Literature Review - link.springer.com978-3-0348-5283-8/1.pdf · 395 Literature Review The intention...

395

Literature Review

The intention of the following literature review, arranged according to chapter, is both to give the main sources upon which the present book is based as well as to give suggestions for further reading. On the other hand, the intention is not to give any complete coverage of the seismological literature, which would be practically impossible with the great abundance of published papers. The list is rather to be looked upon as a selection of papers suitable for further reading. In the papers listed there are often extensive references to further literature. As a considerable part of the material in this book is based upon observations and studies at the Seismological Institute, Uppsala, there is a corresponding overweight of papers from this institute. In case publications refer to more than one chapter, they are generally listed only on the first of these chapters. Books given already in Chapter 13 are in general not repeated here.

Chapter 1

BATH, M., Seismology in the Upper Mantle Project. Tectonophysics 1. 261-271 (1964). BATH, M., Seismology. Acta Univ. Ups., Uppsala University 500 Years, Fac. Sci. 8.

181-191 (Math. & Physics), and 10. 207-217 (Earth & Life Sci.) (1976). BOLT, B. A. (Ed.), Methods in Computational Physics. Vol. 13: Geophysics (Acad. Press,

New York 1973),473 pp. CIVETTA, L., GASPARINI, P., LUONGO, G., and RAPOLLA, A. (Editors), Physical Volcanology

(Elsevier, Amsterdam 1974), 333 pp. GUTENBERG, B. (Ed.), Handbuch der Geophysik. Vol. 4 (Borntraeger, Berlin 1932), 1202 pp. GUTENBERG, B., Seismology. Geol. Soc. Amer., 50th Ann. Vol., 439-470 (1941). JEFFREYS, H., and JEFFREYS, B. S. (Editors), Collected Papers of Sir Harold Jeffreys on

Geophysics and Other Sciences. Vol. 1-6 (Gordon and Breach, London 1971-7). LOVE, A. E. H., A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (Dover, New York

1944), 643 pp. PARASNIS, D. S., Principles of Applied Geophysics (Chapman and Hall, London 1972),

214 pp. PRESS, F., and SIEVER, R.o Earth (Freeman, San Francisco 1974),945 pp. SCHEIDEGGER, A. E., Foundations of Geophysics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976), 238 pp. SHARMA, P. V., Geophysical Methods in Geology (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976), 428 pp.

Chapter 2 ANDERSON, J. A., and WOOD, H. 0., Description and Theory of the Torsion Seismometer,

Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 15, 1-72 (1925). BATH, M., Development of Instrumental Seismology in Sweden in 1949-1958, Geofis.

pura e appl. 43, 108-130 (1959). BENIOFF, H., A New Vertical Seismograph. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 22, 155-169 (1932). BENIOFF, H., A Linear Strain Seismometer. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 25, 283-309 (1935). BENIOFF, H., Earthquake Seismographs and Associated Instruments, Advances in Geophys.

2,219-275 (1955).

396 Literature Review

BENIOFF, H., Long-Period Seismographs, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 50, 1-13 (1960). BORG, H., and BATH, M., The Uppsala Seismograph Array Station, Pure and Appl.

Geophys. 89, 19-31 (1971). COULOMB, J., and GRENET, G., Nouveaux principes de construction des seismographes

electromagnl!tiques. Ann. Phys., Ser. 11,3, 321-369 (1935). DE BREMAECKER, J. CL., DONOHO, P., and MICHEL, J. G., A Direct Digitizing Seismograph,

Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 52, 661-672 (1962). GUTENBERG, B. (Ed.), Handbuch der Geophysik, Vol. 4 (Bomtraeger, Berlin 1932),

1202 pp. HAST, N., The Measurement of Rock Pressure in Mines. Swedish Geological Survey,

Yearbook 52, 183 pp. (1958). HAST, N., The State of Stresses in the Upper Part of the Earth's Crust, Engineering Geology

2,5-17 (1967). WILLMORE, P., The Detection of Earth Movements. Methods and Techniques in Geo

physics (S. K. RUNCORN, Ed.), Interscience, J, 230-276 (1960).

Chapter 3

ANSELL, J. H., Observation of the Frequency-Dependent Amplitude Variation with Distance of P waves from 87° to 119°. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 112, 683-700 (1974).

BARBER, N. F., Fourier Methods in Geophysics. Methods and Techniques in. Geophysics (S. K. RUNCORN, Ed.), Interscience, 2, 123-204 (1966).

BATH, M., An Investigation of the Uppsala Microseisms (Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala 1949), 168 pp.

BATH, M., Comparison of Microseisms in Greenland, Iceland, and Scandinavia, Tellus 5, 109-134 (1953).

BATH, M., A Study of T Phases Recorded at the Kiruna Seismograph Station, Tellus 6, 63-72 (1954).

BATH, M., Ultra-long-period Motions from the Alaska Earthquake of July 10, 1958, Geofis. pura e appl. 41, 91-100 (1958).

BATH, M., Channel Waves in the Earth's Continental Crust, Scientia 56, 8 pp. (1962). BATH, M., Propagation of Sn and Pn to Teleseismic Distances, Pure and Appl. Geophys.

64, 19-30 (1966). BATH, M., An Earthquake with Exceptionally Strong Higher-mode Surface Waves, Pure

and Appl. Geophys. 66, 16-24 (1967). BATH, M., Observations of Teleseismic Pn Phases, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 66, 30-36

(1967). BATH, M., Average Crustal Structure of Sweden. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 88. 75-91

(1971). BATH, M., Short-Period Rayleigh Waves from Near-Surface Events. Phys. Earth Planet.

Interiors 10. 369-376 (1975). BATH, M., and LOPEZ ARROYO, A., Attenuation and Dispersion of G Wm'es, J. Geophys.

Res. 67, 1933-1942 (1962). BATH, M., and LOPEZ ARROYO, A., Pa and Sa Waves and the Upper Mantle, Geofis.

pura e appl. 56, 67-92 (1963). BATH, M., and CRAMPIN, S., Higher Modes of Seismic Surface Waves - Relations to

Channel Waves, Geophys. J. 9, 309-321 (1965). BATH, M., and SHAHIDI, M., T-phases from Atlantic Earthquakes, Pure and Appl. Geo

phys., 92, 74-114 (1971).

Literature Review 397

BATH, M., et aI., A Seismic Refraction Investigation of Superficial Granitic Layering. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 7-76, 21 pp., 3 tables, 7 figs (1976).

BENIOFF, H., Long Waves Obs-erved in the Kamchatka Earthquake of November 4. 1952. J. Geophys. Res. 63. 589-593 (1958).

BOLT, B. A. (Ed)., Methods in Computational Physics. Vol. II: Seismology. Surface Waves and Earth Oscillations (Acad. Press, New York 1972), 309 pp.

BOLT, 8. A. (Ed.), Methods in Computational Phy~ics. Vol. 12: Seismology. Body Waves and Sources (Acad. Press, New York 1972),391 pp.

BROWN, R. J., Azimuthally Varying P-Wave Travel-Time Residuals in Fennoscandia and Lateral Inhomogeneity. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 105. 741-758 (1973).

BROWN, R. J., and ENAYATOLLAH, M. A., Comparison of Short- and Long-Period P-Wave Travel Times and Arrival Angles. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 109. 1638-1652 (1973).

CRAMPIN, S., Higher Modes of Seismic Surface Waves - Preliminary Observations, Geophys. J. 9, 37-57 (1964).

CRAMPIN, S., Higher Modes of Seismic Surface Waves - Phase Velocities Across Scandinavia, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 4801--4811 (1964).

CRAMPIN, S., Higher Modes of Seismic Surface Waves - Propagation in Eurasia, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 56, 1227-1239 (1966).

DERR, J. S., Free Oscillation Observations Through 1968, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 59, 2079-2099 (1969).

DONN, W. L., Microseisms, Earth-Sci. Rev. 1, 213-230 (1966). ENAYATOLLAH, M. A., Travel Times of P-Waves for the Swedish-Finnish Seismograph

Network. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 94. 101-135 (1972). GUTENBERG, B., Effects of Low-Velocity Layers, Geofis. pura e appl. 28, 1-10 (1954). GUTENBERG, B., Channel Waves in the Earth's Crust, Geophysics 20, 283-294 (1955). GUTENBERG, 8., and RICHTER, C. F., Materials for the Study of Deep-Focus Earthquakes,

Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 26, 341-390 (1936). HADDON, R. A. W., HUSEBYE, E. S., and KING, D. W., Origins of Precursors to p'p'.

Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 14, 41-70 (1977). HERRIN, E., et aI., 1968 Seismological Tables for P Phases. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 58.

1193-1352 (1968). HUSEBYE, E. S., Correction Analysis of Jeffrey~-Bullen Travel Time Tables-. Bull. Seism.

Soc. Amer. 55. 1023-1038 (1965). JEFFREYS, H., and BULLEN, K. E., Seismological Tables. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 50 pp.

(1967). KULHANEK, 0., and BATH, M., Power Spectra and Geographical Distribution of Short

Period Microseisms in Sweden. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 94. 148-171 (1972). LEONG, L. S., Sp Converted Phases. Synthetic Long-Period S Waveforms and Crustal

Structure at Umed. Sweden. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 4-76, 13 pp., 4 figs (1976).

PAYO SUBIZA, G., and BATH, M., Core Phases and the Inner Core Boundary. Geophys. J. 8.496-513 (1964).

SAVARENSKY, E., Seismic Waves (Mir Publishers, Moscow 1975), 349 pp. SHAHIDI, M., Variation of Amplitude 0/ PKP Across the Caustic. Phys. Earth Planet.

Interiors I. 97-102 (1968). STAMOU, P., and BATH, M., The Caustic and Other Properties of SKP. Phys. Earth Planet.

Interiors 8.317-331 (1974).


TRYGGVASON, E., Crustal Thickness in Fennoscandia from Phase Velocities of Rayleigh Waves. Ann. Geofis. 14. 267-293 (1961).

WHITE, J. E., Seismic Waves - Radiation. Transmission. and Attenuation (McGraw-Hili, New York 1965),302 pp.

Chapter 4 ANONYMOUS, Norma sismorresistente, Inst. Geograf. y Catastral, 173 pp. (1968). BATH, M., Earthquake Energy and Magnitude, Phys. and Chern. Earth 7, 115-165

(1966). BATH, M., Handbook on Earthquake Magnitude Determinations. 2nd rev. ed., Seism. Inst.,

Uppsala, 158 pp., 1969 (VESIAC Spec. Rep. 7885-36-X; this book contains a bibliography on magnitude and energy calculations, comprising about 410 items).

BATH, M., Seismicity of the Tanzania Region. Tectonophysics 27.353-379 (1975). BATH, M., KULHANEK, 0., van ECK T., and WAHLSTROM, R., Engineering Analysis of

Ground Motion in Sweden. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 5-76. 37 pp., 8 tables, 11 figs (1976).

BEN-MENAHEM, A., and BATH, M., A Method for Determination of Epicenters of Near Earthquakes. Geofis. pura e appl. 46. 37-46 (1960).

FREEMAN, J. R., Earthquake Damage and Earthquake Insurance (McGraw-Hill, New York 1932),904 pp.

GUTENBERG, B., SV and SH, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 33,573-584 (1952). GUTENBERG, B., and RICHTER, C. F., Magnitude and Energy of Earthquakes, Ann. Geofis.

