á.h,d",tp
td
l.ú,
6p
_
p
B\
28.
Re cl
ion
l4j4
t
rr.
sr.
John
2t:l,
17.
14.
Thê
/_i
ar,, \.x_
lr.
cí
Dôré. op..,r.,
Pa(
I,
T.
II.
vot.
ty
p.
l6t.
l7- Ovid.
,trduo?rüú,
Book
I, .h.
r.
,8.
Rôs..
IrJ
Ãd1s,oú
J,,tr.tr,., p.
12.
,o.
cí
s:q4,
b
cú.r
tvn
à?
tl.t,a dl, p
t\
40
cí
sànBk..
&
a,r-
u./c,
vôt.
II.
ll:
I
4
dtna
a httothta.
Erd Fiiltc:
Th.
lÁnb
on
a
tsthaêúry
çtt.
ml
_rN
côuNlPIEs
UNDFR
Greek
influence'
the
he-goat
wa"
I.onn..,.d
with
rhe
popular
culr
oÍ
the
goddess
Artemis'
"'ã
"
Úr.t
*""
off"..i
to her
in
the ceremonies
celebrated
",..v
five vears
in
her
honor.
On
the íringe
oí the
Artemis
",,i.
**.."*",i"."
of
the
god Pan.
regarded
a"
the
u"iuersal
*"".r,o. of
the
Drocreaiive
power. showed
him
*irh
rhe
Legs'
i*.. ,"a f,**
of,h"
h.-eo"t,
and
sometimes
with
its
whole
l,odvr.
Íh"..,o."
who
distinguished
themselves
on
the
stages
of
the
Greek
theater,
",
*"ll
""
th"
winners
of
certain
athletic
contests,
were
commonly
rewarded
with che
prize of
a
goat'
and
from
this
came
the
name§
ttagodos,by
which
actors
were
generally
called,
aná
tragodia,
rragedv,
given
to the
most
poPu-
lar
form
of theater'z.
Ir is
interesting
that
the
ancient
Scandinavüns
aftached
the
o.,t to the ch",]or
oÍ
Tho.,
rhe
god oÍ
rhunder
and
light-
i;g'.
so*"
people have
thoughr
that
rhe
foul
odor which
is
"oÃtime"
p.od,-rced
ât
lhe
moment
when
lightning
appears
has
"omethiig
to do
wirh
this
a§sociation;
and,
perhaps
by an-
other
associaiion
connected
with it,
it
was the
former
practice
in
some
northern
countries
to
place
a
goat's
horn,
or
even
a
f.asment
of
úe
animal's
slin.
Ln
rhe
top
foor
oí
d"ellings
ro
.,í".,
tf'"'.
from
lighrning
ln the
Orienr'
it
was
thought
li",
";".ki". -,d.-Í'"*
g."t
hide
lent rhe
wine special
health-giving
properties;
and
in
the
eastern
Mediterranean re-
*i.",
*"rií
phnts,
including
fennel,
anise,
and
cumin,
which
T]F]tE
GOA:T
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s r r ntsr
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found
horseshoes,
some
whole
and
somc brokcn.
in
the burnt
and
probably
pre-Roman
rombs
of
rhe Galtic
necropolises
of
Bournigal
and
oÉ Bourbelard
de
Pouzauges,
in
Vendée,
and
elsewhere
in
Poitou (Fig.
7).
Ac
Bernard,
in
Vendée,
the
head
of
a
Gallo-Frank
had
been placed
on
a
horse-
shoe supplied
with nailsrs.
Sevetal
times I
have
found
half
a horseshoe
with its
nails
in
a
funerâry
urn,
along wiú
human
ashes.
In
irs normal
use.
the
horseshoe
gives
securiry
to the
horsel;
srep
ahd hence
to irs
rider;
it
is
possibie
thar in
the romb,
broken
in hal(
it
pictures
a life
broken
off,
ãn
exisrence
stopped
in
mid-course.
NOTES
Title Fiewe:
Hüse
enstáyed
ar
d
rcnúetqk
chútian
ernd?h
4t
-thdrct.
r.
