Llama Manual

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LLAMA The Manual 1

LLAMA Language Aptitude Tests

The Manual

Paul Meara

University of Wales Swansea

© 2005 University of Wales Swansea lognosti!s



LLAMA The Manual 2

"# $%T&'(U)T$'%

The materials described in this manual have grown out of a series of projects carried out

by students of English Language and Linguistics at the University of ales !wansea" The

materials are a set of e#ploratory tests designed to assess aptitude for learning foreign

languages" The tests are loosely based on pioneering wor$ by %ohn &arroll 'e"g" &arroll and

!apon 1()(* but over years we have been running these projects+ the design of the testshas significantly diverged from the originals on which they were based" ,ur first attempt at

wor$s in this area appeared as Meara+ Milton and Loren-o./us '2002*" That publication

included a set of five tests+ unimaginatively named LatA+ Lat+ Lat&+ Lat/ and LatE"

The most successful of these tests were Lat+ a test of vocabulary learning+ Lat&+ a test

of grammatical inferencing+ and LATE+ a test of the sound.symbol associations" LatA+ a

self.test of phonetic memory and Lat/+ a test of memory for unusual sound se3uences+

were less satisfactory"

!ince the publication of MM4L./ in 2002+ we have been surprised by how much interest

these tests generated in the research community" A number of colleagues as$ed us if it

would be possible to adapt the tests for people whose first language was not English+ andthis resulted in !wedish+ 5ungarian and 6rench versions of the tests" 5owever+ we

subse3uently got re3uests from %apan+ 7reece+ 8ussia and 7eorgia to produce versions of

the test in languages which did not use the 8oman alphabet" ,ur attempts to rewor$ the

program code to cope with these problems were not entirely successful" An additional

problem that developed as the ta$e.up of the tests e#panded was that some of the

materials developed as part of the original tests turned out to be familiar to potential test.

ta$ers" 6or e#ample+ one of the 2002 tests contained materials loosely based on 9olish+ and

on Tur$ish" These languages are not widely recognised in the U:+ but are+ of course+ more

familiar to test.ta$ers whose L1 is 5ungarian or A-eri" These problems prompted us to

develop a version of the tests which was to a large e#tent independent of the L1 of the

test.ta$ers" The Llama tests are the result of this wor$"

Three new tests are presented in this collection of LLAMA tests"

Llama is a new version of the original Lat tests" ;t is based on picture stimuli+ rather

than the verbal stimuli of the original Lat"

Llama6 is a new version of the original Lat& tests" ;t too is based entirely on picture

stimuli+ and has eliminated the need for an L1 data.base"

Llama/ is a new version of the original Lat/ tests" The 2002 version of this test used

stimuli loosely based on Tur$ish+ which has turned out to be familiar to many of our test

ta$ers" The new version uses stimuli based on a dialect of a language spo$en in <orthern

&anada" The new sound strings are actually phonetic realisations of these words generated

by a speech engine+ and they therefore differ significantly from any language that the testta$ers are li$ely to $now in practice+ unless they have e#tensive familiarity with the

languages of <orth est ritish &olumbia"

2# $%STALL$%* T+, P&'*&AMS

The programs that comprise the LLAMA suite can be down.loaded from the lognostics web

site= http=>>www"swan"ac"u$>cals>calsres>lognostics"htm

http://www.swan.ac.uk/cals/calsres/lognostics.htm

http://www.swan.ac.uk/cals/calsres/lognostics.htm



LLAMA The Manual ?

Each of the Llama programs is downloadable separately+ and it is only necessary to download

this manual and the programs that you actually want to use" ';n previous version+ you had to

download the entire .very large. suite of programs"* As a result+ the programs are slightly

redundant" ;f you download two or more programs+ you will be as$ed if you want to replace

some files that e#ist already" Answer <, to this 3uestion"

The programs are supplied in the form of a -ip file" Each file contains=

Llama@"e#e an e#ecutable file which actually runs the test 'where @b+d+or f*

Llama@res a folder that contains sound files and images used by the test

Llamadat"t#t a te#t file that stores data from the LLAMA tests

To download the programs+ go to the lognostics download page and clic$ on the relevant

lin$s" This will download a copies of the -ip files to your computer" 9lace these files in a

convenient directory" e recommend that you place them in a directory called

!#-lognosti!s-lla.a

This will usually avoid problems that arise with different versions of the indows operating

system"

