Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
Transcript of Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 1/26
Chapter 12 - Liquids - General
• Determining the viscosity of crude
• Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly
• Liquid gravity and density conversion chart
• Nomograph for calculating viscosities of liquid hydrocarbons at high pressure• Calculate viscosity of a blend
• Calculate gravity of a blend
• Convert viscosity units
• Convert specific gravity to API gravity
• Calculate bulk modulus
• Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids
• Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries
• Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
• Nomograph for calculating velocity of compressible fluids in pipes
• Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in pipes
• Derivation of base ultrasonic flo equations• !o fast does oil move in a pipe line"
• #stimate the volume of a pipe line per linear foot using the inside diameter
• $hat is the linefill of a given pipe in barrels per mile"
• #stimate leakage amount through small holes in a pipe line
• %able gives velocity heads for various pipe diameters and different rates of discharge
Determining the Viscosity of Crude
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 2/26
If the viscosity of a gas&saturated crude oil at the saturation 'bubble&point( pressure is knon) using
this nomograph you can quickly estimate the viscosities at higher pressures*
Example. +ind the viscosity at ,)-.. psia for a crude oil hen its viscosity is /. cp at the saturation
pressure of 0)-.. psia* notice that ,-.. psia is /)... psi above the saturation pressure* Connecting/)... on the pressure difference scale 'left( ith /. on the curved scale for viscosity at the bubble&
point pressure) the intersection ith the scale on the right at ,1 cp is the desired value*
Chart Gives API Gravity of Blends Quickly
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 3/26
API gravity of a crude oil blend may be readily estimated from the gravity of the components and
their percentage composition* It is a simple procedure to use these curves to find the resulting APIgravity of the blend*
Example. If you blend a 0,2 API pitch '3.4( ith a /32 API cutting stock ',.4() the resulting fuel
oil has an API gravity of --2 as read from the nomograph* Calculated result from gravity tables
ould be --*02
API* 5esults found using this nomograph checked out ithin 02 API over the range of gravities and percentage of components '0( and '-( in the nomograph belo* #stimates from the nomograph are
used on the assumption that volumes of blends are additive and that no light components flash off in
blending*
Liquid Gravity and Density Conversion Chart
%his line chart provides an easy method for converting units of liquid gravity and density* Dra a
hori6ontal line perpendicular to the scale line through a knon value and read the equivalent value on
any other scale*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 4/26
omogra!h for Calculating Viscosities of Liquid "ydrocar#ons at "ighPressure
Lockhart and Lenior developed a graphical correlation shoing the effect of pressure on viscosity of
liquid hydrocarbons* %his correlation is shon in +igure 0 hich is based primarily on data of !erseyand !opkins)- including pure hydrocarbons) lubricating oils) bright stocks) and distillates* Data from
5eference 0 have also been included*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 5/26
%o use the nomograph) the characteri6ation factor of $atson) 7 ) and the viscosity of the liquid at
atmospheric pressure are required*
%he accuracy of the correlation decreases as pressures increases*
Example. $hat is the viscosity of an oil at 8),.. psia) if its characteri6ation factor is 00*1 and its
viscosity at atmospheric conditions is 9. centipoises"
#nter 8),.. psia in the pressure scale to the viscosity line of 9. and proceed hori6ontally to middle
reference scale* +ollo the curve lines to intersect the vertical line dran at 7 : 00*1 and read theratio of viscosity on the e;treme left scale at -*3* %he viscosity of the oil is '-*3('9.( : -/,
centiposes*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 6/26
Figure 1. Isothermal effect of pressure on viscosities of liquid hydrocarbons at lo reduced
temperatures* '5eproduced by permission Petroleum Refiner ) Vol* ,.) No* / page -.9) copyright0930) <ulf Publishing Co*) !ouston(
Source
Lockhart) +* =* and Lenoir) =* >*) Petroleum Refiner ) ,.) No* /) -.9 '0930(
References
0* <reist) and others) =* Chem. Physics) -9) ?00 '0981(*
-* !ersey) >*D*) and !opkins) 5* +*) Viscosity of Lubricants Under Pressure) A@>#) 098,*
Calculate Viscosity of a Blend
Viscosity is not an additive function of percentage composition* %he viscosity of a blend of productscan be calculated ith the folloing equation
hereVb : viscosity of blend
< : volume 'gals) gpm) bBd) etc*(
V : viscosity in @@
Example.
<0 : 0.)... bbls
<- : -.)... bbls
</ : 8)... bblsV0 : ,8 @@
V- : 8. @@V/ : /? @@
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 7/26
Vb : ,3*, @@
Calculate Gravity of a Blend
%he gravity of a blend of liquids may be calculated directly by a ratio of the gravity of each
component in the blend*
#;ample* Assume a blend consisting of the folloing
Convert Viscosity $nits
Convert @@ to centistokes 'c@(
vsus : .*-- vsus '&0/8 B vsus( here vsus 0..E
vsus : .*--3 vsus '&098 B vsus( here vsus less than or equal to 0..E
Convert centistokes 'c@( to centipoise 'cP(
cP : vcs ; density) gmBcm/
@@ : cs ; ,*33?/) if cs 8..) @@ : cs ; ,*3/,?
