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31
Table 1 Mean-Level Change of INT and EXT across Four Years Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Gender Time Gender X Time Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Internalizing Symptoms Major Depression Boys 6.31 a 3.79 6.26 b 3.94 5.78 c 4.16 5.52 d 4.03 F(1)=1.56, p=.21; d=.17 F(3)=2.05, p=.11; d=.19 F(3)=3.92* *, p=.01; d=.27 Girls 7.00 5.27 5.96 4.61 6.18 5.00 6.90 5.10 Combin ed 6.61 4.50 6.12 4.25 5.95 4.54 6.13 4.57 Social Phobia Boys 7.71 e 3.95 7.92 f 4.10 7.32 g 3.98 7.35 h 4.16 F(1)=13.84* **, F(3)=.74, F(3)=2.49, Girls 9.25 5.24 8.80 4.47 9.18 4.79 9.57 4.72 p <.001; p=.53; p=.06;

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Table 1

Mean-Level Change of INT and EXT across Four Years

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Gender TimeGender X

Time

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

Internalizing Symptoms

Major Depression

Boys 6.31a 3.79 6.26b 3.94 5.78c 4.16 5.52d 4.03

F(1)=1.56,

p=.21; d=.17

F(3)=2.05,

p=.11; d=.19

F(3)=3.92**,

p=.01; d=.27

Girls 7.00 5.27 5.96 4.61 6.18 5.00 6.90 5.10

Combine

d6.61 4.50 6.12 4.25 5.95 4.54 6.13 4.57

Social Phobia

Boys 7.71e 3.95 7.92f 4.10 7.32g 3.98 7.35h 4.16 F(1)=13.84***, F(3)=.74, F(3)=2.49,

Girls 9.25 5.24 8.80 4.47 9.18 4.79 9.57 4.72 p <.001; d=.51 p=.53; d=.11 p=.06; d=.22

Combine

d 8.38 4.628.31 4.28 8.14 4.44 8.33 4.54

Panic Disorder

Boys 3.50i 3.43 3.04j 3.22 2.21k 2.80 1.91l 2.36 F(1)=1.09, F(3)=8.12***, F(3)=4.01**,

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Girls 3.81 4.27 2.71 3.09 3.05 3.40 2.72 3.33 p=.30; d=.14 p <.001; d=.39 p=.01; d=.27

Combine

d 3.64 3.822.89 3.16 2.58 3.10 2.26 2.85

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Boys 3.25m 2.97 2.92n 2.95 2.06o 2.31 1.71p 1.81 F(1)=.70, F(3)=20.05***, F(3)=1.48,

Girls 3.60 3.56 2.72 2.73 2.46 2.35 2.21 2.46 p=.40; d=.11 p <.001; d=.61 p=.22; d=.17

Combine

d 3.41 3.242.83 2.85 2.23 2.33 1.93 2.13

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Boys 5.19q 2.84 4.82r 2.78 4.17s 2.47 3.97t 2.64 F(1)=6.80*, F(3)=6.54***, F(3)=3.49*,

Girls 5.86 3.55 5.12 3.44 5.27 3.65 5.34 3.37 p=.01; d=.36 p <.001; d=.35 p=.02; d=.26

Combine

d 5.49 3.184.96 3.10 4.66 3.09 4.57 3.05

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Boys 4.43u 3.14 3.65v 3.02 2.97w 2.86 2.74x 2.75 F(1)=.01, F(3)=21.29***, F(3)=1.81,

Girls 4.43 3.69 3.12 2.85 3.21 3.11 2.93 2.94 p=.94; d=.00 p <.001; d=.63 p=.14; d=.18

Combine

d 4.43 3.383.41 2.95 3.08 2.97 2.83 2.83

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Externalizing Symptoms1

Conduct Disorder

Boys .08y .32 .15z .42 .12aa .34 .09bb .26

F(1)=1.97,

p=.16; d=.19

F(3)=1.41,

p=.24; d=.17

F(3)=1.44,

p=.23; d=.17

Girls .06 .20 .76 .24 .03 .18 .08 .25

Combine

d.07 .27 .12 .35 .08 .28 .09 .25

Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

Boys .34cc .56 .36dd .57 .34ee .62 .36ff .55

F(1)=.00,

p=.99; d=.00

F(3)=2.29,

p=.08; d=.21

F(3)=.18,

p=.91; d=.06

Girls .25 .48 .33 .50 .55 .51 .38 .53

Combine

d.30 .53 .35 .54 .34 .57 .37 .54

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Boys .88gg .92 .98hh .95 .85ii .91 .89jj .91 F(1)=2.67, F(3)=.88, F(3)=1.84,

