LNG Technology.

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MFC® and LIMUM®are registered trademarks of Linde AG

Contents.

2

3 Introduction

4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas

5 LNG plant block scheme

6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®1

7 References

LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway

LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia

8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®3

9 References

LNG plants in China

LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway

LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia

10 MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade)

11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway

12 Coil-wound heat exchanger

14 Plate-fin heat exchanger

16 Contact

3

3

Introduction.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily hydro-carbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well asa major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals.

For economic transportation over great distances natural gas can be cooled and liquefied occupying only 1/600th of its normal volume in gaseous form at a temperature of around -162°C. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG plants world-wide since 1967.

Linde Engineering´s natural gas liquefaction processes can cover LNG plants ranging from 40 thousand to more than 10 million tons per year.

C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway(Photo courtesy of STATOIL)

Pretreatment of natural gasPrior to liquefaction natural gas often has to be pretreated. Such pretreatment typically consists of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying. Depending on the downstream processing steps and the concentration of the sour gas compo-nents, it may be necessary to remove H2S and CO2 from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes such as MDEA, are offered for this application. Should only minor amounts of sour gas be pre-sent, they can be removed by adsorption along with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds are recommended to protect people and equip-ment.

Separation of natural gasCryogenic processes represent the most econo-mical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas components.

NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure components methane, ethane, propane and butane often have higher sales value compared to the pipe-line gas itself. Therefore they are frequently ex-tracted and fractionated in tailor made process-ing plants according to the specific requirements of the regional market. NGL and LPG are ideal feedstocks for steam crackers producing olefins.

Removal of nitrogen leads to reduced transpor-tation volumes and an increased heating value. Furthermore it is sometimes required for the usage as fuel gas feeding gas turbines. The gas turbines are installed to provide the required electrical or mechanical power of the LNG plants.

Pretreatment and separationof natural gas.

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Helium recovery is often combined with nitro-gen removal. High purity helium is produced by the combination of cryogenic and pressure swing adsorption process steps.

All manner of processes for the pretreatment and separation of natural gas as well as the extraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and heliumare offered by the Engineering Division.

A typical LNG plant is comprised of thefollowing units:

– Feed gas compression, in case the natural gas pressure is low– CO2 removal, mostly by a wash process and

drying H2O removal by an adsorber (CO2 and H2O would otherwise freeze and cause clog-ging in the downstream liquefaction equip-ment)

– Natural gas liquefaction– Refrigeration system and refrigerant make-up unit– LNG storage– LNG loading stations

– LNG metering stations

Sometimes in addition the following unitsare required:

– Condensate stabilisation– Fractionation– N2 removal

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LNG plant block scheme.

Wastewater

Hot oilsystem

Natural gas

Sourgas

Exhaustgas

Waste heatrecovery

Gas turbine

Solventregeneration

Refrigerationsystem

Boil-off gas(fuel gas)

compression

Feed gascompression

NG purificationCO2 removal

NG purificationdryer

NGliquefaction

LNGstorage

LNG loadingstation

container

Refrigerantmake-up unit

Fire fighting Utilities FlareLNG loading

jetty

LNG loadingstation truck

LNG meters

LNG meters

NG

puri-fiedNG

hotoil

hot o

il

hot o

il

fuel

gas

hot o

il

fuel

gas

rich

solv

ent

vap.

refr.

lean

solv

ent

liqui

d re

fr.

hot o

il

fluegas

dryNG LNG LNG LNG

LNG

LNG

LIMUM®1 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying plate-fin heat exchanger)

– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air

– Both phases of the compressed MR are jointly fed to a brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger, are fully liquefied and subcooled

– After expansion in a J-T valve the MR if fully vaporized under low pres-sure providing refrigeration for natural gas liquefaction and fractiona-tion, if required.

Basic single flow LNG processfor less than 0.5 mtpa LNG

Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:LIMUM®1

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NG

N2

Frac

tiona

tor

NGL

LNG

LP MR HP MR

LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway

Capacity 40,000 tpaCustomer Naturgass Vest, now GasnorStart-up 2003

LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNG transport ships to satellite stations. One innova-tive feature of this project is the use of LNG as fuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast.

There are many advantages replacing diesel with LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is clean and free of solid particles. NOx and CO2 emissions are reduced. The engines and there-fore the ferries have a reduced noise level.

7

References.

LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia

Capacity 62,500 tpaCustomer Westfarmers Gas LimitedStart-up 2008

LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then distributed by truck to various customers, such as peak shaving power stations. Here the LNG replaces diesel and other fuels, which are less environmentally acceptable.

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Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:LIMUM®3LIMUM®3 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying coil-wound heat exchanger)

– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air

– The heavy, liquid MR fraction os used in a coil-wound heat exchanger to pre-cool natural gas and to condense the light, gaseous MR fraction partially

– The resulting, intermediately boiling MR fraction serves as liquefaction refrigerant, while the remaining light ends MR fraction sub-cools the liquefied natural gas

Advanced single flow LNG processfor 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNG

LNG

N2

NGL

NG

Frac

tiona

tor

LP MR HP MR

LNG plants in China

Capacity 430,000 tpaCustomer Xin Jiang GuanghuiStart-up 2004

Capacity 430,000 tpaCustomer Xin Jiang Ji Munai GuanghuiStart-up 2013

Capacity 300,000 tpaCustomer Huineng Coal Chemical Co. Ltd.Start-up 2013

Capacity 350,000 tpaCustomer Siehuang Tonghei Engery & Technology Dev. Co. Ltd.Start-up 2014

All of these LNG plants are highly flexible and excel due to their robustness. As special feature the plant in Jimunai has a nitrogen removal col-umn integrated into the liquefaction process. This is an economically attractive concept for nitrogen rich feed gases. LNG is transported by trucks to a large number of satellite stations. This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and provides a great improvement in the tight en-ergy supply situation in China.