Victor
Mág.ien,
Nolg
í/r
I'aúqrc
théol%ie
s..Ee,
p_
lr.
Ako,
exEad floo
2.
Reinâ.h,
"Le
disque
de Phaistos,,,
in
À.,üe dr.ráótosiq ,,
4iÂ
series. T.
XV
lol0.
p.
lô-.
1-
Cf. M.nâá,
Hntune
de'
Gft6,
T.
I,
p.
261,
No.
t6l.
4. Masnien,
op.
.n., p_
t.
,. Ar8ôs,
in L
Voile
/?jü,
T. \-xv
lri,
Novembê.
t9lo.
6.
SeÊ
Palt
Ie
Coe,
"Alaia."
n
Áü,
J, T_
y
No.
42,
July
ler2, p.
160.
7.
Dé.À.lere,
Chronolôgi.
préhistorique
de
lâ
péninsut€
[bé.iq;e,,,
in
Âez.
ü.héôlo{iqE,
aú
fies.
T.
XII,
1908.
p.
401.
8- Tes.ct,
F,ittiaí,
III.
9.
CÍ
l.
Lésêa
"Éoães
de
Mythologie
staye,,,
in
Rdre
híroriq@
ãêj
Relisiont,
1899,
p.
ó.
to. seÉ
b
yat
d],i,,
"1.
Dieu âu
cou de
cheval,,,
T
xlaavll,
l4r.
h.u.v
l9)2,
pp,
,6-17.
rr.
Frédéric
PoÍâl,
1,,
S)ubol6
Éspiá,
unpüé,
à au
d6 Héb@x, p.
t$
et
.2
Ctojuú.
Élinat.
d't,onop,apiÍ
t\tctna",
D.
ttó
ll.
R6el
ior ô:2:
and
Ráb
6 Máurus,,4//amc.
14.
Seê
Dore.
úp
,/..
Pà 2,
L XI,
p.
e26.
lr,
II
Kiogs
2:l l.
16.
II
Ki.ss
2l:l
l-
&<t
r7.
§r
cspe.iâll/
lal. d'Ara.,
"l.c
(llrval,"
tn
R.ú.
d. Iht.hnit;"í,1872,
p.
)41.
18.
l)c
Gúb.rnaris,
,t
r,íolo8i.,
T. I,
pp.
,14
?r
Jcq.
ro. Sru
A.
d. Cetmoú, Abé.édan. dt.héalósiqk,
(ArcLir..lure
religieusc),
p.
J02.
.r1.
Revelarion
l9:ll-16.
.'
,t.
Éliphas
Lévi,
L.'
Mfiàrc' de td KÁbbàtê,
p.
,6-
.,1 Abóve
all,
it rcsembles
ce«ain inrerprerátiors
ôr
initadons
of Ori.nhl a(
mád€
in Franc.
in
r[€
tin€ of Louis
XIII ed
Lôuis
Xry
tr_ cç_
Rõss,
t2.
íêligian'
d Monde.
p.50.
t7_ c{_ R.inúh ií
R.tu.
arkalosiqrc,
}rd
§.ries, T.
I, 1881,
p.
,69.
rn. clr
Abbé Bâudry,
l"
c;nériàé thÍétid à. Bctud p.
14.
tnl
Figure:
Piered
branle
bu.Alê
Íia
Gtuo
@.uç);
bet
ed
the 7th
dd
eth
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{)
,
s.
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As
well as being
the symbol
for
stubbornncss
and
igno-
rance,
the donkey
also served in medieval
imagery
as mounr
Éor
the demon
oÉ slorh.
Thus
we
see
him
in numerous
pro-
cessions of
the
petsonified
deadly
sinsr3.
On the
other hand, the red
donkey
sometimes
directly
rep-
resented
rhe
Evil Spirit.