9, 1-15 (1956). GUTENBERG, B., and RICHTER, C. F., Earthquake Magnitude, Intensity, Energy, and

Acceleration, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 46, 105-145 (1956). H OUSNER, G. W., The Design of Structures to Resist Earthquakes, Dept. Nat. Res. Califor

nia, Div. of Mines, Bull. 17I, 271-277 (1955). HUSEBYE, E. S., A Rapid, Graphical Method for Epicenter Location, Ger\. Beitr. Geo

phys. 75, 383-392 (1966). KULHANEK, 0., and BATH, M., Earthquake Insurance Coefficients with Application to

Some South-Central American Capitals. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 8-76. 28 pp., 12 tables, 2 figs (1976).

LOMNITZ, c., Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1974), 320 pp. LOMNITZ, c., and ROSENBLUETH, E. (Editors), Seismic Risk and Engineering Decisions

(Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976),425 pp. MEDVEDEV, S. V., SPONHEUER, W., and KARNiK, V., Seismic Intensity Scale. MSK 1964.

Acad. Sci. USSR, SOY. Geophys. Comm., 13 pp. (1965). NEWMARK, N. M., and ROSENBLUETH, E., Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

(Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1971),640 pp. RICHTER, C. F., An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer.

25. 1-32 (1935). SHAPIRA, A., and BATH, M., Location of Teleseisms from P- Wave Arrivals at the Swedish

Stations. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 9-76. 14 pp., 4 tables, 4 figs (1976). WySS, M., and BRUNE, J. N., Seismic Moment. Stress. and Source Dimensions for Earth

quakes in the California-Nevada Region. J. Geophys. Res. 73. 4681-4694 (1968).


Chapter 5 BATH, M., Seismicity of Fennoscandia and Related Problems, Ger!. Beitr. Geophys. 63,

173-208 (1954). BATH, M., Earthquakes, Large, Destructive, Int. Dict. Geophys. 1, 417-424 (1967). BATH, M., and DUDA, S. J., Strain Release in Relation to Focal Depth, Geofis. pura e

app!. 56, 93-100 (1963). BENIOFf, H., Orogenesis and Deep Crustal Structure - Additional Evidence from Seis

mology, Bull. Geo!. Soc. Amer. 65, 385-400 (1954). BENIOFF, H., Seismic Evidence for Crustal Structure and Tectonic Activity, Geo!. Soc.

Amer., Spec. Paper, 62, 61-74 (1955). DUDA, S. J., Secular Seismic Energy Release in the Circum-Pacific Belt, Tectonophysics

2, 409-452 (1965). DUDA, S. J., Regional Seismicity and Seismic Wave Propagation from Records at the

Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory, Payson, Arizona, Ann. Geofis.18, 365-397 (1965).

HEEZEN, B. C., The Rift in the Ocean Floor, Sci. Amer., 1-15 (Oct. 1960). HEEZEN, B. c., and EWING, M., The Mid-Oceanic Ridge and its Extension Through

the Arctic Basin, Geology of the Arctic, 622-642 (1961). OLIVER, J., RYALL, A., BRUNE, J. N., and SLEMMONS, D. B., Microearthquake Activity

Recorded by Portable Seismographs of High Sensitivity, Bull. Seism. Soc .. Amer. 56, 899-924 (1966).

ROTHE, J. P., The Seismicity of the Earth 1953-1965, UNESCO, Earth Sciences 1, 336 pp. (1969).

SCHEIDEGGER, A. E., Physical Aspects of Natural Catastrophes (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1975), 289 pp.

SCHNEIDER, G., Erdbeben, Entstehung, Ausbreitung, Wirkung (Enke, Stuttgart 1975), 406 pp.

Chapter 6 BATH, M., Lateral Inhomogeneities of the Upper Mantle, Tectonophysics 2, 483-514

(1965). BATH, M., and BENIOFF, H., The Aftershock Sequence of the Kamchatka Earthquake of

November 4, 1952, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 48, 1-15 (1958). BATH, M., and DUDA, S. J., Earthquake Volume, Fault Plane Area, Seismic Energy,

Strain, Deformation and Related Quantities, Ann. Geofis. 17, 353-368 (1964). BELOUSSOV, Y. Y., Againsl the Hypothesis of Ocean-Floor Spreading, Tectonophysics 9

489-511 (1970). BENIOFF, H., Earthquakes and Rock Creep, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 41, 31-62 (1951). BENIOFF, H., Circum-Pacific Tectonics, Pub!. Dom. Obs. Ottawa, 20(2), 395-402 (1957). BENIOFF, H., Movements on Major Transcurrent Faults, Int. Geophys. Ser., Acad. Press

3, 103-134 (1962). BENIOFF, H., Source Wave Forms of Three Earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 53,

893-903 (1963). BENIOFF, H., Earthquake Source Mechanisms, Science 143, 1399-1406 (1964). BEN-MEN AHEM, A., Radiation of Seismic Surface Waves from Finite Moving Sources,

Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 51, 401-435 (1961). BONNIN, J., and DIETZ, R. S. (Editors), Present State of Plate Tectonics, Tectonophysics

38,168 pp. (1977) (contains papers presented at a symposium in Grenoble in 1975).


CAREY, S. W., The Expanding Earth - An Essay Review, Earth Sci. Rev. 11, 105-143 (1975).

Cox, A., Plate Tectonics and Geomagnetic Reversals (Freeman, San Francisco 1973), 702 pp.

EVISON, E E, On the Occurrence of Volume Change at the Earthquake Source, Bull. Seism. Soc, Arner. 57, 9-25 (1967).

ISACKS, 8., OLIVER, J., and SYKES, L. R., Seismology and the New Global Tectonics, J, Geophys. Res. 73, 5855-5899 (1968).

KHATTRI, K" Earthquake Focal Mechanism Studies - A Review, Earth Sci. Rev. 9, 19-63 (1973).

LENSEN, G. J., Principal Horizontal Stress Directions as an Aid to the Study of Crustal Deformation, Publ. Dorn. Obs. Ottawa 24 (10 j, 389-397 (1960).

LE PICHON, x., Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Drift, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 3661-3697 (1968).

OLIVER, J., SYKES, L., and ISACKS, 8., Seismology and the New Global Tectonics, Tectonophysics 7, 527-541 (1969).

OLSSON, R., Strain Energy Release, De/ormation Energy Release and Related Problems, Riv. Ital. Geofis. 22, 341-352 (1973).

OLSSON, R., Earthquake Activity in the Kamchatka-Kurile Islands-Japan Region NOl'ember 6. 1958-November 30. 1970. Riv. Ital. Geofis. 23. 43-56 (1974).

OLSSON, R., Some Aftershock Sequences in the Japan-Kamch{.'tka Region, Scism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 3-76. 12 pp., 2 tables, 2 figs (1976).

ROUSE, G. E., and BISQUE, R. E., Global Tectonics and the Earth's Core, The Mines Mag., Mining Eng" 8 pp" March 1968.

SCHEIDEGGER, A. E., The Geometrical Representation of Fault-Plane Solutions of Earthquakes, Bull. Seism, Soc. Amer. 47, 89-110(1957).

SCHEIDEGGER, A. E., Recent Advances in Geodynamics, Earth-Sci. Rev. 1, 133-153 (1966).

STEFANSSON, R .• The Use 0/ Transverse Waves in Focal Mechanism Studies, Tectonophysics 3,35-60 (1966).

STEFANSSON, R., Methods of Focal Mechanism Studies with Application to Two Atlantic Earthquakes, Tectonophysics 3, 209-243 (1966).

UYEDA, S. (Ed.), Subduction Zones. Mid-Ocean Ridges, Oceanic Trenches and Geodynamics. Tectonophysics 37,246 pp. (1977) (contains papers presented at a symposium in Grenoble in 1975).

WILSON, J. T, (Ed.), Continents Adrift. Readings from Sci. Amer. 1952-72 (Freeman, San Francisco 1972), 172 pp.

Chapter 7

ANDERSON, D. L., Recent Evidence COllceming the Structure and Composition of' the Earth's Mantle, Phys. and Chern. Earth 6,1-131 (1966).

ANONYMOUS, Geodynamics Project: Det'eloplllent of a u.s. Program, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 52, 396-405 (1971).

BATH, M., Seismic Exploration of the Earth's Cl'lIst - Recellf Del'elopmellfs, Geol. Foren. Forhandl. 80,291-308 (1958).

BATH, M., Die COllrad-Diskontinuitiit, Freiberger Forsch.-Hefte C 101,5-34 (1961). BATH, M., Crustal Structure in Icelalld amI Surrounding Ocean, ICSU Review 4, 127-133

(1962).


BATH, M., An Analysis 0/ the Time Term Method ill Re/raction Seismology. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. /0-76.22 pp., 2 figs (1976).

BATH, M., et a!., A Seismic Re/raction Investigation 0/ Superficial Granitic Layering. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 7-76. 21 pp., 3 tables, 7 figs (1976).

BROWN, R. J., Lateral Inhomogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle from P- Wave Amplitudes. Pure and App!. Geophys. /01. 102-154 (1972).

BULLEN, K. E., The Earth's Demity (Chapman and Hall, London 1975),420 pp. BULLEN, K. E., and HADDON, R. A. W., Evidence from Seismology and Related Sources

on the Earth's Present Internal Structure. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 2.342-349 (1970).

COOK, K. L., The Problem 0/ the Mantle-Crust Mix: Lateral Inhomogeneity in the Uppermost Part 0/ the Earth's Mantle. Advances in Geophys. 9. 295-360 (1962).

FINDLAY, D. C, and SMITH, C H., Drilling for Scientific Purposes. Geo!. Surv. Canada, Paper 66-13.264 pp. (1966).

GURWITSCH, I. I., Seismische Erkundung (Geest & Portig, Leipzig 1970), 699 pp. GUTENBERG, B., PKKP, P'P', and the Earth's Core, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 32,

373-390 (1951). HADDON, R. A. W., and BULLEN, K. E., An Earth Model Incorporating Free Earth

Oscillation Data, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 2, 35-49 (1969). IBRAHIM, A. K., Leaking and Normal Modes as a Means to Determine Crust-Upper

Mantle Structure for Different Paths to Sweden, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 59, 1695-1712 (1969).

IBRAHIM, A. K., Effects 0/ a Rigid Core on the Reflection and Transmission Coefficients from a Multi-Layered Core-Mantle Boundary, Pure and App!. Geophys. 91,95 -1 13 (1971).

IBRAHIM, A. K., The Amplitude Ratio PcP/P and the Core-Mantle Boundary, Pure and App!. Geophys., 91,114-133 (1971).

KANA!, K., On the Group Velocity 0/ Dispersive Sur/ace Waves, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst_ Tokyo 29, 49-60 (1951).

KULHANEK, 0., and BROWN, R. J., P-Wave Velocity Anomalies in the Earth's Mantle from the Uppsala Array Observations, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 112, 597-617 (1974).

LEE, W. H. K., and TAYLOR, P. T., Global Analysis 0/ Seismic Re/raction Measurements, Geophys. J. 11.389-413 (1966).

LUBIMOYA, E. A., Thermal History o/the Earth with Consideration o/the Variable Thermal Conductivity 0/ its Mantle. Geophys. J. I, 115-134 (1958).

MASON, 8., Principles o/Geochemistry (Wiley & Sons, New York 1952),276 pp. MULLER, G., MULA, A. H., and GREGERSEN, S., Amplitudes 0/ Long-Period PcP and the

Core-Mantle Boundary. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 14. 30-40 (1977). PRESS, F., Earth Models Consistent with Geophysical Data, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors

3,3-22 (1970). SANTO, T., Lateral Variation 0/ Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Character; I. Observational

Data, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 62,49-66 (1965). SANTO, T., Lateral Variation 0/ Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Character; II. Eurasia, Pure

and Appl. Geophys. 62, 67-80 (1965). SANTO, T., Lateral Variation 0/ Rayleigh Wave Di~persion Character; III. Atlantic Ocean,

A/rica and Indian Ocean, Pure and App!. Geophys. 63,40-59 (1966).