Girls .81 .82 .76 .84 .65 .72 .65 .84 p=.10; d=.22 p=.45; d=.13 p=.14; d=.19

Combine

d.85 .88 .88 .91 .76 .84 .79 .89

aF(1)=1.62, p=.21; d=.16 bF(1)=.29, p=.59; d=.06 cF(1)=.48, p=.49; d=.09

dF(1)=5.30*, p=.02; d=.31

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eF(1)=7.73*, p=.01; d=.34 fF(1)=2.58, p=.11; d=.21 gF(1)=11.06**, p=.00; d=.43

hF(1)=14.52***, p <.001; d=.50

iF(1)=.45, p=.50; d=.09 jF(1)=.67, p=.41; d=.11 kF(1)=4.47*, p=.04; d=.27

lF(1)=4.68*, p=.03; d=.29

mF(1)=.77, p=.38; d=.11 nF(1)=.32, p=.57; d=.06 oF(1)=1.77, p=.19; d=.17

pF(1)=.3.23, p=.07; d=.24

qF(1)=2.96, p=.09; d=.21 rF(1)=.57, p=.45; d=.09 sF(1)=7.92*, p=.01; d=.36

tF(1)=12.06**, p=.00; d=.46

uF(1)=.00, p=.99; d=.00 vF(1)=1.96, p=.16; d=.18 wF(1)=.42, p=.52; d=.09

xF(1)=.26, p=.61; d=.06

yF(1)=.46, p=.50; d=.09 zF(1)=3.09, p=.08; d=.23 aaF(1)=6.28*, p=.01; d=.32

bbF(1)=.22, p=.64; d=.06

ccF(1)=1.88, p=.17; d=.17 ddF(1)=.17, p=.68; d=.06 eeF(1)=.05, p=.82; d=.00

ffF(1)=.08, p=.78; d=.00

ggF(1)=.48, p=.49; d=.09 hhF(1)=3.64, p=.06; d=.25 iiF(1)=3.63, p=.06; d=.25

jjF(1)=4.38*, p=.04; d=.28

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Note: 1All analyses performed on Log-transformed externalizing scores. Subscripted letters indicate a test for gender differences and significance

levels for these differences at each year. ** *p < .001; **p < .01; * p < .05

Table 2

Percentage of Participants Who Exhibited Significant Individual-Level Change in INT and EXT in Each Year

%(N) Individual-Level

Change

Gender Differences

N Decrease Stable Increase 2(2) Value p 2 (1)Value p

Internalizing Symptoms

Major Depression

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Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 134 10%(15) 67%(105) 9%(14) 78.28*** <.001

Girls 110 19%(23) 65%(79) 7%(8) 165.36*** <.001

Combined 244 14%(38) 66%(184) 8%(22) 218.12*** <.001 4.68 .10

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 137 9%(14) 71%(110) 8%(13) 62.55*** <.001

Girls 108 16%(19) 64%(77) 10%(12) 136.83*** <.001

Combined 245 12%(33) 68%(187) 9%(25) 185.14*** <.001 3.23 .20

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 129 14%(22) 60%(94) 8%(13) 145.58*** <.001

Girls 102 12%(15) 59%(71) 13%(16) 138.65*** <.001

Combined 231 13%(37) 60%(165) 11%(29) 275.74*** <.001 1.71 .43

Social Phobia

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 6%(10) 72%(113) 6%(10) 28.21*** <.001

Girls 109 13%(16) 68%(82) 9%(11) 94.28*** <.001

Combined 242 9%(26) 70%(195) 8%(21) 108.03*** <.001 4.02 .13

Change from year 1 to year 3

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Boys 135 12%(18) 65%(101) 10%(16) 116.39*** <.001

Girls 107 17%(21) 60%(72) 12%(14) 182.13*** <.001

Combined 242 14%(39) 63%(173) 11%(30) 288.35*** <.001 2.01 .37

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 12%(18) 58%(91) 12%(19) 154.16*** <.001

Girls 101 13%(16) 54%(65) 17%(20) 202.84*** <.001

Combined 229 12%(34) 56%(156) 14%(39) 350.46*** <.001 1.31 .52

Panic Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 8%(12) 71%(111) 6%(10) 37.90*** <.001

Girls 109 13%(16) 72%(87) 5%(6) 71.25*** <.001

Combined 242 10%(28) 72%(198) 6%(16) 100.43*** <.001 2.12 .35

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 136 13%(20) 71%(111) 3%(5) 84.36*** <.001

Girls 107 12%(14) 70%(85) 7%(8) 61.27*** <.001

Combined 243 12%(34) 71%(196) 5%(13) 141.52*** <.001 1.76 .41

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 17%(27) 61%(95) 4%(6) 185.28*** <.001

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Girls 101 12%(14) 65%(78) 7%(9) 72.11*** <.001