In
a number of countries,
it
is still
said
of an evil
and dangerous person
that
"he
is a
red donkep"
Fotmerly
in
Egypt
red donkeys were
sacrificed
ro
the
evil
gods
Set
and Typhon. The
whole Near East
and Indiare
also con-
nects
the red
ass
with
evil;
and cerrâin
occidental
legends
of
sorcery
claim
that
Satan sometimes
is
incarnaced
in
the
body
of
a
ted
ass.
Fortunately,
red
asses
are
very
rarel
Fie.
)
'tÁ€
úli<.d
Rmphar
In
the
Kabbalah.
the accursed five_
ç at lE ]<éLL-"h
'
Drânched star KemPhâm.
Polnttng
downward,
which Éliphas
Lévi
says
is
a
symbol
oa Lucife;
carries
between its branches
the natural
or
stylüed
head
of
an
ass'zo
(Fig,
3). This infernal
star
calls
co mind the one pic-
tured
in the chapter
discussing the
symbolism of the
buck
goat,
which carries
the
goar's
head
in place
of that
oÍ
the
These facts
are Iittle Lnown,
and taking everything into
ac-
count, the donkey
has not too
much co complain
of in its
treâtmeht
by
Christian
history,
which
has
not failed to
recog-
nize
either
its
evangelical
functions
nor its
own
special
quali-
ties. The
only negâtive connoretions
are with characteristics
with which
i.
was
already
endowed by
the
symbolism of times
I
nL
t ixú:
Th.
dú
n\núar
of Atln"|
dc
Sonrotse'
I
(ll.
Nonnut,
Dio,rí;.a'
XXXVIL
/
l' úaniãt,
Yordr.J
,i,tóri4k,'
XXVII
i
ii] ilãl
cíi,
,r'.i,r,â8i.,
Aúgut
18e4,
p
r22;
âlso
R'imch'
R'ru
d"-
/drôoi,rc.
T.
XXV|,
I80t,
p.
l0l
I
t
l-Aoe,
Cnlndtun
i4éd'e,
Book
ry'
P
zTl'
/.
S..
Doré,
Suraíi,ioú,
Pâsim.
n ljoncr.
?Àe
Ilil,
II
and
vfl'
10.
luds6
t:Io
[E&o*,or.:
S.c
ãlso
Juds's
l0:4
ând
l2rl'-14]
I l. I
Sãnucl
9 aná
10.
ll.
kdú
l:r.
l,{.
S..
Par
Vl, "S..râb,"
P.
ltl'
i,
,r-
C,".
r"
r"',
r.'
p-áô
oÍlüc'd
P
]'ô
Á8'
106'
l" Ei
i.
Às.*",..;úí
v^n.
âux íouilles
d'uÍ.'
n
tz Mron
d"
Mo"à"'t
II. l9rt,
No.
7l'
P.94'
17.
De Gub.m.ris,
M/áolóÊ,
P'
l8''
''*
7i
i;ç. t'tt
"t'"i-i
rtt'
p.,to- 6s'
l8l
údP
Jal
6s
ls2'
i".
S..
C*"-,
"s*r,;
i" r"
voik
'lli
T'
X)o(vI
No'
la2
P
ia''
ttt
Lav\-
Mltt&t
d.
la
KabbéL'
P
5t
21.
S.e.bove,
PaÍ
II'
"Th'
Go*
'P'
86
lig
l
Irrà
F|elrc:
Anitul
ladd
oí
d
St
Chinophd
íÍon
tL'
H;*orkal
Muan
it
MoÍôe.
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WNLD
ANNMALS
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'ftFlrE
lt)EER
/\NF
or- THL svmbolic
ánimals
(ha(
rhe early
Chrisrians
\J,aop,.a
rith
rhe
mosr certaintv as
an allegorical
image
of
Christ,
and
also
oÉ
his
disciple, the Christian,
was
the
stag.
Poets and
naturalists
of ancient
rimes, such
as
Pliny, The-
ophrastus,
Xenophon, Martial,
Lucretiusr, and
many
others,
portrayed the stag as rhe
implacable enemy of
snakes,
pursu-
ing them
relentlessly into their
holes. Martial
and Plutarch
add that wirh the breath
of its
nostrils-some
say,
of
its
mouth-the
stag
would
drive
the
snakes
from
their
under-
ground
hiding
places
and devour rhem' and rhat
in
this
way
its
youth
was renewed.