<e#t+ un-ip the programs using a utility program li$e inBip" This will unpac$ the programs

for you" hen the programs have been unpac$ed+ you should have a folder called

c=ClognosticsCllama that loo$s something li$e this=

<o other files are saved as part of the installation progress+ and no changes are made to

your computerDs registry or configuration settings"

;f you need to delete the programs+ simply move them to the recycle bin"



LLAMA The Manual

/# &U%%$%* T+, P&'*&AMS

The Llama programs are designed to run under the indows operating system" They should

wor$ with indows 2000 and indows @9" The programs do not run on Macintosh or other

operating systems" e are loo$ing at the possibility of developing Linu# versions"

The LLAMA programs are written in a spare programming style that minimises the use ofon.screen instructions" All the programs follow a similar se3uence of events+ however" ;n

order to begin the program you must enter your name in the bo#es at the top of the screen+

and clic$ the arrow alongside your name to begin the test" Testing starts immediately" Fou

continue the test until you reach the conclusion+ at which point your score will be displayed

on the test screen" Fou then e#it the test" 7enerally spea$ing+ the test will force you to

follow this se3uence" A full set of instructions is provided in this manual for each test" Fou

will also find on.screen help in the form of a small blue and yellow icon which indicates what

you have to do ne#t" E#planations for these icons will be found in the documentation for

each test" /epending on the conditions under which you use the LLAMA programs+ you may

want to develop a formal set of instructions in the L1 of your test.ta$ers" The best way to

do this is to familiarise yourself with the tests and write your own instructions for yourstudents" Fou probably $now them better than anybody else does"

hen you run a LLAMA program+ data is automatically saved to the Llama/at"t#t file" This

is a simple te#t file that records the scores of any test user" The data is stored as a simple

te#t file+ and you can read it using any word.processor" The simplest thing is to open this

file in <otepad+ in which case+ you will find a file that loo$s li$e this=

These data indicate that <apoleon onaparte too$ the Llama/ test on 01>11>1G(H and

scored I)J" Ma#imilien 8obespierre too$ the same test on 10>11>1G(H and scored H)J"

7eorges /anton too$ the Llama6 test on 12>11>1G(H and scored 20J"

;f you re3uire something more formal than this basic record+ then you can use the LAT8/8

program+ also downloadable from the lognostics site"



LLAMA The Manual )

# LLAMA1 A vo!aulary learning tas3

a!3ground

Lla.a1 is a simple vocabulary learning tas$+ which measures your ability to learn relatively

large amounts of vocabulary in a relatively short space of time"

The program is loosely based on the original vocabulary learning subtas$ of &arroll and!apon '1()(*+ but uses a completely new interface" This version no longer re3uires any L1

input+ so the test is suitable for use with testees of any L1" The words to be learned are

real words ta$en from a &entral American language+ and they are arbitrarily assigned to the

target images"

running LLAMA1

&lic$ on the LLAMA icon" This opens the program+ and presents you with the screen

below"

All the LAT programs share a set of common design features"

The panel immediately below the program title contains any parameters that you may wish

to vary before you start test" 6or LLAMA there are two parameters that you can adjust"



LLAMA The Manual I

• The bo# mar$ed controls the randomisation se3uence of the program" ;f you

change the number in bo#+ by clic$ing the up or down arrows+ then the order in which

the words are tested is changed" This can be useful if you want to ma$e sure

testees donDt just learn off by heart a particular testing se3uence"

• The bo# mar$ed controls the length of time you have to learn the words in the

test" The number in the bo# tells you the number of seconds you have available forthe test" This is normally set at 120 secs+ i"e" two minutes" Fou can adjust this figure

by clic$ing on the up or down arrows on the bo#" Fou will not normally want to adjust

the time available for the test" 5owever+ a very short time K e"g" 20 seconds can be

useful for demonstration purposes+ and this is the main reason why this facility is

provided"

,nce you have reset the program parameters+ you can initialise the program by entering

your name in the two bo#es mar$ed" The LLAMA programs use this information to

generate a code that identifies your personal data"

Fou start the program by clic$ing the button in the start panel"&lic$ing this button starts the timer+ and activates the buttons in the main panel" &lic$ on

one of these buttons+ and the program will display in the centre of the panel the name of

the object that you clic$ed"

4our tas3 is to learn the names of as many of the twenty objects as you can in the time

available" Fou can clic$ the objects as many times as you li$e+ but you should not ta$e notes

as you wor$"

The cloc$ in the centre of the main panel shows how much time you have left to complete

the tas$"

hen your time is up+ the program will warn you by playing a bleep sound+ and all the main

buttons will be deactivated"