26 BAth: Introduction to Seismology


TOKSQZ, M. N., CHINNERY, M. A., and ANDERSON, D. L., Inhomogeneities in the Earth's Mantle, Geophys. J. 13, 31-59 (1967).

Chapter 8

AL-SADI, fl. N., Dependence of the P-Wave Amplitude Spectrum on Focal Depth. Pure and App!. Geophys. 104.439-452 (1973).

BATH, M., Futur developpement des rbeaux de stations seismologiques, Scientia 99, 184-191 (1964).

BATH, M., Seismic Recording Possibilities in Sweden, FOA4, Stockholm, A 4466-4721, 34 pp. (1965).

BATH, M., Underground Measurements of Short-Period Seismic Noise, Ann. Geofis. 19, 107-117 (1966).

BATH, M., Methods to Improve Seismograph Data, Scientia 102, 304-317 (1967). BATH, M., Spectral Analysis in Geophysics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1974), 563 pp. BEAUCHAMP, K. G. (Ed.), Exploitation of Seismograph Networks. NATO Advanced Study

Inst., E 11 (Noordhoff, Leiden 1975),647 pp. BROWN, R. J., Slowness and Azimuth at the Uppsala Array. Part 1: Array Calibration and

Event Location. Pure and App!. Geophys. 105.759-769 (1973). BROWN, R. J., Slowness and Azimuth at the Uppsala Array. Part 2: Structural Studies.

Pure and App!. Geophys. 109, 1623-1637 (1973). CRAMPIN, S., and BATH, M., Higher Modes of Seismic Surface Waves: Mode Separation.

Geophys. J. 10. 81-92 (1965). ENAYATOLLAH, M. A., Continental-Array Measurements of P- Wave Velocities in the Mantle.

Pure and App!. Geophys. 94. 136-147 (1972). FARNBACH, J. S., The Complex Envelope in Seismic Signal Analysis. Bull. Seism. Soc.

Amer. 65,951-962 (1975). FROSCH, R. A., and GREEN, P. E., JR., The Concept of a Large Aperture Seismic Array,

Proc. Roy. Soc. A 290, 368-384 (1966). HUSEBYE, E. S., and JANSSON, B., Application of Array Data Processing Techniques to

the Swedish Seismograph Stations, Pure and App!. Geophys. 63, 82-104 (1966). JANSSON, B., and HUSEBYE, E. S., Application of Array Data Processing Techniques

to a Network of Ordinary Seismograph Stations, Pure and App!. Geophys. 69, 80-99 (1968).

KORKMAN, K., Aftershock P-wave Spectra and Dynamic Features of the Aleutian Islands Earthquake Sequence of February 4, 1965, Tectonophysics 5, 245-266 (1968).

KULHANEK, 0., P-wave Amplitude Spectra of Nevada Underground Nuclear Explosions, Pure and App!. Geophys. 88, 121-136 (1971).

KULHANEK, 0., Signal and Noise Coherence Determination for the Uppsala Seismograph Array Station. Pure and App!. Geophys. 109. 1653-1671 (1973).

KULHANEK, 0., Introduction to Digital Filtering in Geophysics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976), 168 pp.

LEONG, L. S., Crustal Structure of the Baltic Shield beneath Umed. Sweden. from the Spectral Behavior of Long-Period P Waves. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 65. 113-126 (1975).

SUTTON, G. H., McDONALD, W. G., PRENTISS, D. D., and THANOS, S. N., Ocean-Bottom Seismic Observations, Proc. IEEE 53, 1909-1921 (1965).


WHITCOMB, J. H., Array Data Processing Techniques Applied to Long-Period Shear Waves at Fennoscandian Seismograph Stations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 59,1863-1887 (1969).

WHITEW A Y, F. E., The Use of Arrays for Earthquake Seismology, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 290, 328-342 (1966).

Chapter 9 ANDERSON, O. L., and LIEBERMANN, R. C., Sound Velocities in Rocks and Minerals,

VESIAC Rep. 7885-4-X, 182 pp. (1966). ANONYMOUS, Symposium on Seismic Models, LibIice near Prague, November 9-12, 1965

(a collection of papers presented at the symposium), Stud. Geophys. Geodaet. 10, 239-400 (1966).

BRACE, W. F., Laboratory Studies Pertaining to Earthquakes, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., Ser. II 31, 892-906 (1969).

DUDA, S. J., The Stress Around a Fault According to a Photoelastic Model Experiment, Geophys. J. 9, 399-410 (1965).

LAVIN, P. M., and HOWELL, B. F., JR., Model Studies of Effects of Near-Source Velocity Discontinuities on First-Motion Patterns, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 53, 933-954 (1963).

PRESS, F., A Seismic Model Study of the Phase Velocity Method of Exploration, Geophysics 22, 275-285 (1957).

PRESS, F., Elastic Wave Radiation from Faults in Ultrasonic Models, Pub!. Dom. Obs. Ottawa 20 (2),271-277 (1957).

PRESS, F., OLIVER, J., and EWING, M., Seismic Model Study of Refractions from a Layer of Finite Thickness, Geophysics 19, 388-401 (1954).

RAMBERG, H., Gravity, Deformation and the Earth's Crust (Academic Press, New York 1967), 214 pp.

VANEK, J., Revised Amplitude Curves of Seismic Body Waves for the Region of SouthEastern Europe, Stud. Geophys. Geodaet. 13, 173-179 (1969).

Chapter 10

ADAMS, R. D., The Haicheng, China, Earthquake of 4 February, 1975: The First Successfully Predicted Major Earthquake, Bull. New Zealand Nat. Soc. Earthq. Eng. 9, 32-42 (1976).

ANONYMOUS, ESSA Symposium on Earthquake Prediction, U.S. Dept. Commerce, 167 pp. (1966).

ANONYMOUS, Proposal for a Ten-Year National Earthquake Hazards Program. Ad hoc Interagency Working Group for Earthquake Research, Fed. Council Sci. & Tech., Washington, D.C., 81 pp. (1968).

BATH, M., Earthquake Prediction, Scientia 101,234-243 (1966). BATH, M., Artificial Release of Earthquakes, Scientia 105, 19 pp (1970). BATH, M., and WAHLSTROM, R., A Rockburst Sequence at the Griingesberg Iron are

Mines in Central Sweden, Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 6-76, 30 pp., 3 tables, 1 appendix, II figs (1976).

BLOT, c., Origine profonde des seismes superficiels et des eruptions volcaniques. IUGG XII Gen. Ass. Seismology, 1963.

BOUCHER, G., RYALL, A., and JONES, A. E., Earthquakes Associated with Underground Nuclear Explosions, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3808-3820 (1969).


CALOI, P., and SPADEA, M. C., Principali risultati conseguiti durante l'osservazione geodinamica, opportunamente estesa nel tempo, di grandi dighe di sbarramento, e loro giustificazione teoriche, Ann. Geofis. 19, 261-286 (1966).

CARDER, D. S., Seismic Investigations in the Boulder Dam Area, 1940-1944, and the Influence of Reservoir Loading on Local Earthquake Activity, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 35, 175-192 (1945).

COMNINAKIS, P., DRAKOPOULOS, J., MOUMOULlDlS, G., and PAPAZACHOS, B., Foreshock and Aftershock Sequences of the Cremasta Earthquake and their Relation to the Waterloading of the Cremasta Artificial Lake, Ann. Geofis. 21, 39-71 (1968).

DUDA, S. J., Phanomenologische Untersuchung einer Nachbebenserie aus dem Gebiet der Aleuten-Inseln, Freiberger Forsch.-Hefte C 132, 9-90 (1962).

DUDA, S. J., Strain Release in the Circum-Pacific Belt: Chile 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 5531-5544 (1963).

DUDA, S. J., and BATH, M., Strain Release in the Circum-Pacific Belt: Kern County 1952, Desert Hot Springs 1948, San Francisco 1957, Geophys. J. 7, 554-570 (1963).

FEDOTOV, S. A., et aI., Long- and Short-Term Earthquake Prediction in Kamchatka. Tectonophysics 37.305-321 (1977).

FOWLER, R. A., Earthquake Prediction from Laser Surveying. NASA SP-5042. 32 pp. (1968).

GUPTA, H. K., and RASTOGI, B. K., Dams and Earthquakes (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976), 229 pp.

GUTENBERG, B., Seismology, Geol. Soc. Amer., 50th Ann. Vol., 439-470 (1941). HAGIWARA, T., and RIKITAKE, T., Japanese Program on Earthquake Prediction, Science

157,761-768 (1967). KNOPOFF, L., Earth Tides as a Triggering Mechanism for Earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc.

Amer. 54, 1865-1870 (1964). MEAD, T. S., and CARDER, D. S., Seismic Investigations in the Boulder Dam Area in 1940,

Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 31, 321-340 (1941). MJACHKIN, V. I., BRACE, W. F., SOBOLEV, G. A., and DIETERICH, J. H., Two Models for

Earthquake Forerunners. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 113. 169-181 (1975). PAGE, R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second United States-Japan Conference on Research

Related to Earthquake Prediction. Nat. Sci. Foundation and Japan Soc. Prom. Sci., 106 pp. (1966).

PRESS, F., Earthquake Prediction. Sci. Amer. 232. 14-23 (1975). PRESS, F., and BRACE, W. F., Earthquake Prediction, Science 152, 1575-1584 (1966). RIKITAKE, T., A Five-Year Plan for Earthquake Prediction Research in Japan, Tectuno-

physics 3, 1-15 (1966). RIKIT AKE, T. (Ed.), Earthquake Prediction, Tectonophysics 6, 1-87 (1968). RIKITAKE, T. (Ed.), Earthquake Mechanics, Tectonophysics 9, 97-300 (1970) (contains

papers presented at a symposium in Madrid in September 1969). RIKITAKE, T. (Ed.), Focal Processes and the Prediction of Earthquakes. Tectonophysics

23.219-318 (1974) (contains papers presented at a symposium in Lima in 1973). RIKITAKE, T., Earthquake Prediction (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976),357 pp. RYALL, A., and SAVAGE, W. U., A Comparison of Seismological Effects for the Nevada

Underground Test Boxcar with Natural Earthquakes in the Nevada Region. J. Geophys. Res. 74. 4281-4289 (1969).


SAVARENSKY, E. F. (Ed.), Prediction of EarthquakeJ (in Russian) (Publ. House Mir, Moscow 1968), 213 pp. (a collection of papers translated from English).

SAVARENSKY, E. F., and RIKITAKE, T. (Editors), Forerunners of Strong Earthquakes. Tectonophysics 14. 175-348 (1972) (contains papers presented at a symposium in Moscow in 1971).

SIMON, R. B., The Denver Earthquakes, 1962-1967, Earthquake Notes 39, 37-40 (1968).

SUYEHIRO, S., Difference Between Aftershocks and Foreshocks in the Relationship of Magnitude to Frequency of Occurrence for the Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 56, 185-200 (1966).

TAMRAZYAN, G. P., On the Periodicity of Seismic Activity in the Last Fifteen Hundred to Two Thousand Years (as revealed in Armenia), Izv. Akad. Nauk SSR, Ser. Geofiz. 1, 76-85 (1962).

T ARAKANOV, R. Z., Aftershocks of the Earthquake from November 4, 1952, Trud. Sakhalin Compl. Sci. Res. Inst. 10, 112-116 (1961).

TSUBOI, c., W ADATI, K., and HAGIWARA, T., Prediction of Earthquakes, Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo, 21 pp. (1962).