Convert %!ecific Gravity to API Gravity
API : 0,0*8 B s3. & 0/0*8 here s : specific gravity F 3.2+
s3. : ,0,*8 B 'API3. G 0/0*8(
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 8/26
Calculate Bulk &odulus
%he bulk modulus) 7) of a liquid is the reciprocal of its compressibility* %he bulk modulus for ateris 7 : /..)... psi* %he compressibility factors for most liquids can be found in Chapters 00*-*0 and
00*-*- of the API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards* %he folloing relation) knon asthe A5CH formula) can be used to calculate the bulk modulus for crude oil
7 : 0*-13'0.3( G 0/*88p & ,*0--'0.,(%0B- & ,*8/'0./(API & 0.*89API- G /*--1% APIE
here7 : adiabatic bulk moduls) psi
p : average pressure in the line) psig
API : API gravity% : absolute temperature) 25
E5eprinted ith permission +luid +lo Consultants) %ulsa) H7*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 9/26
Viscosities of "ydrocar#on Liquids
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 10/26
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 11/26
omogra!h for Calculating Viscosity of %lurries
%he nomogram is based on the !atschek equation for estimating the viscosity of slurries in an
aqueous suspension*
: B '0 & ;.*///(
here
: viscosity of slurry) centipoises
: viscosity of ater at the temperature of the slurry) centipoises; : volume fraction of dry solids in the slurry
%he nomograph '+igure 0( shos a scale calibrated in terms of the temperature of the ater instead of
its viscosity* %hus) the actual ater viscosity value is not needed*
#;ample* $hat is the viscosity of a slurry having a volume fraction of solids of .*.3 at a temperatureof /9oC"
Connect % : /92C ith ; : .*.3 and read m : 0*0 centipoises on the middle scale*
Source
Davis) D* @*) Brit. Chem. En.) ,) 9) ,?1 '0989(*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 12/26
Figure 1. Viscosity of slurries '5eproduced by permission) British Chemical Enineerin ) Vol* ,)
page ,?1) copyright 0989*(
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 13/26
omogra!h for Calculating Velocity of Liquids in Pi!es
%he mean velocity of any liquid floing in a pipe of circular cross section can be calculated from the
folloing formula
v : 01/*/q B d- : .*,.1J B d-: .*.8.9$ B d- !
here
v : average fluid velocity) ftBsec
d : inside diameter of pipe) in*q : rate of flo) cubic ftBsec
J : rate of flo) galBmin
$ : rate of flo) lbBhr
! : fluid density) lbBcubic ft
%he Nomograph for Calculating Velocity of Liquids in Pipes can be used to calculate the liquidvelocity hen the rate of flo is in cubic ft) gallons or thousands of lb* Conversely) knon the flo
rate and velocity) the pipe diameter may be calculated*
Example. $hat is the velocity of fuel oil at 3.o+ floing through a -&in* schedule ,. pipe at a rate of,8)... lbBhr* %he oil density is 83*.- lbBga*
Connect ith !ar" or Read
$ : ,8 ! : 83*.- J : 0.. cubic ftBsec
J : 0.. d : -&in* schedule ,. v : 0. ftBsec
Source
"lo# of "luids $hrouh Val%es& "ittins& and Pi!e) %echnical Paper No* ,0.) /&?) Crane Company)
Chicago) Illinois '098?(*
omogra!h for Calculating Velocity of Com!ressi#le 'luids in Pi!e
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 14/26
%he mean velocity of a compressible fluid in a pipe can be computed by the folloing formula)
hich is obtained after dividing the rate of flo in appropriate units by the cross§ional area of the pipe
Example. @team at 3.. psig and 18.2+ is to flo through a schedule 1. pipe at a rate of /.)... lbBhr*+ind the pipe if the velocity is to be limited to 1)... ftBmin*
If a ,&in* schedule 1. pipe is used) the actual velocity is found by connecting the Inde; ith ,&in*
schedule 1. to get V : ?)3.. ftBmin*
Note If a different fluid is involved) the value of the density 'or specific volume( needed to make the
calculation can be obtained from @ection 9 of this book) under KDensity and specific volume of gasesand vapors*K
Source
"lo# of "luids $hrouh Val%es& "ittins& and Pi!es) %echnical Paper No* ,0.) /&03) Crane Company)
Chicago) Illinois '098?(*
omogra!h for calculating velocity of liquids in !i!es
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 15/26
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 16/26
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 17/26
Derivation of Basic $ltrasonic 'lo( )quations
%he actual measurements performed by ultrasonic flometers are of flo velocity) ith all other
variable effects due to temperature) pressure) density) viscosity) etc*) being canceled via a differentialsensing technique*
>ultiplication by the cross§ional pipe area readily enables the output to be conditioned to read involumetric flo rate scaled to engineering units* 5efinement of the technique enables density andother physical properties to be measured as ell) so that mass flo rates and other parameters
pertaining to various process variables can be determined