Fou can start the test se3uence by clic$ing the button"

hen you do this+ the program will display the name of an object in its central panel+ and

wait for you to identify the correct object by clic$ing on it"

The program gives you feedbac$ in the form of a ding for a correct answer+ and a bleep for

a wrong answer"

The screen displays your score as you wor$ through the test"

&esults

At the end of the test+ your score is displayed on the bottom panel"

!cores for LLAMA range between 0 and 100" !cores should be interpreted as follows=0.20 a very poor score

2).) an average score most people score within

this range

)0.G0 a good score

G).100 an outstandingly good score" 6ew people

manage to score in this range unless they are

using a formal mnemonic system"



LLAMA The Manual G

1a!3ground &esear!h

LLAMA is currently being evaluated as part of the LLAMA 9roject at University of ales

!wansea" This project is designed to teach research s$ills to undergraduates by getting

them to wor$ on real research projects with commercial applications"

A full report will be published on the project website=

http=>>www"swan"ac"u$>cals>ca lsres>llama>

Su..ary instru!tions#

All the LLAMA programs carry a small bo# which tells you which button to clic$ ne#t" 6or

LLAMA these indicators are as follows=

fill in your personal details and start the program

timer has started clic$ the objects to discover

what they are called

&lic$ this button to start the test phase

!elect your answer

&ontinue the test

&lic$ to e#it the test and record your score

http://www.swan.ac.uk/cals/calsres/llama/




LLAMA The Manual H

5# LLAMA( A sound re!ognition tas3

a!3ground

Lla.a1 is a new tas$ that does not appear in the wor$ of &arroll and !apon '1()(*" ;t is

designed to test if you can recognise short stretches of spo$en language that you were

e#posed to a short while previously"The program is loosely based on wor$ by !ervice 'e"g"!ervice 1((2 !ervice and :ohonen

1(()* and it also owes something to !peciale '!peciale+ Ellis and ywater 200* " These

writers suggest that a $ey s$ill in language ability is your ability to recognise patterns+

particularly patterns in spo$en language" ;f you can recognise repeated patterns+ then you

are more li$ely to be able to recognise words when you hear them for a second time" This

helps you to ac3uire vocabulary" ;t also helps you to recognise the small variations in endings

that many languages use to signal grammatical features"

The sound se3uences used in this program are computer generated" The words they are

based on are the names of flowers and natural objects in a ritish &olumbian ;ndian

language" The sounds have been synthesised using the AT4T <atural oices '6rench*" Thisma$es for a difficult set of stimuli which are unli$ely to be recognised as belonging to any

major language family"

running LLAMA(

&lic$ on the Llama/ icon" This opens the program+ and presents you with the screen below"



LLAMA The Manual (

All the LAT programs share a set of common design features"

Fou initialise the program by entering your name in the two bo#es mar$ed"

The LLAMA programs use this information to generate a code that identifies your personal

data"

Fou start the program by clic$ing the button in the start panel"

&lic$ing this button causes the program to play a set of 10 words in a language that are

unfamiliar to you"

4our tas3 is to listen carefully to these words" ;n the test phase of the program+ you will

hear these words alongside other words that you have not heard before" Fou score points

for recognising the words that are repeated in both parts of the program"

hen the program has finished playing all the new sounds+ you will hear a bleep sound+ and

the buttons on the main panel will be activated"

&lic$ the button to hear the ne#t word"

;f you thin$ it is a word that you have already heard+ clic$ the button"

;f you thin$ that is is a word you have not heard before in this test+ clic$ the button"Fou score points every time you are right+ but you will lose points if you ma$e a wrong

judgement"

The program gives you feedbac$ in the form of a ding for a correct answer+ and a bleep for

a wrong answer"

The screen displays your score as you wor$ through the test+ and shows you haw many items

you still have to complete"

&esults


!cores for LLAMA/ range between 0 and 100" !cores should be interpreted as follows=

0.10 a very poor score

1).?) an average score most people score within

this range

0.I0 a good score


manage to score in this range"



LLAMA The Manual 10

1a!3ground &esear!h

LLAMA/ is currently being evaluated as part of the LLAMA 9roject at University of

ales !wansea" This project is designed to teach research s$ills to undergraduates by

getting them to wor$ on real research projects with commercial applications"

Llama/ is based on our earlier Lat/ programs" There were two versions of Lat/= v1"0used se3uences of 9olish words+ while v2"0 used se3uences of Tur$ish words" oth programs

wor$ed well under normal conditions of use" 5owever+ increased international use of the

programs caused problems with the target languages= 9oland is a popular camping destination

for your young Europeans+ and this meant that many testees had some e#posure to 9olish"

