Locative classification and orientation of the ... · Locative classification and orientation of...
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Locative classification and orientation of the configuration: Spatial conceptualization in Laz
Silvia Kutscher, University of Cologne
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Stratification of the conceptual domainSPACE
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(Herskovits 1986, Levinson/Wilkins 2006)
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Constructional scheme of a topological expression
• in an adpositional language (e.g. English):
(2) The bottle is on the tableFigure predicate Relator Ground
• in Laz:(3) ¤i¤e masa goo- dgun
bottle table on stand:3s:PRS
Figure Ground Relator‐predicate
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Are there universal spatial concepts?
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auf dem Tisch an der Wand in der Schüsselon the table on the wall in the bowl
Englishin: [containment]on: [surface]
Germanin: [containment]auf: [surface, superposition]an: [surface, side]
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IN‐ON‐scale as universal conceptualisationprinciple?
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on on in in in
Laz:
goo‐ ce‐ dolo‐ dolo‐ ce‐
(Bowerman/Choi 2001, Levinson/Meira 2003)
In more than 40 languages (e.g. Romance, Slavonic, Turkish, Finnish, Ewe, Tiriyó)
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Conceptualisation of
topological relations in Laz
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The Data (I)
• Laz in the variety spoken in the city of Ardeşen(Ar£a¤eni) and the surrounding villages
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The Data (II)
• visual stimuli developed by the MPI Nijmegen (TopRel and PosVerb picture booklets); tested with four speakers
• spontaneous data overheard during the fieldwork stay
• spoken narratives (Kutscher/Genç 1998)
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Configurations of Containment
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(6) bere yata¬i ce-zunchild bed PRV‐lie:3s:PRS
ce‐
(8) ¤i¤e £i¡ina dolo-zunbottle basket PRV‐ lie:3s:PRS dolo‐
mola‐
(10) ¡in¥i mca me¤¡a-xenbird tree PRV‐ sit:3s:PRS
me¤¡e-
(9) ¡o¦i oxori mola-xenman house PRV‐ sit:3s:PRS
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Surface configurations (I)
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(11) fincani masa goo-dguncup table PRV‐stand:3s:PRS
(12) ¥itabi o©ude gola-zunbook shelf PRV‐lie/stand:3s:PRS
(13) rezimi ¡oda cela-bunpicture wall PRV‐hang:3s:PRS
goo‐
gola‐
cela‐(14) bal¡oni cela-p-xer
balcony PRV‐1.A‐sit:PRS
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Surface configurations (II)
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(15) ms¡ala ¡odame-zunladder wall PRV‐ lie:3s:PRS
(16) ban£i ¡u¥xe me-¦abunband.aid leg PRV‐stick.to:3s:PRS
me‐
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Hypothesis
Comparable to the differences betweenEnglish and German cluster concepts forsurface configurations (cf. on vs. an/auf), Lazmay have a finer grained differentiation in theconceptualisation of containment and surfaceconfigurations, i.e. the IN‐ON‐scale may needsome rearrangement but in principle holdsalso for Laz.
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Check:
Are there Ground properties which are relevant for the use of preverbs denoting containment
configurations?