Combined 229 15%(41) 63%(173) 5%(15) 241.50*** <.001 3.25 .20

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 14%(21) 65%(101) 7%(11) 116.76*** <.001

Girls 109 14%(17) 72%(87) 4%(5) 79.32*** <.001

Combined 242 14%(38) 68%(188) 6%(16) 192.73*** <.001 1.35 .51

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 136 22%(34) 61%(95) 5%(7) 288.27*** <.001

Girls 107 17%(20) 65%(79) 7%(8) 127.86*** <.001

Combined 243 20%(54) 63%(174) 5%(15) 405.19*** <.001 1.73 .42

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 24%(38) 53%(83) 5%(7) 395.22*** <.001

Girls 101 17%(21) 63%(76) 3%(4) 140.19*** <.001

Combined 229 21%(59) 57%(159) 4%(11) 516.38*** <.001 2.88 .24

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 14%(22) 62%(96) 10%(15) 153.17*** <.001

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Girls 109 20%(24) 63%(76) 7%(9) 187.88*** <.001

Combined 242 17%(46) 62%(172) 9%(24) 331.64*** <.001 1.55 .46

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 136 14%(22) 70%(109) 3%(5) 105.66*** <.001

Girls 107 20%(24) 55%(66) 14%(17) 259.22*** <.001

Combined 243 17%(46) 63%(175) 8%(22) 317.65*** <.001 13.94** .00

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 26%(40) 51%(80) 5%(8) 444.63*** <.001

Girls 101 22%(26) 49%(59) 13%(16) 304.39*** <.001

Combined 229 24%(66) 50%(139) 9%(24) 721.30*** <.001 5.71 .06

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 132 17%(27) 61%(95) 6%(10) 191.18*** <.001

Girls 109 22%(26) 64%(77) 5%(6) 209.54*** <.001

Combined 241 19%(53) 62%(172) 6%(16) 396.93*** <.001 .71 .70

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 135 22%(34) 60%(93) 5%(8) 293.92*** <.001

Girls 107 26%(32) 53%(64) 9%(11) 361.33*** <.001

Combined 242 24%(66) 57%(157) 7%(19) 644.89*** <.001 2.69 .26

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Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 135 22%(34) 60%(93) 5%(8) 293.92*** <.001

Girls 101 27%(33) 47%(57) 9%(11) 412.07*** <.001

Combined 228 26%(72) 48%(133) 8%(23) 855.95*** <.001 .30 .86

Externalizing Symptoms1

Conduct Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 3%(5) 70%(109) 12%(19) 77.12*** <.001

Girls 109 3%(4) 78%(94) 9%(11) 26.61*** <.001

Combined 242 3%(9) 73%(203) 11%(30) 99.40*** <.001 .98 .61

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 137 3%(5) 76%(118) 9%(14) 34.51*** <.001

Girls 108 6%(7) 81%(98) 3%(3) 7.09* .03

Combined 245 4%(12) 78%(216) 6%(17) 26.15*** <.001 5.95 .05

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 3%(5) 72%(112) 7%(11) 20.78*** <.001

Girls 102 3%(4) 74%(89) 7%(9) 17.78*** <.001

Combined 230 3%(9) 73%(201) 7%(20) 38.55*** <.001 .00 .99

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Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 10%(16) 65%(102) 10%(15) 94.00*** <.001

Girls 109 7%(9) 70%(85) 12%(15) 73.07*** <.001

Combined 242 9%(25) 68%(187) 11%(30) 162.17*** <.001 1.14 .57

Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 137 15%(24) 59%(92) 14%(21) 224.97*** <.001

Girls 107 9%(11) 69%(83) 11%(13) 69.18*** <.001

Combined 244 13%(35) 63%(175) 12%(34) 278.45*** <.001 3.54 .17

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 11%(17) 61%(95) 10%(16) 116.53*** <.001

Girls 101 9%(11) 59%(71) 16%(19) 142.43*** <.001

Combined 229 10%(28) 60%(166) 13%(35) 248.58*** <.001 1.86 .40

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Change from year 1 to year 2

Boys 133 4%(6) 75%(117) 6%(10) 16.24*** <.001

Girls 110 9%(11) 76%(92) 6%(7) 32.81*** <.001

Combined 243 6%(17) 76%(209) 6%(17) 41.36*** <.001 2.84 .24

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Change from year 1 to year 3

Boys 137 10%(15) 71%(110) 8%(12) 63.71*** <.001

Girls 108 15%(18) 69%(83) 6%(7) 97.30*** <.001

Combined 245 12%(33) 70%(193) 7%(19) 151.77*** <.001 1.96 .38

Change from year 1 to year 4

Boys 128 6%(10) 65%(102) 10%(16) 68.81*** <.001

Girls 101 15%(18) 61%(74) 7%(9) 116.47*** <.001

Combined 229 10%(28) 64%(176) 9%(25) 159.50*** <.001 5.60 .06

Notes. 1All analyses performed on Log-transformed externalizing scores. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05

Abbreviations: RCI, reliable change index. Increase, has passed RCI in the positive direction; stable, has passed neither criterion; decrease, has

passed RCI in the negative direction.