At the same time+ our 8ussian colleagues had e#tensive e#posure to Tur$ic languages" The

choice of a <orthAmerican ;ndian language for Llama/ is intended to avoid these

problems"

A full report of the formal evalaution of Llama/ will be published on the project website=

http=>>www"swan"ac"u$>cals>calsres>llama>


All the LLAMA programs carry a small blue and yellow bo# which tells you which button to

clic$ ne#t" 6or LLAMA/+ you will find this bo# in the bottom left.hand corner of the

display" The indicators are as follows=


listen to the sound file

start the test phase

!elect your answer= a new word

a familiar word you have heard already

play the ne#t test word






LLAMA The Manual 11

# LLAMA, A sound6sy.ol !orresponden!e tas3

a!3ground

Lla.a, is virtually unchanged from our original LatE soundNsymbol correspondence tas$"

;t presents a set of 22 recorded syllables+ along with a transliteration of these syllables in

an unfamiliar alphabet" Four tas$ is to wor$ out the relationship between the sounds youhear and the writing system"

LatE wor$ed well in our original evaluation of the tests+ and was particularly good at

pic$ing out learners who were able to dissociate sounds from the way they are normally

written in English" A number of small changes have been made in the new version" These

mostly concern the way the data is stored and recorded+ and should therefor be invisible to

the user" 5owever+ we have also changed the way the test is scored+ in order to bring it in

line with the other tests in this set"

running LLAMA,

clic$ on the llamaE icon" This opens the program and presents you with the screen shown

below"

All the LLAMA programs share a set of common design features"

The panel immediately below the program title contains any parameters that you may wish

to vary before you start test" 6or LLAMAE there is just one parameter that you can

adjust"



LLAMA The Manual 12

• The bo# mar$ed controls the length of time you have to learn the lin$s between

the sounds you are going to hear and their spelling" The number in the bo# tells you

the number of seconds you have available for the test" This is normally set at 120

secs+ i"e" two minutes" Fou can adjust this figure by clic$ing on the up or down

arrows on the bo#" Fou will not normally want to adjust the time available for the

test" 5owever+ a very short time K e"g" ?0 seconds can be useful for demonstrationpurposes+ and this is the main reason why this facility is provided"

Fou initialise the program by entering your name in the two bo#es mar$ed" The LLAMA

programs use this information to generate a code that identifies your personal data"

Fou start the program by clic$ing the button in the start panel" &lic$ing this button

activates the array of buttons in the main panel panel+ and starts the timer"

4our tas3 is to use the time available to you to learn how the spelling system of this

language wor$s" Fou do this by clic$ing on the small buttons in the main panel" Each button

plays a short sound file" The te#t on the button tells you how that particular sound iswritten in the language" Fou have two minutes for this phase of the program+ and you can

ta$e any written notes that you need"

hen program times out+ you will hear a bleep to signal that you are entering the test

phase"

&lic$ the button to start testing" This second phase is not timed"



LLAMA The Manual 1?

Each time you clic$ the button the program will play a new word for you" At the same

time+ it displays two possible spellings for this word" ;n the screen shot above+ the program

has just played a sound file" ;t has also displayed two possible spellings 07/7 and /e87" ,ne

spelling is correct+ the other is wrong" &lic$ on the spelling that you thin$ is correct" The

program will give you feedbac$ in the form of a ding for a correct answer+ and a bleep foran incorrect answer" Fou will score points for every item you get right+ and lose points for

incorrect answers" The screen displays your score as you wor$ through the test

&lic$ the button to see the ne#t test item" There are twenty test items in total"

&esults


!cores for LLAMAE range between 0 and 100" !cores should be interpreted as follows=

0.1) a very poor score+ probably due to guessing

20.) an average score most people score withinthis range

)0.I) a good score


manage to score in this range" Those who do

are mostly trained linguists



LLAMA The Manual 1

1a!3ground &esear!h

LLAMAE is currently being evaluated as part of the LLAMA 9roject at University of ales



LlamaE is based on our earlier LatE programs" The original LATE program wor$ed well inthat it identified people who were easily fa-ed by an unfamiliar spelling system" Most of our

testees produced scores which were close to chance levels" The test was also good at

identifying analytical linguists K particularly those with formal training in phonetics"