WHITCOMB, J. H., GARMANY, J. G., and ANDERSON, D. L., Earthquake Prediction: Variation of Seismic Velocities before the San Fernando Earthquake. Science 180. 632-635 (1973).

Chapter 11

ANONYMOUS, The Detection and Recognition of Underground Explosions, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, Spec. Rep., 118 pp. (1965).

BATES, C. c., VELA UNIFORM, the Nation's Quest for Better Detection of Underground Nuclear Explosions, Geophysics 26, 499-507 (1961).

BATH, M., Seismic Records of Explosions - Especially Nuclear Explosions. III, FOA4, Stockholm, A 4270-4721,116 pp. (1962).

BATH, M., Earthquake Energy and Magnitude. Phys. and Chern. Earth 7. 115-165 (1966). BATH, M., Short-Period Rayleigh Waves from Near-Surface Events. Phys. Earth Planet.

Interiors 10. 369-376 (1975). BATH, M., and TRYGGVASON, E., Deep Seismic Reflection Experiments at Kiruna. Geofis.

pura e appl. 51. 79-90 (1962). BOLT, B. A., Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes -. The Parted Veil (Freeman, San

Francisco 1976), 309 pp. BULLARD, E., The Detection of Underground Explosions. Sci. Amer. 215. 19-29 (1966). BULLEN, K. E., Seismology in Our Atomic Age. UGGIIASPEI, CR 12 (Toronto 1957),

19-35 (1958). BULLEN, K. E., and BURKE-GAFFNEY, T. N., Diffracted Seismic Waves Near the PKP

Caustic. Geophys. J. 1.9-17 (1958). CRAMPIN, S., Higher Mode Seismic Surface Waves from Atmospheric Nuclear Explosions

over Novaya Zemlya. J. Geophys. Res. 71. 2951-2958 (1966). DAVIES, D. (Ed.), Seismic Methods for Monitoring Underground Explosions (SIPRI,

Stockholm 1968), 130 pp. EVERNDEN, J. F., Identification of Earthquakes and Explosions by Use of Teleseismic Data.

J. Geophys. Res. 74. 3828-3856 (1969). FARNBACH, J. S., The Composition of P Waves from Underground Explosions. Seism.

Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 6-75. 25 pp., 6 tables, 7 figs (1975).


GORDON, D. W. Travel Time Curve, ESSA Symp. Earthq. Pred., 141-145 (1966). GRIGGS, D. T., ;nd PRESS F., Probing the Earth with Nuclear Explosions (Univ. of Calif.,

Lawrence Radiation Lab., 1959), 31 pp. KOGAN, S. D., Travel Times of Body Waves from Surface Focus, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSR,

Ser. Geofiz. 3. 371-380(960). Also in IASPEI, Trav. Sci. A 21, 15-22 (1961). KORKMAN (KOGEUS), K., A Synthesis of Short-Period P-wave Records from Distant

Explosion Sources, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 58, 663-680 (1968). KULHANEK, 0., Source Parameters of Some Presumed Semipalatinsk Underground Nuclear

Explosions. Pure and App!. Geophys. 102. 51-66 (1973). MEYER, K., Secondary Pressure Pulses from Underwater Explosions. Seism. Inst., Uppsala,

Rep. No. 9-75, 17 pp., 5 tables, 7 figs (1975). MEYER, K., and BATH, M., First-Arrival Seismic Waves Generated by Underwater Ex

plosions. Seism. Inst., Uppsala, Rep. No. 2-75. 13 pp., 6 tables, 5 figs (1975). MOROKHOY, I. D. (Ed.), Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes. Trans!. from the

Russian Atomnye vzryvy v mirnykh tselyakh, Atomizdat, Moscow, 124 pp. (1970), U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, UCRL-Trans-J0517. 190 pp. (1971).

NORDYKE, M. D. (Ed.), French and Soviet Papers Presented at the Second Panel on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions. Vienna. Austria. 18-22 January 1971. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, UCRL-Trans-J0543. 116 pp. (1971). (There are similar publications also on later conferences in Vienna on this topic.)

PERSEN, L. N., Rock Dynamics and Geophysical Exploration (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1975), 276 pp.

PRESS, F., DEWART, G., and GILMAN, R., A Study of Several Diagnostic Techniquesfor Identifying Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 2909-2928 (1963).

ROBINSON, E. A., Statistical Communication and Detection with Special Reference to Digital Data ProceSSing of Radar and Seismic Signals (Griffin, London 1967), 362 pp.

RODEAN, H. c., Understanding and Constructit'ely Using the Effects of Underground Nuclear Explosions, Rev. Geophys. 6, 401-445 (1968).

RODEAN, H. C., Nuclear-Explosion Seismology (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1971), 156 pp.

SPRINGER, D. L., and KINNAMAN, R. L., Seismic Source Summary for U.S. Underground Nuclear Explosions. /961-1970. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 61. 1073-1098 (1971).

SPRINGER. D. L., and KINNAMAN, R. L., Seismic Source Summary for U.S. Underground Nuclear Explosions. 1971-1973. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 65. 343-349 (1975).

Chapter 12 ALFYEN, H., Origin of the Moon, Science 148,476-477 (1965). BASTIN, J. A., The Diffusion of Lunar Seismic Energy, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 4,

218-221 (1971). BOWIN, C, SIMON, B., and WOLLENHAUPT, W. R., Mascons: A Two-Body Solution. J.

Geophys. Res. 80. 4947-4955 (1975). BULLEN, K. E., Origin of the Moon. Nature 167. 29 (1951). BULLEN, K. E., On the Internal Constitutions of the Planets. Proc. Astr. Soc. Australia 1.

1-6 (1967). CHANG, G. K., GUNTHER, P., and JAMES, D. B., A Secondary Ejecta Explanation of a

Lunar Seismogram. J. Geophys. Res. 75. 7426-7438 (1970).


COOPER, M. R., KOVACH, R. L., and WATKINS, J. S., Lunar Near-Surface Structure. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys. 12.291-308 (1974).

DATTA, A. N .. On the Energy Required to Form the Moon. Monthl. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc., Geophys. Suppl. 6(9),535-539 (1954).

DERR, J. S.,Travel Times. Variational Parameters. and Love Numbers for Moon Models. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 60. 697-716 (1970).

DUENNEBIER. F., and SUTTON, G. H., Thermal Moonquake!>. J. Geophys. Res. 79.4351-4363 (1974).

DUENNEBIER, F., and SUTTON, G. H., Meteoroid Impacts Recorded by the Short-Period Component of Apollo 14 Lunar Passive Seismic Station. J. Geophys. Res. 79. 4365-4374 (1974).

EWING, M., et aI., Seismology of the Moon and Implications on Internal Structure. Origin and Evolution. Highlights of Astronomy (De Jager, Ed.), 155-172 (1971).

KOVACH, R. L., and ANDERSON, D. L., The Interiors of the Terrestrial Planets, J. Geophys. Res. 70,2873-2882 (1965).

KOZYREV, N. A., Volcanism on the Planets, Tectonophysics 1, 451-454 (1964). LATHAM, G., EWING, M., PRESS, F., and SUTTON, G., The Apollo Passil'e Seismic Ex

periment, Science 165, 241-250 (1969). LATHAM, G. Y., et aI., Apollo 11 Passil'e Seismic Experiment, Proc. Apollo II Lunar

Science Conf. 3, 2309-2320 (1970). In abbreviated form also in Science 167, 455-457 (1970).

LATHAM, G. Y., McDONALD, W. G., and MOORE. H. J., Missile Impacts as Sources of' Seismic Energy on the Moon, Science 168, 242-245 (1970).

LATHAM, G., et aI., Moonquakes. Science 174, 687-692 (1971). MIDDLEHURST, B. M., An Analysis of Lunar Events, Rev. Geophys. 5, 173-189 (1967). NAKAMURA, Y., and LATHAM, G. Y., Travel Times of Body Waves in the Moon, Bull.

Seism. Soc. Amer. 60, 63-78 (1970). NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Apollo 15, Preliminary Science

Report. Spec. Publ. SP-289, 526 pp. (1972). O'KEEFE, J. A., Origin of the Moon, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 2758-2767 (1969), and 75.

6565-6574 (1970). SUTTON, G. H., and STEINBACHER, R., Surveyor Seismograph Experiment. J. Geophys.

Res. 72. 841-844 (1967). TOKSDZ, M. N., et aI., Velocity Structure and Properties of the Lunar Crust, The Moon,

Reidel Publ. Co., 4, 490-504 (1972). TOKS6z, M. N., DAINTY, A. M., SOLOMON, S. C, and ANDERSON, K. R., Velocity Structure

and Evolution of the Moon, Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 4, 3, 2529-2547 (1973).

Subject Index

Absorption 114, 216 Acceleration, earthquake 121, 127 Acceleration, gravity 209, 214 Accelerograph 37 Advanced Research Projects Agency

(ARPA) 329 Aeolotropy 63 Aftershock 42, 193, 298, 299, 300, 304,

318, 321, 322, 325 Air damping 47 Air pressure 308 Alpide belt 160 Amplitude-depth variation 252 Amplitude measurement 36,47 Amplitude meter 37 Amplitude spectrum 260 Anaseism 171 Angle of incidence 64 Anisotropy 63 Aperiodic damping 32 Apollo 366, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374,

377, 378, 379 Archimedes principle 43 Arc tectonics 163 Array station 26, 55, 58, 60, 75, 207, 208,

251,254,265,269,270,329,374 Artificial release 291 Asiatic-European belt 160 Asthenosphere 92, 187, 376 Astronomical observations 209, 377 Atmospheric explosion 336, 342, 352 Atomic Energy Commission 356 Auxiliary plane 175, 177, 178 Azimuth 112 Azimuthal seismograph 31 Azimuthal shooting 225

Band-pass filter 259 Basalt 75, 94, 224 Basaltic layer 224

Benioff seismograph 35, 43 Bimorphic model 280 Blanket effect 373 Block tectonics 163

409

Body wave 61, 66, 75, 94, 116, 119, 203, 252 see also P-wave and S-wave

Bore hole 252 Bore-hole seismograph 55, 253 Bradisismo 297 Breaking time 309 Building code 27, 137, 293, 393 Bulk modulus 63 Bullen compressibility-pressure hypothesis

241 Bureau Central International de Seismolo

gie (BCIS) 245

Calibration 46 Catastrophe 137 Cauda 82 Caustic 71, 72, 269 Centre Seismologique Europeo-Mediterra-

neen (CSEM) 245,246,271 Channel wave 61, 88,91, 94, 224 Chemical composition 217, 219, 233, 286 Chemical explosion 359 Circle method 106 Circum-Pacific belt 160 Coefficient, seismic 129 Columbia seismograph 43 Communication theory 248 Compressibility 241 Compressibility modulus 18 Compressibility-pressure hypothesis 241 Compression 18, 62, 171, 257, 301 Compressional fault 173 Compressional stress 199 Conrad discontinuity 75, 222, 224 Construction, earthquake-proof 128 Constructive interference 89

410

Continental crust 77, 227 Continental drift 185 Continental path 229 Contraction, earth 172 Convection current 172, 233, 236, 308 Coordinate 108 Core 23, 25, 70, 73, 87, 94, 185, 203, 215,

232, 368, 376 Correlation 257 Cosmic radiation 377 Coupling 348, 349 Coupling factor 348, 349 Crater 369 Crater experiment 348 Creep 196 Cretaceous period 164 Critical angle of incidence 289 Critical damping 32 Crust 94, 203, 220, 333, 376 Crustal deformation 297 Crust, continental 77, 227 Crust, moon 376 Crust, oceanic 77, 227 Curie point 235 Curriculum, seismology 381