%o cancel the effects of variations in the velocity of sound c in the medium itself) the circuitry isarranged to compute the reciprocal of each flight time and to subtract one from the other* %his
difference of the flight time reciprocals leads to the relationship
@olving for v
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 18/26
%he circuitry hich performs the reciprocal time computation procedures an output frequency since
@ubstituting in #quation 3 e have the basic velocity equation
or
is the flo velocity scaling factor) and is usually e;pressed in ft per second or ft per minute* Note thatit is a function of the square of the distance beteen the transducers* %his is an important
consideration hen providing for re&6eroing of the meter calibration each time the transducers are
removed and re&inserted*
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 19/26
+or volumetric flo) the velocity must be multiplied by the cross§ional area of the pipe) and the
folloing considerations are involved
Volumetric flo
%herefore) volumetric flo
%he relationship
is the volumetric flo scaling factor) and is usually e;pressed in cubic ft per minute*
+urther information on the physical properties of the floing medium is also acquired in the process
of the basic measurement* @pecifically) the velocity of sound in the medium itself can be measuredindependent of the velocity of its motion*
#quation / computed the difference of the reciprocals of the upstream and donstream flight times*
In the instrument this is performed in the delta computer channel* @upposing an addition of the
reciprocals of the respective separate computing channel) called the sigma channel* %he folloingrelationships ensue
be the sound velocity scaling factor
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 20/26
%he speed of sound c in a medium is a function of its bulk modulus and its density) and is e;pressed by the folloing equation
here
: bulk modulus of elasticity
! : density
+rom this) the equation for density may be derived thus
@ubstituting the value of c from #quation -. into -/ gives
+or a given gas) is essentially constant*
is a fair representation*
An interesting relationship may be derived at this point) namely) an equation for mass flo* @ince
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 21/26
or) letting k 0k , : k 8
+urther) the density of a gas is related by the equation
here
P : pressure
% : temperature '27(
%herefore) if the pressure is knon) the temperature may be e;tracted from the sigma channel thusly
Let us go back to #quation -,* If the chemical properties of the gas or the ratio of the mi;ture
beteen to or more gases changes) then is not a constant* If separate transducers are used tomeasure density) say via the pressureBtemperature relationship) then the variation of can also be
measured*
%he above relationship holds for liquids or gases*
In the case of a gas) e may further say
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 22/26
"o( 'ast Does *il &ove in a Pi!e Line+
Divide the throughput) in barrels per day) by the square of the nominal diameter) in in*M divide this
result by 0..M and subtract 0 from the anser* %he anser is the speed of the oil column in miles perhour*
Example. A 0-&in* line has a throughput of ?.)... bpd ?.)... B 0,, : ,13
,13 B 0.. : ,*13
,*13 & 0*.. : /*13
%he oil moves about , miles per hour*
%his rule is rough) but seldom is an e;act anser needed for this problem* <reater accuracy can behad by using the true inside diameter of the line in the folloing formula
V : .*..10 ; 'J B d-(
here
V : speed) mphJ : throughput) bpd
d : inside diameter of pipe) in*
%ake the above e;ample If the all thickness of the pipe is /B1 in*
V : '.*..10( ; '?.)... B 0,,(
V : /*9,
or about , miles per hour*
Example. A -.&in* pipe line has a throughput of -..)... barrels per day* !o fast does the oil move
inside the pipe line"
y the first method
-..)... B ,.. : 8..
'8.. B 0..( & 0 : , miles per hour
y the second method
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 23/26
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 24/26
Example. @i;&in* schedule ,. pipeM inside diameter is 3*.38 in*
3*.38 ; 3*.83 ; 8*0/ : 011*? barrels per mile
If the correct inside diameter is used) the rule gives the correct linefill in standard ,-&gallon barrels
per mile of pipe*
)stimate Leakage Amount -hrough %mall "oles in a Pi!e Line
%he amount of fluid lost through a small hole in a pipeline can be estimated using the folloingequation
hereJ : flo in cu ftBsecond
A : cross sectional area) sq ft
g : gravitational constant) ftBsecBsec
h : head) feet
Example# Assume the folloing conditions
!ole diameter : .*0-8 inches
Pressure : /. psig
@p* gr* of fluid : .*18
A : .*....18- sq fth : 10*8 feet
g : /-*-
J : .*../?38 cu ftBsec
-a#le Gives Velocity "eads for Various Pi!e Diameters and Different.ates of Discharge
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 25/26
8/13/2019 Liquids-general (Chapter 12)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/liquids-general-chapter-12 26/26