LlamaE differs from the soundNsymbol correspondence test used by &arroll and !apon in

significant ways+ and we donDt $now if the two tests produce e3uivalent data"

A full report of the formal evalaution of Llama6 will be published on the project website=




clic$ ne#t" 6or LLAMAE+ you will find this bo# in the bottom left.hand corner of the



the timer has started= use the time to learn as

much of the spelling system as you can" &lic$ the

main panel buttons to do this"


!elect your answer= choose one of the two

displayed words







LLAMA The Manual 1)

9# LLAMA: A gra..ati!al inferen!ing tas3

a!3ground

Lla.a: is an updated version of our original Lat& tas$" Lat& was a simple grammatical

inferencing test that presented you with sentences in an un$nown language+ and translations

of these sentences in your L1" Four tas$ was to wor$ out the grammatical rules thatoperated in the un$nown language"

Lat& wor$ed e#tremely well in our original assessment of the tests+ but it has become

increasingly difficult to adapt this tas$ to the needs of different L1 spea$ers" Llama6 has

therefore been designed with a new interface that re3uires no L1 input"

running LLAMA:

&lic$ on the LLAMA6 icon" This opens the program+ and presents you with the screen

below"

All the LLAMA programs share a set of common design features"The panel immediately below the program title contains any parameters that you may wish

to vary before you start test" 6or LLAMA6 there is just one parameter that you can

adjust"

• The bo# mar$ed controls the length of time you have to learn the grammar of

the new language" The number in the bo# tells you the number of seconds you have

available for the test" This is normally set at ?00 secs+ i"e" five minutes" Fou can

adjust this figure by clic$ing on the up or down arrows on the bo#" Fou will not



LLAMA The Manual 1I

normally want to adjust the time available for the test" 5owever+ a very short time K

e"g" I0 seconds can be useful for demonstration purposes+ and this is the main

reason why this facility is provided"

Fou initialise the program by entering your name in the two bo#es mar$ed" The LLAMA

programs use this information to generate a code that identifies your personal data"

Fou start the program by clic$ing the button in the start panel" &lic$ing this button

activates the array of buttons in the main panel panel+ and starts the timer"

4our tas3 is to use the time available to you to learn as much as you can about a new

language" Fou do this by clic$ing on the small buttons in the main panel" 6or each button you

clic$+ a picture and a sentence that describes it will be displayed+ as in the screen.shot

below" una3;e3 e3ed;ilad is the sentence that describes the picture" Fou have five

minutes for this phase of the program+ and you can ta$e any written notes that you need"

hen program times out+ you will hear a bleep to signal that you are entering the test

phase"

&lic$ the button to start testing" This second phase is not timed"



LLAMA The Manual 1G

/uring the test phase+ the program will display a picture and two sentences" ,ne sentence is

grammatically correct+ while the other contains a major grammar error" Fou have to clic$ on

the sentence that you thin$ is correct" The program will give you feedbac$ in the form of a

ding for a correct answer+ and a bleep for an incorrect answer"

&lic$ the button to see the ne#t test item" There are twenty test items in total"

The screen displays your score as you wor$ through the test+ and shows you haw many items

you still have to complete"

&esults


!cores for LLAMA6 range between 0 and 100" !cores should be interpreted as follows=

0.1) a very poor score+ probably due to guessing

20.) an average score most people score within

this range)0.I) a good score


manage to score in this range"



LLAMA The Manual 1H

1a!3ground &esear!h

LLAMA6 is currently being evaluated as part of the LLAMA 9roject at University of ales



Llama6 is based on our earlier Lat& programs" The original LAT& program wor$ede#tremely well+ and was particularly good at identifying outstanding analytical linguists" The

only reason we have replaced it here is that it was becoming increasingly difficult to

maintain the original program in a range of different languages" This version+ Llama6 does

not re3uire any L1 input+ and it should wor$ with L1spea$ers of any language"

Lat& was principally concerned with word order effects" ecause of the limitations of the

picture format+ Llama6 is primarily concerned with agreement features+ with word order

features ta$ing a lesser role" The stimuli used Llama6 are also more ambiguous than those

used in our Lat& program" These factors combined ma$e Llama6 rather more difficult and

challenging than the original program"

;f your main purpose is to identify really good analytical linguists+ then this test is a good

place to start"

A full report of the formal evalaution of Llama6 will be published on the project website=




clic$ ne#t" 6or LLAMA6+ you will find this bo# in the bottom left.hand corner of the



the timer has started= use the time to learn as

much of the langugae as you can" &lic$ the main

paenl buttons to do this"