Reflecting this ancient
belief, a
Roman
marble
relief
(Fig.
t)
from the Naples
Museum shows a
stag
ffghting with a snake.
The
stag
has
fallen on
its
knees.
but
it
has succeeded
in seizing
its
en-
emy's
head
in its
mouth
and
is
crushing
it
between
its
teeth.
In
Afghanistan
today
there
is
a species of
rhe deer
or
goar
family that attacks
serpents and
often eats rhem.
The Persians
call these animals "pausent2."
Fis. t Pft-chtni RoM iatbk
The last Mazdeans
üving in
rhat
region considet the
duel between
paren
and snale
as
the
âlle-
gorical
image
of
the
triumph
of
good,
or "Ormuzd,"
ovet
evil,
"Ahriman."
But since
the
pduset
oíÉí
suffers
from
gall
or
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rr
rr
sr o ,
(
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god
is
nâmed
"Prince
of rhe
Mysreries
of
the
Fls. t AtajLtl
LúÀ
hnl.tirs ó
lc-:
Gmk
bnt
rr
'IhLt
.
Ir seems
that another
trâce of the
ancienr European
tradi-
tions
that
Iink rhe
smg ro
the
idea
of light remained
mysteri-
ously
hidden âmong
the many
medieval documents
in which
one
sees the
stag,
or simply his head,
crowned
with
a
star.
For
one
exâmple, the
liíteenth-century
rile
pavemenr
of
the Beaune
hospice
shows
a
full
face view
of
a stag's heaá
surmounted
by
a srar.
recalling
rhe Orphic
H,rnn ro
Dionysus.
in
which
rhe
Nighi';
for ânother,
the thirreenrh-century
seal oÍ'
Heliot
Bertaut
bears a
stylized
srag's head
sur-
mounted
by rhe glorifying
sign
of rhe
sun and
moon, which
in
rhe Middle Ages
was usually
re-
**-X
served
for
specific
images
of Christ'{
(Fig.
a).
In
Fis.4
rh?
çdL
ú[
the
"Golden
Legend"
of che
only exisring
occiden'
H,t*t
B" *t.
ral
hagiography,
several well-known
hunring
scenes
show
Christ
raking the
form
of a stag,
in order
to reveal himself
in
rhis
manner to
chosen souls.
The besr-known
âre the hunts
of
Sr. Hubert
and St. Eusrare.
A
very
old French
rale gives
the following
accounr
of the
second
of
the two
saints: There
was a man
named Placidus
who
was
a
pagan,
but all
the
same a man
of virtue, 6lled with
o'T'r'J';,",,"
srag
,eplied.
"l
am
the
chrisr:
I became
man
,"i'il.i'.',r,"'.?."1
"'d
'r'"'
three.da's
in
the shado"
oí
il: il;;';;
,"
.,.4,*'',
liG
And
**
I
am
waitins
ror
-
'^-ê
iô
-'
Placidus;
I am
Lhrist:"
And
before
the
rrrr*
"t.."*"a
eyes
the
s(ag
grew
to
immense
ProPorrrons
ilÍ".-',n.*o
i'ito
'
d""ling
blaze
of
light'
in
which
ap-
1.,,.àl
.',.'?"a
man
whose
heart
and
ÍoLrr
limb"
bledr
rhen'
llli-
i', rr,l rhe
roc
became
bar"
and
stark
a'
it
had
been
;:i:.::'i:::d;;;,,*""u"a'""a
everv'lhing
even.his
I"""'""rn".
