Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make · • AAP Redbook: 2 months of RIP,...

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7/22/2019 1 Clinical Pediatric TB Intensive July 18, 2019 Houston, Texas TB Meningitis Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD July 18, 2019 • No conflict of interests • No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make: 1 2

Transcript of Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make · • AAP Redbook: 2 months of RIP,...

Page 1: Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make · • AAP Redbook: 2 months of RIP, aminoglycoside or ethionamide – Rifampin 20‐30 mg/kg • In South Africa, children

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Clinical Pediatric TB IntensiveJuly 18, 2019Houston, Texas

TB MeningitisLisa Armitige, MD, PhD

July 18, 2019

• No conflict of interests

• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

LisaArmitige,MD,PhDhas the following disclosures to make:

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Page 2: Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make · • AAP Redbook: 2 months of RIP, aminoglycoside or ethionamide – Rifampin 20‐30 mg/kg • In South Africa, children

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EXCELLENCE EXPERTISE INNOVATION

Lisa Armitige, MD, PhDMedical Consultant

Heartland National TB Center

Associate Professor Internal Medicine/Pediatrics/Adult ID

University of Texas HSC at Tyler

TB Meningitis

I have no conflicts of interest or relevant financial relationships to disclose

Disclosures

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• TBM Rates are most affected by age and HIV prevalence

• 7 year population study in Germany showed 0.9% of TB patients had TBM and children < 5y/o had an OR 4.90

• Brazilian study with 57, 217 cases of extrapulmonary TB showed 6% of cases were TBM

• Extrapolation of current global data suggests there may be up to 100K cases of TBM per year

• Neonatal BCG is thought to be 64‐73% effective in preventing TBM(averting 30,000 cases/year)

Epidemiology

NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROLOGY VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2017 | 581‐598 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

Percentage of TB Cases in Children with Any Extrapulmonary Involvement 

by Age Group (Age <5), Summed and Averaged Over 2013–2017

7.5

11.2

1.5

0.7

76.1

Age <1, n=267

17.3

6.4

0.5

1.6

2.6

71.6

Age 1–4, n=987

Lymphatic

Bone and Joint

Meningeal Miliary

Other Pulmonary Only

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Percentage of TB Cases in Children with Any Extrapulmonary Involvement 

by Age Group (Ages 5–14), Summed and Averaged Over 2013–2017

27.5

2.9

0.52.3

61.2

Age 5–9, n=443

21.4

2.6

0.6

2.8

14.6

58

Age 10–14, n=500

Lymphatic

Bone and Joint

Meningeal Miliary

Other Pulmonary Only

• Rich and McCordock published an autopsy study of TBM patients– Observed granulomas rupturing into the subarachnoid space in nearly all the 

cases (Rich focus)

• Exudate at the base of the brain (basilar meningitis), histologically, includes erythrocytes, mononuclear cells, neutrophils and bacilli

• Vasculitis– middle cerebral arteries and Circle of Willis vessels most often affected 

– cerebral infarct found in 1/3 of patients

• TNF‐α levels show some correlation with disease severity

Pathogenesis

NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROLOGY VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2017 | 581‐598J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

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• Stage I– Notoriously nonspecific

– Cough, low grade fever, vomiting, general listlessness

– Most valuable findings are persistence of non‐specific symptoms and signs, weight loss, recent contact with an active case of TB  (70‐80%)

• Stage II– Meningeal irritation

– Other neurologic signs, loss of consciousness, signs or raised intracranial pressure, paralysis

• Stage III– Deep coma, progressive motor paralysis, cranial nerve palsies (especially 3rd, 6th), decerebration 

Clinical presentation

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

• In children, TBM tends to develop within 3 months of infection (with 75% presenting within 12 months of infection) and the pace of infections is often rapid (weeks to months) 

• Children have headache less frequently than adults

• In small children, TBM appears to be closely associated with disseminated disease

– Recommendation to do an LP on all children < 12 months of age with active TB disease is based on this association

• Clinical presentation at diagnosis is the strongest predictor of outcome

• Hyponatremia is common (SIADH or cerebral salt wasting)

Clinical Presentation

Clinical Microbiologic Reviews, Apr. 2008 p. 243‐61J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

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• AFB stain:– Sensitivity 10‐20%– Large volume (10 ml), centrifuged, 30 minute examination by an experienced 

microscopist can increase detection to >80%

• Culture– More sensitive, not timely enough to effect decision making

• Xpert– 3 studies, found to be about 60% sensitive (enhanced by large volume tap, 

centrifugation)

• 22% TST/IGRA  negative at diagnosis

Diagnosis

NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROLOGY VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2017 | 581‐598J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

• Typical CSF findings– Lymphocytes 100‐1000 cells/mm3  (first 10 days may have PMN predominance)– Elevated  protein, decreased glucose

• Laboratory findings (pediatric TBM‐review and meta‐analysis)– Leukocytosis:  99.9%– CSF lymphocytosis: 97.9%– Fever:  89.9%– Hydrocephalus:  86.1%– CSF AFB smear positivity:  8.9%– CSF AFB culture positivity:  35.1%