Dam 128, 310,321, 392 Dam construction 317 Damping 32 Damping, air 47 Damping, aperiodic 32 Damping, critical 32 Damping, oil 47 Data exchange 245 Decoupling 348 Deep drilling 221 Deep earthquake 190, 303 Deep-sea trench 164 Deformation 31, 199 Deformation characteristic 199 Deformation, crustal 297 Deformation seismograph 31 Density 23, 203, 209, 232, 235, 236, 364 Density gradient 210 Depth, focal 126, 167, 325, 338, 361 Destruction belt 151 Destructive earthquake 139

Detection 269, 335, 337, 339, 394 Deterministic prediction 294 Dextral displacement 173 Diffraction 65, 73, 278, 283 Diffusion 302 Digital seismograph 46 Dilatancy 298 Dilatancy-diffusion 302 Dilatation 62, 171, 257 Dipole 175, 177 Dip-slip fault 173 Direct-recording seismograph 34, 35, 39 Discontinuity, Conrad 75, 222, 224 Discontinuity, Mohorovicic see Mohoro-

vicic discontinuity Dislocation 122, 278, 325 Dispersion 80, 81, 228, 230, 269, 371 Dispersion equation 89 Doppler principle 178 Double dipole 177 Drilling 221 Dynamics of the earth 152

Earth contraction 172 Earth current 301 Earth dynamics 152 Earth expansion 172 Earth magnetism 232, 235 see also

Geomagnetism Earthquake acceleration 121, 127 Earthquake, artificial release 291 Earthquake catastrophe 137 Earthquake, deep 190, 303 Earthquake, destructive 139 Earthquake effect 138 Earthquake engineering 28, 42, 127, 157,

271, 393 Earthquake forerunner 303 Earthquake frequency 153, 375 Earthquake insurance 28, 295, 393 Earthquake mechanism 169, 190, 269,

284,310,327,341 Earthquake, near 75, 221 Earthquake, number 150, 151, 152, 153,

154,298 Earthquake periodicity 202 Earthquake prediction 267, 286, 291, 393

Earthquake risk 28, 129, 248, 393 Earthquake, silent 298 Earthquake swarm 194, 374 Earthquake, tectonic 21, 163, 169, 194 Earthquake, volcanic 21, 163, 194, 375 Earthquake volume 197 Earth temperature 217 Eddy current 47 Education, seismology 381 Elastic creep 196 Elastic flow creep 196 Elasticity 17 Elasticity modulus 18 Elastic rebound theory 19, 169 Electric conductivity 172,301 Electric resistivity 298, 303 Electroacoustic transducer 279 Electromagnetic seismograph 34 Electrostatic seismograph 45 Energy 114, 120, 121, 126, 152, 153, 155,

346 Energy accumulation 200 Energy-magnitude relation 120 Energy release 200, 325 Engineering seismology 28, 42, 127, 157,

271, 356, 393 Epicentre 105 Epicentre correction 261 Exercise 386 Expansion, earth 172 Explosion 224, 267, 285, 317, 327 Explosion, atmospheric 336, 342, 352 Explosion, chemical 359 Explosion, nuclear 113, 260, 274, 317,

327 Explosion, surface 352 Explosion, underground 321, 333, 335,

342, 352, 354 Explosion, underwater 335, 342, 352, 360 Extensometer 297

Fault, compressional 173 Fault, dip-slip 173 Fault, !;ravity 173 Fault, lateral 173 Fault length 178 Fault, normal 173

Fault, normal-slip 173 Fault propagation 179 Fault, reverse 173 Fault, reverse-slip 173 Fault, strike-slip 173 Fault, tear 173 Fault, tensional 173 Fault, thrust 173 Fault, transcurrent 173 Fault, wrench 173 Fermat principle 65 Ferromagnetic element 235 Filtering 258 Finis 84 Fluid pressure 317 Focal depth 126, 167, 325, 338, 361 Focal sphere 175 Focus 67, 105 Foreshock 193, 298, 299, 321 Foucault current 47 Fourier theorem 38 Free vibration 18, 53, 85, 94, 179, 215,

287, 334, 375 Frequency analysis 343 Frequency distribution 340 Frequency domain 260 Frequency, earthquake 153, 375 Frequency filtering 259 Friction 62 Frictional coefficient 310 Frost action 125 Fundamental mode 79, 87, 94

Galileo problem 17 Galitzin seismograph 35, 40

411

Gas transport differentiation 234 Geneva-type station 329 see also Array

station Geochemistry 15 Geochronology 14 Geocosmology 14 Geodesy 14, 298 Geoelectricity 14 Geographical distribution, earthquake 157 Geological Institute, Uppsala 278 Geomagnetic field 301, 336 Geomagnetism 14

412

Geometrical spreading 114 Geophone 42, 225, 254, 325 Geophysics 14, 363 Geoscience 14, 185 Geothermy 14 Glaciology 394 Global tectonics 185, 307 see also Plate

tectonics Gn 94, 181 Gnome 333, 348 Granite 75,94,224 Granitic layer 224 Gravimetry 14 Gravitation constant 209 Gravitation law 210 Gravity 62, 209, 262, 308, 364 Gravity anomaly 164 Gravity fault 173 Grenet-Coulomb seismograph 41,249 Ground factor 129 Group velocity 81, 228, 229, 230 Group-velocity method 229 Guided wave 61 see also Channel wave Gutenberg-Richter travel times 95

Heat flow, moon 370, 377 Height, explosion 345 Helium 238 Higher mode 88,89,94, 178,231,259 Hodograph 99 Hooke law 17,62, 196 Hydrogen 238, 239 Hydrophone 335 Hydrostatic equilibrium 209 Hyperbola method 105 Hypocentre 105, 258

174,94 Incidence angle 64 Incompressibility 210, 213 Incompressibility modulus 63 Inertia, moment 209, 211, 214 Inner core 73, 94, 203, 206 Insurance, earthquake 28, 295, 393 Intensity 123, 124 Intensity scale 22, 123 Interference 89, 339

Interferometry 290, 299 International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) 357 International Geodynamics Project 28 International Geophysical Year (IGY)

27, 53, 262, 370 International Seismological Centre (ISC)

245, 246, 271 International Seismological Summary

(ISS) 245 Inverse dispersion 81 Inverse problem 205, 225 Ionosphere 301, 336 Iron 232, 240 Iron-core hypothesis 23, 232 Island arc 333 Isoseismal 22, 123 Isotropy 18, 62

J 74,94 Japanese intensity scale 124 Jeffreys-Bullen travel times 95, 330 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 367 Jupiter 234, 235, 239

K 71,94 Kataseism 171 Kern 71 Kiloton 349 Kuhn-Rittmann hypothesis 233

L see Love wave Landslide 125 Large Aperture Seismic Array (LAS A)

101, 254, 256 Laser 54, 299, 378 Lateral fault 173 Layer, basaltic 224 Layer, granitic 224 Layer, low-velocity see Low-velocity layer LgJ 92, 93, 94, 346 Lg2 92, 93, 94 Li 92,93,94 Lithosphere 187, 376 Longitudinal wave see P-wave Long-period seismograph 229 Love wave (L) 18, 19, 61, 62, 64, 79, 80,

81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 94, 97, 101, 112, 178, 231, 343, 346

Low-velocity layer 78, 87, 91, 92, 206, 242, 278, 282, 283

Lubrication 313 Lunar Orbiter 367 Lunar tide 325, 374 Lunik III 366

Macroseismic area 126 Macroseismic observation 22, 125 Macroseismic questionnaire 133 Magnetic reluctance 44 Magnetism, earth 232, 235 Magnetism, moon 365 Magnetostriction 54 Magnification 34 Magnification curve 48 Magnitude 105, 114, 121, 197, 267, 268,

269, 318, 346, 350, 351 Magnitude formula 120 Mantle 94, 203 Mantle, moon 376 Mantle wave 84,94, 181 Maria 346 Mars 239, 364, 370, 378, 379 Marsquake 379 Mascon 377 Maxwell resistance bridge 51 Mechanical-optical seismograph 39 Mechanical seismograph 38 Mechanism, earthquake 169, 191, 269,

284, 310, 327, 341 Mechanism, explosion 341 Megaton 349 Mercalli scale 123, 124 Mercury 239 Mesosphere 187 Metallic phase 237 Meteor 369, 371 Meteorite 232, 236, 239 Microearthquake 42, 156, 248, 274, 299 Microseisms 99,249, 259, 266, 371 Mid-Atlantic belt (ridge, rift) 160, 161, 184 Migration 304 Milne-Shaw seismograph 35, 39 Mine 252, 323

Mining operation 28,310,323 Mode, fundamental 79, 87, 94 Mode, higher see Higher mode Model, moon 375, 376 Model seismology 277 Model tectonics 278

413

Modified Mercalli scale (MM-scale) 123 Modulus, bulk 63 Modulus of compressibility 18 Modulus of elasticity 18 Modulus of incompressibility 63 Modulus of rigidity 18, 63, 122, 213 Modulus, shear 63 Mohole project 221 Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho) 19, 25,

75, 203, 220, 221, 224, 240, 262, 283, 331,360,363

Moment of inertia 209, 211, 214 Moment, seismic 122, 325 Moon 299, 364 Moon crust 376 Moon magnetism 365 Moon mantle 376 Moon model 375, 376 Moonquake 369, 370, 374 Moon research 363 Moon-scraper 366 Moon seismograph 370 Moon slide 371 Moon temperature 369, 377 Moon topography 365 Moscow-Prague formula 119 Mountain formation 180 Mountain root 228 Moving-coil seismograph 40 MSK intensity scale 123, 124, 130 Multiple station see Array station

Nanometre 372 National Aeronautics and Space Admi

nistration (NASA) 407 National Earthquake Information Service

(NElS) see U. S. Geological Survey National Science Foundation 292 Near earthquake 75, 221 Neptune 235, 239 Nevada Test Site (NTS) 333

414

NiFe hypothesis 232 Nodal surface 87,94 Noise 99, 249 see also Microseisms Normal dispersion 81 Normal fault 173 Normal-slip fault 173 Normal stress 18, 310 Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR)

254,256 Nuclear explosion 113,260,274, 317, 327 Nuclear explosion,· peaceful application

356 Nuclear power plant 28, 128, 393 Null vector 175, 177 Number of deaths 150 Number of earthquakes 150, 151, 152,

153, 154, 298 Number of stations 54, 263, 264

Ocean-bottom seismograph 55, 77, 265 Ocean-floor spreading 186 Oceanic crust 77, 227 Oceanic path 229 Oil damping 47 Olivine 238, 239 Origin, moon 365, 367 Origin time 95, 105, 108 Orogenesis 180 Oscillation 304 Outer core 94, 203, 205 Overtone 88 see also Higher mode

p 94 p* 77,93,94,222,223 P' 94 P" 94 Pa 92,94 Pacific arc 164 Parameter 65, 105, 223 Ph 77,93 PeP 71, 94, 97, 176 212, 215, 217, 240,

242, 331 PeS 71 Pendulum principle 29 Pendulum seismograph 38 Perforated model 280 Period equation 89

Periodicity, earthquake 202 Period problem, seismograph 32 Pg 77, 78, 93, 94, 222, 223, 224, 359, 360,

361 Phase change, matter 179, 192, 237, 240,

342 Phase shift, wave 50,51 Phase spectrum 260 Phase velocity 81,228,281 Phase-velocity method 230 Piezoelectricity 54, 279 PKHKP 94 PKiKP 74,94 PKIIKP 94 PKIKP 74,94 PKIKS 74 PKJKP 74 PKJKS 74 PKKP 74,94 PKP 71, 72, 74, 75, 94, 97, 209, 246, 269,