!elect your answer= choose one of the two

displayed sentences







LLAMA The Manual 1(

<# The Lla.a (ata&eader

bac$ground

The Llama /ata8eader program is a small utility program that you may fiund useful if you

are handling large amounts of data collected by the Llama programs"

All the Llama data is collected into a single te#t file+ which you can read and print out usingany word processor" The data is stored as an A!&;; file" Each line in the file records one

subtest ta$en by one testee" The Llama /ata8eader lets you gather together all the data

generated by a single person"

Each test ta$er is idetified by a five letter code+ called a 5alter &ode" This code consists of

the first three letters of the test ta$erDs family name+ and the first two letters of their

given name" Thus+ <apoleon onaparte would be identified as on<a" Ma#imilien 8obespierre

would be idetified as 8obMa" These codes are normally sufficient to identify test ta$ers

uni3uely in small groups" Fou may need to be careful if you hsave large numbers of test

ta$ers with the same family name" 6or e#ample+ 8oger %ones+ 8obert %ones+ 8oland %ones

and 8obin %ones would all be assigned the code %on8o"

running Lla.a&dr

&lic$ on the Llama8dr icon" This will open the program window"

Llama8dr will open a file called llamadat"t#t by default" This is where the Llama data is

normally stored" Fou can override this by entering a new file name+ and clic$ing the button

mar$ed"



LLAMA The Manual 20

&lic$ on the drop down menu in the top left hand corner of the display" This menu will give

you a complete list of all the test ta$ers included in the main data file" &hoose one of these

codes by clic$ing on it" The program will the automatically display the test results for that

person"

;n the screen shot below+ Ma#imilien 8obespierreDs data is displayed" 8obespierre has atotal of five tests" The scores he obtained and the date he too$ the test are shown on the

screen" The screen showed that 8obespierre actually too$ the Llama& test twice"

E#it the test by clic$ing on the e#it button"



LLAMA The Manual 21

%otes and )aveats

The development of the Llama tests was sponsored by )o.erint SpA in =a>a3hstan?

The Llama tests are provided free of charge to bonafide researchers" ;f you find them

useful+ then please consider joining the !wansea 8esearch &lub" This will give you privilegedaccess to other material that we have developed in the area of vocabulary testing"

The Lla.a tests are provided on the stri!t understanding that the authors a!!ept no

liaility of any 3ind for any da.ages arising out of the use of the tests? The .aterials

provided to you are e@ploratory versions of on;going resear!h and they should %'T

e used in high;sta3es situations where a!!ura!y and reliaility are at a pre.iu.? 1y

installing these progra.s on your !o.puter you are agreeing to this !ondition?

The programs should wor$ trouble.free once they are installed" ;f you have problems+ then

contact p"m"mearaOswansea"ac"u$"

e will ma$e every effort to resolve your technical problems+ but please bear in mind thatwe are not in a position to offer a 2 hour technical bac$.up service"

Te!hni!al %otes

The Llama tests are written in /elphi I"

The programs are designed to wor$ on stand.alone des$.top computers" They have not been

e#tensively tested on networ$s" Any feeddbac$ on how the tests perform in these

environments would be gratefully received"

mailto:[email protected]





LLAMA The Manual 22

)itations

;f you need to cite this wor$+ then the preferred form is=

P?M? Meara

Llama Language Aptitude Tests" !wansea= Lognostics" 200)+

please let us $now what sort of results you get using the tests+ as this helps us to calibratethe tests for further development"

&eferen!es

&arroll+ % and !M !apon"

Modern language aptitude test 'MLAT*" !an Antonio= 9sychological &orporation" 1()("

Meara PM BL Milton and % Loren>o;(us

Language Aptitude Tests " <ewbury= E#press" 2002"

Servi!e , 9honology+ wor$ing memory and foreign language learning" Puarterly %ournal of

E#perimental 9sychology + )a'1((2*+ 21.)0"

Servi!e , and C =ohonen

;s the relation between phonological memory and foreign language learning accounted for by

vocabulary ac3uisitionQApplied 9sycholinguistics + 1I'1(()*+ 1)).1G2"

Spe!iale * %) ,llis and T 1ywater

9honological se3uence learning and short.term store capacity determine second language

vocabulary ac3uisition" Applied 9sycholinguistics 2)+2'200*+ 2(?.?21"

A!3nowledge.ents

Than$s to my enthusiastic students on course ALE?02" ; hope they learned as much as ; did

from doing this wor$"

Llama Manual

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