Diagnosis

Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14: 947–57J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

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• CT or MRI with contrast: – basal meningeal enhancement 

– Hydrocephalus (87% in children, 12% in adults) 

– infarction (28% of patients,  83% MCA distribution)

– Tuberculomas (contrast will highlight ring‐enhancement)

• Findings may worsen initially (immune mediated), has responded to corticosteroids and thalidomide

Radiographic Findings

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99

Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 112 (3rd series)Pediatric Neurology Part II, Chapter 117

Semin Pediatr Neurol 21:12‐18 

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MRI with/without contrast

MRI with/without contrast

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CT head Hospital day #2

Congenital TB MRI dol #30

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Treatment

• WHO:  2 months of RIPE, 10 months of INH/rifampin– Rifampin 20 mg/kg

• AAP Redbook: 2 months of RIP, aminoglycoside or ethionamide– Rifampin 20‐30 mg/kg

• In South Africa, children are mostly treated for 6 months with high‐dose INH, high‐dose rifampin, standard dose PZA and ethionamide (in place of EMB), all 4 drugs for the entire course of treatment

Treatment

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Pediatrics 1992;89;247

Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:650‐5.

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Drug Penetration of CSF

Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 12:3, 267‐288

Drug Penetration of CSF

Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 12:3, 267‐288

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The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal • Volume 33, Number 3, March 2014

Intensified Regimen for TBM(Adults)

N Engl J Med 2016;374:124‐34.

15 mg/kg rifampin20 mg/kg levofloxacin

10 mg/kg rifampin

Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 27–35

Rifampin 600 mg IV vs 450 mg PO

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The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal • Volume 35, Number 6, June 2016

AJRCCMVolume 191 Number 9 | May 1 2015

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• Steroids decrease mortality without affecting morbidity

• Aspirin showed clear benefit in adult patients with TBM but had no effect on morbidity or mortality in children

Adjunctive Therapies

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 289‐99Journal of Child Neurology 26(8) 956‐962

Outcomes

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• 20 month old female immigrated from Afghanistan 3 days prior to presenting to an acute care clinic 

• 1st visit to acute care clinic:

– Cc/o fever, fussy for 2 days, runny nose, congestion, cough

– Exam clear rhinorrhea, right TM dull

– Diagnosis: AOM, given amoxicillin

• 2nd visit 6 days later:

– Cc/o: follow up visit, subjective fevers for 2 days, n/v for 5 days (every time she eats something) vomited 3 times that day

– Exam with exudate in both ear canals

– Diagnosis: acute supperative OM (bilateral), rocephin IM, cefdinir, Zofran

A case to consider: Initial Presentation

• 3rd visit 3 days later:

– Cc/o still vomiting, 3 times that day despite Zofran, fever for 7 days, cough/congestion, no rhinorrhea

– Exam showed exudate in bilateral ear canals, fussy throughout exam (distress over medical personnel?)

– IM Zofran, sent to hospital for admission

• Hospital visit:

– Admission CMP with Na+ 130, CBC with WBC 20.20, hgl 9.9/hct 32.3, plt 515. 

– Respiratory viral panel negative, abdominal US normal

– Treated with ceftriaxone, fluids (for ‘dehydration’) and Zofran

– Discharge CMP with Na+ 139

Follow up visits

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• 4th clinic visit (refugee clinic) 2 days after hospital visit:

– Still vomiting (3 times since night before), fever off and on, still taking antibiotic

– Right ear still with discharged, left TM dull

– HIV, Hep B core/sAg nonreactive, sAb > 1000

– WBC 19.11, hgl 9.5/hct 31.6, plt 413

– Na+ 131

• Three days later, the child seized and was admitted to the PICU for evaluation

More Follow ups

• Despite shunt placement, the patient’s brain swelling worsened, testing revealed brain death

• Support was withdrawn on hospital day 5

Outcome

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• 19 studies, 1636 children

• Risk of death:   19.3%

• Probability of survival without neurologic sequelae:   36.7%

• Risk of neurologic sequelae:    53.9%

• Diagnosis at stage 3:   47% (associated with worse prognosis than early 

diagnosis)

Treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculous meningitis:a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14: 947–57

Outcomes

Death or Severe

DisabilityHIV ‐

Death or Severe

DisabilityHIV +

15% 25%

30% 50%

50% 80%

NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROLOGY VOLUME 13 | OCTOBER 2017 | 581‐598 

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MRI dol #61

MRI dol #61

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• TBM is unique in children in that the brain is in the process of developing

• Early diagnosis is critical to prevent morbidity but, unfortunately, most diagnoses are made late (this needs to change)

• More studies are needed in children to maximize outcomes, from diagnosis to treatment 

• Rifampin dosing….so important, so little data

• PK/PD data needs to be pursued (with all aggression)

Some Take Home Points

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Thank you for your attention

[email protected]

1‐800‐TEX‐LUNG

www.HeartlandNTBC.org

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