328 PKPPKP 74,94 PKS 71 PL 94,231 Planetary seismology 363 Plate tectonics 186, 299, 304, 307 Plowshare 356 Pn 77, 93, 94, 222, 223, 341 Poisson ratio 64 Polymorphic model 280 Portable seismograph 42 pP 69,94,97,99, 113, 176,246, 258, 260,

338, 339, 375 PP 68, 75, 94, 95, 97, 102, 116, 118, 119,

176,246,339,341, 347, 375 P' P' 74,94,331 pPP 69 PPP 68,95 P'P'P' 74 pPS 69 PPS 68 Practical application 391 Practice, seismology 381 Precursor 75 Prediction, earthquake 267, 286, 291, 393 Press-Ewing seismograph 42 Pressure 209, 212, 241, 317, 365

Pressure wave 350 Principal stress 182 Prospecting 13, 254, 391 pS 69 PS 68,97 pSP 69 PSP 68, 288 pSS 69 PSS 68 Pulse-echo method 289 Pulse-transmission method 287 P-wave 18, 19, 21, 25, 38, 41, 42, 51, 58,

61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 119, 126, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214, 219, 242, 246, 249, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 268, 271, 273, 274, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 302, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 341, 342, 343, 345, 347, 355, 374, 375, 376

Quality factor 216, 373 Quartz crystal clock 36, 248 Quasar 299 Quer-Welle 79

R see Rayleigh wave Radar technique 248 Radioactivity 218, 336, 356 Radon 301 Rainfall 325 Ramsay hypothesis 235, 241 Rayleigh principle 82 Rayleigh wave (R) 18, 19, 25, 61, 62, 64,

79,80,81,84,85,89,90,93,94,97, 101, 110, 112, 116, 119, 178, 228, 229, 230, 231, 253, 259, 279, 285, 342, 343, 375

Recording method 45 Recording range 267 Recording, underground 252 Reflection 66, 289 Reflection method 225, 391 Refraction 66 Refraction index 64 Refraction law 64, 222, 289 Refraction method 224,391

415

Regional correction, magnitude 114 Regional correction, travel time 99, 331 Release, energy 200, 325 Reluctance seismograph 43 Research Institute of National Defence,

Stockholm 60, 249 Residual calculation 108 Resonance 128, 313 Resonance method 286 Response curve 48 Reverberation 103, 373 Reverse fault 173 Reverse shooting 225 Reverse-slip fault 173 Rg 93, 346, 359, 361 Rheology 300 Richter scale 115 Rift 184 Rigidity modulus 18, 63, 122, 213 Risk, seismic 28, 129, 248, 393 Rn 94, 181 Rockburst 310, 323, 361, 394 Rossi-Forel scale 22, 123, 124 Rotation, ground motion 31 Rotation, plate 187 Rotation seismograph 31

s 94 S* 77, 93, 94, 224 Sa 92, 94 Satellite 214, 299, 336, 363 Saturn 234, 235, 239 Sb 77,93 Scattering 75, 103, 207, 373 SCP 71 SCS 71,97, 176,242 Secular motion 197 Secular series 200 Sedan 348, 356 Seismic coefficient 129 Seismic-glaciological research 394 Seismicity 190, 267, 270, 338 Seismicity map 157 Seismic moment 122,325 Seismic risk 28, 129, 248, 393 Seismic world map 2,22, 159 Seismic zoning map 157, 293

416

Seismogram 29 Seismograph 24, 29 Seismograph, azimuthal 31 Seismograph, Benioff 35, 43 Seismograph, bore-hole 55, 253 Seismograph, Columbia 43 Seismograph, deformation 31 Seismograph, digital 46 Seismograph, direct-recording 34, 35, 39 Seismograph, electromagnetic 34 Seismograph, electrostatic 45 Seismograph, Galitzin 35, 40 Seismograph, Grenet-Coulomb 41,249 Seismograph, long-period 229 Seismograph, mechanical 38 Seismograph, mechanical-optical 39 Seismograph, Milne-Shaw 35, 39 Seismograph, moon 370 Seismograph, moving-coil 40 Seismograph, ocean-bottom 55, 77, 265 Seismograph, pendulum 38 Seismograph, portable 42 Seismograph, Press-Ewing 42 Seismograph, reluctance 43 Seismograph, rotation 31 Seismograph, strain 52, 179 Seismograph, strong-motion 42 Seismograph, torsion 39, 115 Seismograph, translation 31 Seismograph, triaxial 31 Seismograph, Wiechert 34, 38 Seismograph, Wood-Anderson 39, 115,

Il7 Seismological Institute, Uppsala 56, 90,

119, 154, 201, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 381, 395

Seismometer 29 Seismos 13 Seismoscope 16,29 Selenodesy 377 Selenophysical phenomena 369 Selenothermy 377 Sensitivity, signal 251 Sg 77, 78, 93, 94, 224, 346, 359, 360, 361 SH 62, 64, 66, 88, II 2, 175,258 Shadow zone 70,91 Shaking table 49

Shear 18 Shear modulus 63 Shear stress 62, 199, 301 Shear wave see S-wave Shelf 228 Shield 162 Shock wave 277 Signal sensitivity 251 Signal-to-noise ratio 255, 257 Silent earthquake 298 Single dipole 175 Sinistral displacement 173 SKIKP 74 SK1KS 74 SKJKP 74 SKJKS 74 SKP 71 SKS 71, 97, 246 Slow motion 128, 297 Sn 77, 93, 94, 224 Snell's law 64 SOFAR channel 336 Solar wind 378 Solid-earth physics 14 Solid mechanics 277 Solid state physics 277 Sonic boom 125 Source parameter 105, 223 sP 69 SP 68 Spectral analysis 260 Spectrum 122, 127, 180, 273, 338, 342 Spheroidal vibration 85, 87, 94 sPP 69 SPP 68 Spreading, geometrical 114 Spreading, ocean-floor 186 sPS 69 SPS 68 sS 69, 176, 375 SS 68, 176, 375 sSP 69 SSP 68 sSS 69 SSS 68 Station correction, magnitude Il4 Station correction, travel time 261

Station density 263, 264 Statistical prediction 294, 323 Stoneley wave 61, 80 Strain 196, 295, 298, 325 Strain seismograph 52, 179 Stress 196, 277, 286, 295, 298, 299, 309,

324 Stress, compressional 199 Stress measurement 184, 392 Stress, normal 18, 310 Stress, principal 182 Stress, shear 62, 199, 301 Stress, tangential 18 Strike-slip fault 173 Strong-motion seismograph 42 Structural parameter 223 Subduction 187 Surface explosion 352 Surface wave 25,42, 58, 61, 79, 88, 89, 94,

115, 118, 178,228, 334, 346, 374 see also Rayleigh wave and Love wave

SV 62, 64, 66, 112, 175,258 Swarm 194, 374 S-wave 18, 19, 21, 25, 38, 42, 51, 58, 61,

62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 94, 97, 98, 102, 107, 110, II 2, Il6, Il8, 119, 174, 176, 177, 178, 197, 203, 206, 214, 215, 219, 242, 246, 254, 258, 282, 284, 285, 288, 290, 302, 330, 334, 343, 347, 374, 375, 376

Tangential stress 18 Tear fault 173 Tectonic earthquake 21, 163, 169, 194 Tectonics, arc 163 Tectonics, block 163 Tectonics, global 185, 307 Tectonics, plate 186,299, 304, 307 Tectonophysics 14 Temperature, earth 217 Temperature, moon 369, 377 Tension 18 Tensional fault 173 Tertiary period 164 Test-ban treaty 336, 351, 353, 356 Thermal model 280 Thrust fault 173 Tidal effect 23, 197, 206, 325, 374

27 BAth: Introduction to Seismology

Tidal wave 21, 367 Tide 53, 309, 374 Tide gauge 297 Tilt 298 Tiltmeter 297 Time domain 260 Time measurement 36 Topography, moon 365

417

Torsional (toroidal) vibration 85, 87, 94 Torsion seismograph 39, 115 Total reflection 289 Traffic vibration 130, 392 Transcurrent fault 173 Transducer 44, 279, 282 Transformed wave 69, 288 Transit time 95 see also Travel time Translation 31 Translation seismograph 31 Transverse wave see S-wave Travel time 95, 203, 330, 361, 375 Travel-time curve (table) 95, 204, 222,

226,246,261, 330, 331 Travel-time difference 330 Trench 164 Triangulation 297 Triaxial seismograph 31 Trigger 296, 308, 313, 323, 374 Tsunami 21, 113, 150, 188, 190 T-wave 91, 94 Two-dimensional model 280

UltrasoniC-interferometry method 290 Underground explosion 321, 333, 335,

342, 352, 354 Underground recording 252 Underwater explosion 335, 342, 352, 360 UNESCO 27, 138, 270, 291, 393 Unified magnitude 116 Upper Mantle Project (UMP) 27 Uranus 235, 239 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS)

see U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2, 46, 110,

III, 245, 246, 262, 263, 264, 270, 271, 292, 318, 358

U. S. National Ocean Survey (USNOS) see u. S. Geological Survey

418

VELA Project 27, 329 Velocity 63 Velocity dispersion 80,228,230 Velocity filtering 259 Velocity gradient 215 Velocity, group 81, 228,229,230 Velocity, phase 81, 228, 281 Velocity, P, S 206, 208, 376 Velocity, wave 63, 81, 286, 302 Venus 239, 364, 370, 378, 379 Vibrating string 88 Vibration, free see Free vibration Vibration measurement 130,392 Viking 379 Volcanic earthquake 21, 163, 194, 375 Volcanic eruption 163,297,299,369 Volcanism 164, 190,369 Volcano 23 Volcanology 14 Volume, earthquake 197 Volume, planetary 364

Water injection 315 Wave, body see Body wave Wave, channel see Channel wave Wave form 343 Wave guide 278 see also Low-velocity layer

Wave, guided see Guided wave and Chan-nel waVe

Wave, longitudinal see P-wave Wave, Love see Love wave Wave, mantle 84, 94, 181 Wave parameter 65 Wave, Rayleigh see Rayleigh wave Wave, shear see S-wave Wave, shock 277 Wave, Stoneley 61, 80 Wave, surface see Surface wave Wave, tidal 21, 367 Wave, transformed 69, 288 Wave, transverse see S-wave Wave velocity 63, 81, 286, 302 Wiechert iron-core hypothesis 232 Wiechert seismograph 34, 38 Wiederkehr-Welle 85 Wood-Anderson seismograph 39, 115, 117 World map, seismic 2,22, 159 World network 262,270 Wrench fault 173

Yield 348

Zoning map, seismic 157, 293

Author index

Adams, R. D. 303, 403 Alfven, H. 406 AI-Sadi, H. N. 402 Anderson, D. L. 208, 400, 402, 405, 407 Anderson, J. A. 39, 42, 47, 53, II 5, II 7,

395 Anderson, K. R. 407 Anderson, O. L. 288, 289, 290, 403 Ansell, J. H. 396 Archimedes 43

Barazangi, M. 2 Barber, N. F. 87, 396 Basham, P. W. 351 Bastin, J. A. 406 Bates, C. C. 405 Bath, M. 85, 117, 127, 183, 197, 199,258,

259, 305, 325, 347, 383, 384, 387, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403,404,405,406

Beauchamp, K. G. 402 Beloussov, V. V. 193, 399 Benioff, H. 19, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47,

48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 85, 92, 166, 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 191, 196, 197, 199, 295, 296, 322, 359, 384, 395, 396, 397, 399