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dolo- and me¤¡e-
• dolo-
dolo-: [Ground: cylindrical]
• me¤¡e-
me¤¡e-: [Ground: dense, narrow]
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Compare: ce‐‚in bed‘, ‚in bowl‘
Compare: mola‐‚in house‘, ‚in cupboard‘
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gola- vs. cela- vs. ela-
• go-la-: ‚being on a shelf‘, ‚going along a horizontally oriented road or path‘
• ce-la-: ‚hanging down on the wall‘, ‚being on a balcony‘, ‚going down a road/path in themountains‘
• e-la-: ‚going up a road/path in the mountains‘
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‐la‐ [Ground: strip]
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Shape properties of the ground
• Ground is striplike or has an edge:
gola-, cela‐ (vs. goo-)• Ground is cylindrical: dolo-• Ground is ‚dense, narrow‘: me¤¡a-
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Locative classification (Allen 1977, Aikhenvald 2000)
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But:
The orientation of configuration is also relevant for configurations which ‐ from a geometricperspective ‐ are containment relations
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dolo‐ vs. mola‐
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(21) zeytiniya¬i dolo-bubiolive.oil PRV‐pour:[1>3]s:PAST.PFV'I poured olive oil into (the cow‘smouth).‘(the cow is lying on the ground)
(22) ¢ici ©ari molo-bibimouth water PRV‐pour:1.A:PAST.PFV'I put water in my mouth.'(in order to spray it on swarming bees)
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cela-/ela- vs. gola-, ce¤¡a-/e¤¡a- vs. me¤¡a-
• cela- / ela- ‚Ground is a vertical oriented striplikeobject (e.g. a mountian path)‘ vs.
• gola-: ‚being on a shelf‘, ‚going along a horizontally oriented road or path‘
• ce¤¡a-/e¤¡a- ‚Ground is a vertical oriented denseor narrow object‘ vs.
• me¤¡a-: ‚being in a small place (like a hole in a tree), being in a dense or narrow object (like a hay stack)‘; moving horizontally amidst a narrowor a dense object‘
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Hypothesis does not hold, since:
• Orientation of configuration relevant for(geometrical) containment configuration (e.g. dolo- vs. mola-)
• Preverb mo- does not refer to meaningcomponents such as [surface] or [containment], see next slides.
• There are preverbs which refer to both surface(ON) and containment (IN) relations (ce-), seenext slides.
• Thus, Laz preverbs cannot be ordered accordingto the IN‐ON‐scale
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Semantic extension of the preverb mo-
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mo‐
goo‐
(26) ko-mo-xtiMOD‐PRV‐go:2sIMPER‘Come here!’
(cf. (25a)) (cf. (25b)) (cf. (25c))
(cf. (24))
(cf. (23))
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Meaning ofmo‐
• Instead of relating to a surface (ON) or a containment (IN), the topological use of thepreverbmo‐ expresses that the Figure is partof (lid) or belongs to (slipcase) the Ground, orexpresses that the Figure is located on a ‚prototypical‘ Ground (‚ring on finger‘, ‚shoeon foot‘)
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mo‐ ‚belonging‐to‐ relation‘
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Semantic extension of the preverb ce-
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containment(cf. (6), (27))
surface(cf. (28), (29))
downwards(cf. (30))
ce‐
goo‐andce‐
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Meaning of ce‐
• Preverb ce‐ represents a clustering of conceptsthat deviates from what is expected if IN‐ON‐scale is universal.
• Instead of denoting either a surface (ON) or a containment relation (IN) of some kind, in topological expressions ce‐ relates to theendpoint of a vertical path‐movement („Figurehas been put down“)
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Clustering of Concepts in Laz
(cf. Table (1))
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Comparing two Taxonomies of Space
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Laz:
German:
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Conclusion
• For Laz, concepts such as surface and containmentseem not to be fundamental spatial concepts. In addition, the IN‐ON‐scale proposed by Bowerman/Choi (2001) and Levinson/Meira (2003) is not applicable fortopological expressions in Laz (cf. (5)).
• Rather, concepts such as orientation of theconfiguration ([vertical: downwards], [horizontal]),shape properties of the ground ([striplike], [cylindrical]), and „belonging together“ (lid on pot) arerelevant for the meaning of Laz preverbs.
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A typology of spatial conceptualisation
• With respect to the fundamental concepts ofspace, we find at least two types of languages:
• Type 1 (English, German, Finnish, Turkish, etc.): topological spatial concepts are orderedaccording to the IN‐ON‐scale. All seem to havenominal relators (adpositions, local cases).
• Type 2 (Laz, Mingrelian?): topological spatialconcepts relate to endpoints of pathconfigurations. The relators are part of the verbalcomplex.
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Thank you for listening!
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