,.a
gave
himself
totallv to
Chri'r'
who had
il-
í,-*-j-r,r'
*,r
bi
m"ns
of
rh'
miraculous
srag'
'"'i'i"
*-"]"-Ja,
;eâutifullv
portraved
in
the
pottal
frieze
"í
li'"
i*;
if,o"i
.r
'r"
chàreau
d
Ambroise
which
w-as
::,l[.i;'ili;
Í;Í'"'n'h
'"n'u'v'
is
artributed
ro
Sr'
Hubett
bv
several
other
suthors
or.anriqLritvr'
tFig
5)
'
, '
"1i,"..'-"
n.a
ourselves
in
rhe
domain
of
rhe
age
ol
chrr-
,dT ;;;;' ,;;;;
or
the
poems
or this time
about
the
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'tt{ta $risl.tAlY Ol, lrrntsl
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11.
Pâlsúits,
Vordss
Hnktitk,_
r?.
bnod-v,lhnê,
I?
L:,.
d..
srúLolet,T.I|.
o.7n.
tt
lhl_, p.1t.
1..
S*
cul]ôn
d
Mú(eJtx_
b,
.nrctze\
hstoú.,
L
p
tb.
15.
In
r[.
câú.d]ál
ü
C]l3dF,.
tÀ...
i" a."s,i6;",,'rj,*,..",h-,..r,+
*i"-
doa
d.dicár.d
to Sr.
Eu$J...
\hrtt
i,
rnrÕi,(rd
bv
Máj€
m
LZrl,.t8d:
lt),
p.
,24.
lô.
$rJ
qks
Eoutàs.i,
t
.§a,,
G.d,/.
Xxl.
páís,
p.
7i.
rr.
Cí
R.in&h.
Grid.
tx
,íúr'.
d.
5",4_G"tu:r4-L_,e.
p.7i
18.
cí
Doré,
R..Áâ.ÁeJ,
pàii
I,
TIl,
no.
4,
D.
474.
to^.
Re.Mt
d.
D,e
?.
de M1e
'.r
Bezai,.
êi;hkêírh_.e
uy
Ms.
tU-
Lt.
Oota,
or.
et
lô..
út.
2r.
See
Lrlffiq
õd
Matíú.
bútiantur..
t
ry.
vot
t,
<ot.
roo.
22.
/óil.,
T.
IL
voi.
u_ .ôt r
lor
21.
1ái1.,
Sdion
L>ÕC}«V
.ol.
u90.
pl.
nô_
20
la.
CÍ
L.
DÊleú.,
SDáo/e,
r,.Á,ríq ?,.
(z.thâEe.
pp.
_t8.
25.
CÍ. Leclêr.c.
,4rd,kl
T.
II,
p.
lr0.
Lnd
Fisüe:
Stae,
ànah1l
tt.
,an.t
hunbk:
n|,dÊd
01 lê[email protected]
& Çoar.
à. t<o.h.bapl
.oll.aiú
THE
P..\N T]tI
E,
IT
And
other
rJíildcats,
also the
Hyena
and the
Mole
'-rtHF
PEoPLF
or
ancient Egypr greatly admired and
were
Lt.ongly
anracred
bv the,erv
beautiful
*ild animal called
the
panther, and endowed
this
splendid
creature
with all
sorts
of unusual
and excellent
qualities
to
an exaggerated
degree-
Theit veneration
was expressed
in
che
use of
the panther's
magnificent
fur and
also the
ne6rir, the
skin
oÍ
the panther
cub, by the
priests in
the most sacred
rites,
and
by
their mas-
ters the
pharaohs
in
the holiest
and
most
solemn
e'ents
of
their royal and
priestly
lives
(Fig. 1). The
neáris also
appears
ro have been
used
in
the regular
liturgy
and in
the
mystety
cerêmonies.
The
panther skins
placed before
Osiris
or
Anubis
were
from
ílawless
animals,
ritually sacri-
ficed.
The skin
of
the
panther
cub
served
too as
a
garment or
w€p
for
Anubis,
god
of
the
dead,
thus
con-
recring
him
with the idea of
a sec-
ond birth.
In
funeral tites,
the
panther's sLin
wes
used
as a bed
for the
deceased
and
provided
"a
good burial."
Egyptian
sacred
imagery
shows
rhree stylized panther skins
artached
together:
6rst of all,
the amulet
merr
Fis-
t
Ho,$
,ab.d in
pàn1hü
\hin:
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