Ben-Menahem, A. 178,398,399 Birch, F. 288 Bisque, R. E. 400 Blot, C. 305, 403 Bolt, B. A. 356, 395, 397, 405 Bonnin, J. 399 Borg, H. 41, 396 Boucher, G. 403 Bowin, C. 406 Brace, W. F. 286, 403, 404 Brown, H. 243 Brown, R. J. 6, 397, 401, 402 Brune, J. N. 122,398,399

419

Bullard, E. 405 Bullen, K. E. 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 204,

208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 328, 330, 331, 364, 365, 368, 379, 384, 387, 388, 397, 401, 405, 406

Burke-Gaffney, T. N. 328,405 Byerly, P. 384

Caloi, P. 313, 404 Cancani, A. 123, 124 Carder, D. S. 313,404 Carey, S. W. 400 Cauchy, A. L. 16, 17, 19 Cavendish, H. 19, 23 Chang, G. K. 406 Chinnery, M. A. 208,402 Civetta, L. 395 Comninakis, P. 313,404 Conrad, V. 75, 77, 222, 224, 227 Cook, K. L. 401 Cooper, M. R. 407 Coulomb, J. 41,57,58,249, 396 Cox, A. 400 Crampin, S. 259, 396, 397, 402, 405

Dainty, A. M. 407 Datta, A. N. 368, 407 Davies, D. 351, 405 De Bremaecker, J. Cl. 396 De Fermat, P. 65 De Rossi, M. S. 19,22, 123, 124 Derr, J. S. 85, 375, 397, 407 Dewart, G. 346, 406 Dieterich, J. H. 404 Dietz, R. S. 399 Dix, C. H. 384 Dobrin, M. B. 384 Donn, W. L. 397 Donoho, P. 396

420

Doppler, Chr. 178 Dorman, J. 2 Drakopoulos, J. 404 Dreimanis, E. 6 Duda, S. J. 154, 166, 184, 197, 199, 201,

277, 305, 399, 403, 404 Duennebier, F. 407

Elsasser, W. M. 243 EnayatoIlah, M. A. 397, 402 Eucken, A. 235 Evernden, J. F. 405 Evison, F. F. 400 Ewing, J. A. 19,24 Ewing, W. M. 42, 43, 49, 56, 57, 73, 83,

86, 90, 161, 283, 384, 399, 403, 407

Farnbach, J. S. 402,405 Fedotov, S. A. 404 Findley, D. C. 401 Forel, F. A. 22, 123, 124 Foucault, L. 47 Fourier, J. B. J. 38 Fowler, R. A. 404 Freeman, J. R. 398 Frosch, R. A. 402

Galileo, G. 17, 19 Galitzin, B. 19, 24, 26, 35, 40, 41, 42, 45,

47,48,49, 51, 57, 102 Gane, P. G. 45 Garmany, J. G. 405 Gasparini, P. 395 Gilman, R. 346, 406 Gordon, D. W. 406 Gray, T. 19, 24 Green, P. E., Jr. 402 Gregersen, S. 401 Grcnet, G. 41,47,48,50,57, 58,249,360,

396 Griggs, D. T. 406 Gunther, P. 406 Gupta, H. K. 404 Gurwitsch, I. I. 401 Gutenberg, B. 5, 19,23,25,41,42,70,76,

84, 87, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, ll5, ll6, ll7, 119, 157, 159, 164, 191, 192, 205, 206,

207, 211, 218, 224, 235, 246, 292, 384, 388, 395, 397, 398, 401, 404

Haa1ck, H. 240 Haddon, R. A. W. 214,215, 397, 401 Hagiwara, T. 291, 404, 405 Hast, N. 54, 184,299,317,392,396 Heezen, B. C. 161,399 Heiland, C. A. 384 Herrin, E. 99, 397 Hiller, W. 41 Hoernes, R. 19, 20 Holmes, A. 383 Hooke, R. 17, 19, 62, 196 Housner, G. W. 398 Howell, B. F., Jr. 285, 384, 403 Husebye, E. S. 50, 257, 397, 398, 402

Ibrahim, A. K. 217,231,242,401 lsacks, B. 186, 191, 400

James, D. B. 406 Jansson, B. 50, 257, 402 Jardetzky, W. S. 384 Jeffreys, B. S. 395 Jeffreys, H. 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 204, 205,

206, 207, 208, 210, 239, 246, 330, 331, 384, 387, 388, 395, 397

Johnson, D. P. 41 Jones, A. E. 403 Jones, D. A. III

Kanai, K. 228, 401 Klirnik, V. 123, 398 Kelvin, Lord 23 Kharin, D. A. 41 Khattri, K. 400 King, D. W. 397 Kinnaman, R. L. 355, 406 Kirnos, D. P. 41 Knopoff, L. 404 Knott, C. G. 18, 19 Kogan, S. D. 330, 406 Korkman (Kogeus), K. 402, 406 Kovach, R. L. 407 Kozyrev, N. A. 407 Kuhn, W. 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 243

Kulhanek, o. 261, 393, 397, 398, 401, 402,406

LaCoste, L. J. B. 33 Lamb, H. 18 Latham, G. V. 372, 375, 407 Lavin, P. M. 403 Lee, W. H. K. 401 Lehmann, I. 19 Lensen, G. J. 182, 183, 400 Leong, L. S. 397, 402 Le Pichon, X. 187, 188, 189, 190,400 Liebermann, R. C. 288, 289, 403 Lomnitz, C. 398 Longuet-Higgins, M. S. 100 Lopez Arroyo, A. 396 Love, A. E. H. 18, 19, 61, 62, 64, 79, 80,

81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 101, 112, 178, 231, 343, 346, 395

Lubimova, E. A. 218, 401 Luongo, G. 395

Mainka, C. 39 Mallet, R. 19, 22, 139 Mason, B. 401 Matheson, H. 41 Maxwell, J. C. 51 McDonald, W. G. 402,407 Mead; T. S. 313,404 Medvedev, S. V. 123, 398 Mercalli, G. 123, 124 Meyer, K. 406 Michel, J. G. 396 Middlehurst, B. M. 407 Milne, J. 19, 22, 24, 26, 35, 39, 40, 42 Mjachkin, V. I. 298,404 Mohorovicic, A. 19, 25, 75, 77, 221, 222,

224, 225, 227, 240, 262, 331, 360, 363 Montessus de BaIlore, F. de 19, 22 Moore, H. J. 407 Morokhov,I. D. 406 Moumoulidis, G. 404 Mula, A. H. 401 Muller, G. 242, 401

Nakamura, Y. 375, 407 Navier, C. L. M. H. 17, 19

Neumann, F. 123 Newmark, N. M. 398 Nordyke, M. D. 406

O'Keefe, J. A. 407 Oldham, R. D. 19, 23, 25, 140 Oliver, J. 283, 399, 400, 403 Olsson, R. 400 Omori, F. 140

Page, R. 404 Papazachos, B. 404 Parasnis, D. S. 395 Payo Subiza, G. 397 Pekeris, C. L. 85 Persen, L. N. 406 Poisson, S. D. 16, 17. 18, 19, 23, 64 Prentiss, D. D. 402

421

Press, F. 42, 43, 49, 56, 57, 73, 83, 86, 90, 220, 281, 283, 284, 346, 384, 395, 401, 403, 404, 406, 407

Ramberg, H. 403 Ramsey, W. H. 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,

240, 241, 242, 243 Rapolla, A. 395 Rastogi, B. K. 404 Rayleigh, Lord 18, 19, 25, 61, 62, 64, 79,

80,81,82,84,85,89,90,93,94, 101, 112, 116, 119, 178, 228, 229, 230, 231, 253, 259, 279, 285, 342, 375

Reid, H. F. 19,20, 169, 178 Richter, C. F. 19, 95, 98, 99, 114, 115,

119, 123, 139, 157, 159, 164, 195, 246, 384, 388, 389, 397, 398

Rikitake, T. 404,405 Rittmann, A. 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 243 Robinson, E. A. 406 Rodean, H. C. 406 Rosenblueth, E. 398 Rothe, J. P. 399 Rouse, G. E. 400 Ryall, A. 399, 403, 404

SantO, T. 229, 401 Savage, W. U. 404 Savarensky, E. F. 397, 405

422

Scheidegger, A. E. 183, 395, 399, 400 Schmidt, A. 18, 19 Schneider, G. 399 Shahidi, M. 396, 397 Shapira, A. 258, 398 Sharma, P. V. 395 Shaw, J. J. 35, 39, 40, 42 Sieberg, A. 123, 124, 139 Simmons, G. 288,289 Simon, B. 406 Simon, R. B. 405 Slemmons, D. B. 399 Slotnick, M. M. 384 Smith, C. H. 401 Snell, W. 64,65 Soboley, G. A. 404 Soga, N. 290 Solomon, S. C. 407 Spadea, M. C. 404 Sponheuer, W. 123,398 Sprengnether, W. F. 41, 42, 47 Springer, D. L. 355, 406 Stamou, P. 397 Stefansson, R. 400 Steinbacher, R. 407 Stokes, G. H. 17, 18, 19 Stoneley, R. 61, 80 Sutton, G. H. 402, 407 Suyehiro, S. 405 Sykes, L. R. 400

Tamrazyan, G. P. 305, 405 TarakanoY, R. Z. 305, 405 Taylor, P. T. 401 Thanos, S. N. 402 Toksoz, M. N. 208,376,402,407 Tryggyason, E. 398, 405 Tsuboi, C. 291,405 Turner, F. J. 19, 25

Urey, H. 379 Uyeda, S. 400

Van Eck, T. 398 Vanek, J. 282,283,403 Von Linne, C. 369

Wadati, K. 19, 25, 291, 405 Wahlstrom, R. 325, 398, 403 Watkins, J. S. 407 Wegener, A. 186 Whitcomb, J. H. 403, 405 White, J. E. 398 Whiteway, F. E. 403 Wiechert, E. 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35, 36,

38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 57, 102, 232

Willmore, P. L. 41,50,396 Wilson, J. T. 400 Wollenhaupt, W. R. 406 Wood, H. O. 39,42,47,53, 115, 117, 123,

395 Wyss, M. 122,398

Geographical index

Aegean Sea 145 Afghanistan 145 Africa 27, 144, 160, 186, 187, 189, 227,

263, 272 see also South Africa A~fu~~I~I~I~I~I~

160,291, 307 Alaska 54, 85, 122, 140, 145, 147, 158,

162, 179, 181, 182, 194, 195, 263, 291 Aleutian Islands 85, 151, 158, 162, 182,

194, 195, 199, 263, 305, 319, 331, 333, 352, 354, 391

Algeria 144,331 Alps 163,227 Altai-Gobi 145 Ambato 143 Amchitka 317, 319, 331 America 187, 189, 227 see also North,

Central and South America Anatolia 304 Ancash 143 Anchorage 147 Andaman Islands 158 Andes 143, 165 Antarctica 27, 187, 189, 263, 268, 272 Arabia 162 Arctic 160, 187, 266 Ariano 142 Arizona 369 Ashkhabad 143 Asia 27, 141, 151, 160, 162, 183, 184,

227,272,300,301,305,306,308,314 Askersund 251 . Assam 140, 144, 158, 202 Atacama 141 Athens 262 Atlantic 147, 160, 162, 163, 184, 187, 192,

229, 263, 305, 306 see also North Atlantic Australia 55, 162, 189,227, 254, 263, 272,