9

References.

LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway

Capacity 300,000 tpaCustomer Lyse Gass ASStart-up 2010

Due to the high feed gas pressure and based on the Linde proprietary LIMUM® process this LNG plant achieves an outstanding energy effi-ciency. The plant supplies LNG to both the local industry and AGA, an affiliate of the Linde Gas division. The AGA quota of the produced LNGis first shipped to an import terminal in Nynäs-hamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering.

LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia

Capacity 650,000 tpaCustomer MLNGStart-up 2014

The plant is the world´s largest re-liquefaction plant for N2 rich boil-off gases from MLNG´s LNG complex in Bintulu, Malaysia.

MFC® (mixed-fluid cascade) processfor 3 to 12 mtpa LNG

The MFC® process is highly efficient due to the use of the three mixed refrigerant cycles.

The process is comprised of:

– Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling– CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for natural gas liquefaction and

LNG subcooling– Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different composi-

tions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement– Three cold suction centrifugal compressors

> 10 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train.

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MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade).

NG LNG

SMR SMR E

LMR ELMRE

Capacity 4.3 mtpa (million tons per annum)Customer StatoilStart-up 2007

This is Europe‘s first and the world´s northern-most LNG baseload plant. The MFC® (mixed fluid cascade) process together with the low cooling water temperature at the site are the basis for the extremely low specific power consumption of the plant (less than 250 kWh/t).

This LNG project has another distinguishing fea-ture: the entire LNG baseload plant was pre-assembled in various shipyards in Europe and transported to its operating location on HLVs (heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock at the site.

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LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway.

The ample choice of usable alloys including aluminium and stainless steel allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants.

The Engineering Division has numerous references for coil-wound heat exchangers designed and manufactured in its own workshops.

Benefits– Providing a large heating surface per shell – Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust design

Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangerin Linde workshop

Coil-wound heat exchanger.

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The coil-wound heat exchangeris the core equipment in large baseloadLNG plants.

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Lifting trunnion

Baffle plateHand holeBonnet

Bundle outlet nozzleTransition joint

DrainVent

Platform stubs

Insulation support ringVessel shell

2” multi nozzleTemperature detector junction box

Bundle inlet nozzle

Refrigerant inlet

Manhole

Pre-distributor

Tube bundle pigtailMandrel

DistributorShroud

Tube bundle with alter-nating winding direction

Vacuum ring

Refrigerant outlet Skirt

Tube sheet

The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key compo-nents in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat ex-changers in small LNG plants.

Benefits– Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs– Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding expensive interconnecting piping of different units– Low equipment weight

Aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers assembledin Linde workshop

Plate-fin heat exchanger.

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Scheme of an aluminium plate-finheat exchanger

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The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-finheat exchangers are key components in many cryogenic process plants. They are the pre-ferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.

A

A

C

C

B

B

D

Header tankDistributor fin

Side bar

Stub pipe

Partition plate

Heat transfer fin

Cover plate

D

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

2394

2_LC

S_08

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Plant engineering → Air separation plants → LNG and natural gas processing plants → Petrochemical plants → Hydrogen and synthesis gas plants → Adsorption plants → Cryogenic plants → Carbon capture and utilisation plants → Furnaces, fired heaters, incinerators

Component manufacturing → Coldboxes and modules → Coil-wound heat exchangers → Plate-fin heat exchangers → Cryogenic columns → Cryogenic storage tanks → Liquefied helium tanks and containers → Air-heated vaporisers → Water bath vaporisers → Spiral-welded aluminium pipes

Collaborate. Innovate. Deliver.

Linde’s Engineering Division is a leading player in the international plant engineering business. Across the globe, we have delivered more than 4,000 plants and cover every step in the design, project management and construction of turnkey industrial facilities. Our proven process and technology know-how plays an indispensable role in the success of our customers across multiple industries – from crude oil, natural gas extraction and refining to chemical and metal processing.

At Linde, we value trusted, lasting business relationships with our customers. We listen carefully and collaborate closely with you to meet your needs. This connection inspires us to develop innovative process technologies and equipment at our high-tech R&D centres, labs and pilot plants – designed in close collaboration with our strategic partners and delivered with passion by our employees working in more than 100 countries worldwide.

From the desert to the Arctic, from small- to world-scale, from standardised to customised builds, our specialists develop plant solutions that operate reliably and cost-effectively under all conditions. You can always rely on us to deliver the solutions and services that best fit your needs – anywhere in the world.

Discover how we can contribute to your success at www.linde-engineering.com

Get in touch with our natural gas plant team: Phone: +49 89 7445-3434, e-mail: naturalgas@linde-le.com

Services → Revamps and plant modifications → Plant relocations → Spare parts → Operational support, troubleshooting

and immediate repairs → Long-term service contracts → Expert reviews for plants, operations

and spare part inventory → Operator training

Core competencies at a glance