329,333

Avezzano 141 Azores 160

Baikal 163 Bali 149 Baltic Sea 102, 359, 387, 392 ,Baluchistan 165 Banda Sea 158 Bandirma 144 Basel 6 Berlin 24 Bermuda 92 Bi Bol 145 Bihar-Nepal 142 Bikini 330 BingO) 148 Blue Mountains 255 Bombay 314 Bonin Islands 389 Boulder Dam 313 Brahmaputra 140 Brazil 162, 272, 388 British Columbia 145, 181 British Isles 102 Bucharest 149 Budshnurt 142 Bukhara 149 Bulawayo 314 Buller 142 Burdur 148 Burma 165, 305, 306

Calabria 20, 139, 140 Calcutta 139

423

California 40, 53, 115, 117, 127, 128, 138, 141, 143, 144, 148, 163, 169, 170, 179, 181, 186, 256, 284, 292, 295, 298, 302, 304, 305, 333, 345, 367

Calitri 142 Callao 148

424

Canada 55, 162,254, 263, 272, 318, 369, 392

Caracas 139 Caribbean Sea 100 Carpathians 163, 165, 305 Casamicciola 140 Caspian Sea 145, 227, 333, 352, 354, 355,

357,358 Caucasus 148, 301 Celebes 158 Central America 162, 181, 263, 393 see

also America Chedrang 140 Chile 27, 84, 85, 86, 138, 141, 143, 146,

147, 148, 158, 163, 165, 178, 181, 199, 227, 291, 305, 334

Chimbote 148 China 16, 90, 139, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150,

151, 158, 263, 291, 297, 302, 303, 306, 337, 352, 353

Ciudad Cerdan 148 Colima 148 Colombia 140, 158 Colorado 245, 313, 315, 316, 356 Concepci6n 143 Cordoba 148 Cremasta 314, 322 Crimea 370 Croatia 25 Cumberland Plateau 255 Cutch 20 Czechoslovakia 281

Dahra 144 Damovand 145 Dannemora 324 Delary 57 Denmark 263 Denver 245,315

East Africa 161 see also Africa Easter Island 147, 160, 161, 333 Ecuador 139, 143, 148, 181 Egypt 392 England 18, 22, 25, 26, 39, 41 Erzincan 143 Eskdalemuir 251

Esthonia 361 Eurasia 187, 189 Europe 24, 35, 100, 227, 263, 272, 282, 323

Fairweather 145 Farsinaj 145 Fennoscandia 6,117,127,162,251,258,361 Ferdows 147 Finland 139, 227, 250, 251, 263 Formosa 140, 142, 158, 263 France 22, 41, 245, 337, 352, 353 Friuli 149 Fukui 143

Garland 255 Garlock 181 Garm 292, 302 Gazli 149 Gediz 148 Gene 148 Geneva 329, 335, 345, 351 Georgia (USSR) 122,227 Germany 20, 24, 25, 26, 39, 41, 53 Girash 146 Goteborg 50,58,251,257, 387 Grangesberg 324, 325 Great Britain 337 Greece 262, 263, 306, 314 Greenland 102, 189,263 Guatemala 148, 291

Haggruvan 252 Hamadan 145 Hastings 142 Hawaii 54, 148, 160, 263 Hawke's Bay 142 Hedemora 58, 60 Hermanstorp 251 Himalaya 140, 160, 163, 165 Hokkaido 139, 144, 147 Hokoda 227 Hoover Dam 313 Hopeh Province 149 Huaras 148

Iceland 160, 184, 192, 263, 392 Idkerberget 252

IiIapel 148 Imperial Valley 181 India 20, 55, 139, 140, 142, 144, 158, 183,

187, 254, 263, 272, 314, 352, 353 Indian Ocean 160, 161, 162, 187, 192, 229,

263 Indonesia 149, 160, 263 Ionian Islands 144, 193 Ionian Sea 306 Ipak 146 Iran 27, 137, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,

151, 160, 262, 291, 305, 306, 307, 323, 350, 389

Ireland 263 Irian 149, 305, 306 Ischia 140 Israel 85, 178 Italy 20, 22, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 263,

293, 297, 305, 306, 313

Jalisco 148 Jamaica 141 Jan Mayen 194 Japan 20, 24, 53, 55, 124, 137, 139, 140,

141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 151, 158, 162, 163, 164, 182, 194, 195, 227, 230, 262, 263, 266, 285, 291, 293, 297, 300, 302, 304, 317

Johnston Island 337

Kabul 145 Kagi 140 Kamchatka 53,85,151, 160, 162, 166, 182,

193, 292, 301, 305, 334 Kangra 140 Kansu 141 Kariba Dam 314, 322 Karlskrona 50,58, 101,251,257, 387 Kazakh 331,339 Kermadec Islands 72, 158 Kermanshah 145 Kern County 138, 144 Kimberley 328 Kingston 141 Kiruna 40,49,50,57,58,72,90, 119,246,

250, 251, 257, 324, 355, 360, 361, 387, 389,392

Kodiak Island 147 Kola Peninsula 361 Korea 263 Koyna 314 Kungsor 58, 60

425

Kurile Islands 60, 122, 151, 158, 162, 165, 166, 182, 194

Kutshan 142 Kwanto 20, 141

Lake Ladoga 361 Lake Van 149 Lar 27, 137, 146, 291, 307 Laridjan 145 Lena 160 Liaoning 148,303 Lice 148 Lima 148 Lisbon 20, 139 Lituya Bay 146 Los Angeles 148 Louisiana 147 Lund 249 Luzon 147, 148 Lycksele 25 I

Malmberget 324, 325 Managua 137, 148, 153 Manila 147, 148 Maralinga 333 Mariana Islands 158 Marmara Sea 141, 144 Marshall Islands 328, 330 Maryland III Mashad 147 Matsushiro 194 Mazandaran 144 Mediterranean 22,27, 122, 137, 151, 160,

165, 263, 305, 306, 308 Melfi 142 Messina 141 Mexico 75, 145, 148, 162, 181,263 Michoacan 148 Middle East 27, 137, 151 Mikawa 143 Mindanao 145, 149, 158 Mindoro 306

426

Mino-Owari 20, 140 Mongolia 145, 158, 263 Montana 101,254 Mora 251 Morocco 27, 137, 146, 147, 153, 262, 291,

307 Moro Gulf 149 Moscow 119, 338 Murchison 142

Nankaido 143 Nan-Shan 142 Napier 142 Naples 20, 139 Nevada 141, 157, 181, 261, 292, 318, 319,

321, 330, 333, 343, 345, 348, 352, 354 Newbury 245 New Guinea 73, 263, 306 New Hebrides 158 New Mexico 333, 348 New York 184 New Zealand 72, 142, 157, 163, 182, 227,

263 Nicaragua 137, 148, 291 Niigata 147, 291 North America 160, 162, 230, 272, 324

see also America North Atlantic 92, 102, 194, 266, 306 see

also Atlantic North Sea 392 Norway 55, 102, 250, 254, 387 Novaya Zemlya 318, 319, 333, 336, 343,

344, 345, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355

Odowara 139 Orizaba 148 OrleansvilIe 144

Pacific 100, 142, 150, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 229, 263, 293, 305, 307, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 337, 352,367

Pakistan 142, 148,263 Pamir 160, 163, 227 Panama 257 Paris 393 Pasadena 35, 40, 53, 196, 284, 345, 367

Peking 142, 149 Peru 53, 139, 141, 143, 148, 158, 163, 181,

227,291 Philippine Islands 162, 163, 182 Pieve di Cad ore 313 Pleasant Valley 141 Polas 148 Portugal 139, 147, 263 Potsdam 24, 262 Prague 119 Pretoria 328

Qazvin 146 Quetta 142

Rangely 316 Red Sea 160,367 Reggio 141 Rhodesia 314 Riku-Ugo 140 Rockville III Rocky Mountains 160,333 Rumania 149, 150 Russia 26, 102, 162, 387 see also Soviet

Union and USSR Ryukyu 158, 162, 259

Sahara 330, 352, 392 Samin 140 Samoa 158, 182 San Andreas 125, 141, 143, 146, 169, 170,

179, 181, 186, 298, 304 Sandhamn 359 San Francisco 20, 125, 138, 141, 169, 179,

181, 294 Santiago (Chile) 141 Santorin 145 Scandinavia 58, 139, 230, 263, 334, 361 Scotland 55, 251, 254 Semipalatinsk 330, 331, 339, 345, 352,

354,355 Seward 147 Shansi 139, 141 Shillong 140 Shirwan 142 Siberia 160, 162, 292, 331 Sicily 139, 147

Sinkiang 90, 158,352 Skalstugan 50, 57, 58, 72, 251, 257, 361,

387 Skopje 122, 137, 138, 147, 153, 160, 291,

344, 390 South Africa 45, 323 see also Africa South America 27, 53, 143, 162, 179, 186,

227,263,272,328,393 see also America Soviet Union 149, 263, 264, 306, 338, 361

see also Russia and USSR Spain 147, 160, 263, 305, 306 Spitsbergen 160 St. Louis 41, 42 Stockholm 6, 60, 249, 392 Strasbourg 245 Stripa 252 Stromsund 251 Sulu 149 Sumatra 306 Sveg 251 Sweden 6,38,40,41,55,56,59,60,75,78,

79, 123, 128, 245, 249, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 299, 324, 325, 348, 357, 373, 381, .392

Switzerland 22 Sydney 368 Syria 139 Szechwan 148, 149

Tadzhik 306 Taiwan see Formosa Talifu 141 Tamanrasset 328 Tango 142 Tangshan 149 Tashkent 153, 194,301 Tehran 145 Texas 147, 255 Tibet 144, 158,229, 263 Tien-Shan 141, 158, 227, 292 Tientsin 149 Tokachi 144 Tokyo 20, 138, 139, 141,294 Tolmezzo 313 Tonankai 143 Toronto 328 Tottori 143

Transvaal 227 Trujillo 148 Tsinning 141 Turkestan 140, 143

421

Turkey 83, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 160, 162,262, 263, 291, 304

Turkmenia 227 Tyrrhenian Sea 165

Uddeholm 57, 58, 79, 251, 333, 373 U ggelheden 251 Uinta Basin 255 UmeA 49, 50, 57, 58, 101, 246, 257, 333,

361,387 United Kingdom 245, 263 Uppsala 6, 34, 38, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58,

59, 60, 73, 83, 84, 86, 90, 100, 119, 121, 154, 195, 201, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 257, 259, 277, 278, 318, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339, 344, 345, 350, 355, 360, 373, 381, 387, 388, 389, 390, 395

Ural 227, 352, 357, 358 USA 26,27, 31, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 54, 55,

99, 101, 122, 123, 169, 220, 221, 245, 252, 253, 254, 263, 265, 272, 286, 291, 293, 297, 304, 313, 329, 333, 334, 337, 348, 351, 352, 356, 357, 371

USSR 41, 122, 221, 263, 292, 293, 297, 329, 337, 338, 352, 353, 356, 357 see also Russia and Soviet Union

Uzbekistan 149, 357,358

Vajont 313 Valparaiso 141, 147, 148 Viirmland 372 Varto 147, 291 Viistergotland 79 Venezuela 139 Vera Cruz 148 Vienna 358 Volga 227

Washington D. C. 329 West Indies 263 White Creek 142 White Wolf 144 Wichita Mountains 255

428

Yakutat Bay 140, 146, 147, 179, 181 Yokohama 20, 138, 141 Yugoslavia 137, 147, 160, 291 Yukon 145 Yungay 148

Yunnan 141, 149

Zagros 148 Zambia 314,392 Zurich 118, 119, 355

Literature Review - link.springer.com978-3-0348-5283-8/1.pdf · 395 Literature Review The intention...

Documents

Transcript of Literature Review - link.springer.com978-3-0348-5283-8/1.pdf · 395 Literature Review The intention...