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Table 3

Correlations between INT and EXT by Gender over Time

Internalizing Symptoms

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Major Depression Year 1 ---- .57*** .45*** .45***

2. Major Depression Year 2 .62*** ---- .73*** .62***

3. Major Depression Year 3 .62*** .60*** ---- .75***

4. Major Depression Year 4 .38*** .48*** .59*** ----

5. 6. 7. 8.

5. Social Phobia Year 1 ---- .57*** .40*** .36**

6. Social Phobia Year 2 .63*** ---- .55*** .52***

7. Social Phobia Year 3 .55*** .58*** ---- .54***

8. Social Phobia Year 4 .33*** .47*** .62*** ----

9. 10. 11. 12.

9. Panic Disorder Year 1 ---- .55*** .39*** .34***

10. Panic Disorder Year 2 .58*** ---- .52*** .28***

11. Panic Disorder Year 3 .57*** .56*** ---- .35***

12. Panic Disorder Year 4 .29** .25*** .24** ----

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13. 14. 15. 16.

13. Separation Anxiety Disorder Year 1 ---- .57*** .36*** .33**

14. Separation Anxiety Disorder Year 2 .48*** ---- .56*** .27**

15. Separation Anxiety Disorder Year 3 .43*** .63*** ---- .36***

16. Separation Anxiety Disorder Year 4 .16 .31** .51*** ----

17. 18. 19. 20.

17. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Year 1 ---- .49*** .41*** .23*

18. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Year 2 .48*** ---- .64*** .54***

19. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Year 3 .48*** .52*** ---- .63***

20. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Year 4 .29** .31*** .50*** ----

21. 22. 23. 24.

21. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Year 1 ---- .39*** .24* .18

22. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Year 2 .50*** ---- .52*** .49***

23. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Year 3 .53*** .53*** ---- .54***

24. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Year 4 .28** .33*** .51*** ----

Externalizing Symptoms1

25. 26. 27. 28.

25. Conduct Disorder Year 1 ---- .53*** .19 .57***

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26. Conduct Disorder Year 2 .52*** ---- .40*** .74***

27. Conduct Disorder Year 3 .47*** .41*** ---- .40***

28. Conduct Disorder Year 4 .58*** .52*** .56*** ----

29. 30. 31. 32.

29. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder Year 1 ---- .51*** .62*** .32**

30. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder Year 2 .64*** ---- .56*** .59***

31. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder Year 3 .46*** .60*** ---- .54***

32. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder Year 4 .54*** .68*** .57*** ----

33. 34. 35. 36.

33. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Year 1 ---- .71*** .59*** .57***

34. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Year 2 .80*** ---- .73*** .69***

35. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Year 3 .68*** .80*** ---- .78***

36. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Year 4 .72*** .79*** .80*** ----

Notes. 1All analyses performed on Log-transformed externalizing scores. Correlations among females are in the shaded area; among males, in the

non-shaded area. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05

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Table 4

Growth Factor Mean, Variance, and Covariance Estimates, along with Residual Scores1

 Level Change

Level*Change

CovarianceResidual Variances2 Model Fit

Gender

Differences

Mean Variance Mean Variance Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 CFI RMSEA2(1)

Valuep

Internalizing Symptoms

Social Phobia

Boys 7.78*** 12.55*** -.10 1.43*** -2.15** .19 .43 .37 .29

Girls 8.94*** 15.82*** .17 1.49** -2.30* .43 .36 .45 .31

Combined 8.37*** 14.11*** -.02 1.41*** -2.01** .34 .38 .40 .30 1.00 .00 .78 .38

Panic Disorder

Boys 3.51*** 7.76*** -.056*** .24 -1.44** .37 .47 .59 .80

Girls 3.38*** 9.47*** -.24 .43 -1.66* .48 .36 .59 .71

Combined 3.51*** 8.63*** -.43*** .36 -1.56*** .42 .42 .58 .71 1.00 .02 .48 .49

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Boys 3.25*** 5.77*** -.51*** .59** -1.43*** .40 .55 .49 .30

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Girls 3.32*** 6.61*** -.40*** .38 -1.36** .50 .39 .52 .69

Combined 3.31*** 5.94*** -.48*** .41** -1.22*** .47 .47 .48 .53 .93 .11 .24 .63

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Boys 5.19*** 4.49*** -.43*** .37* -.70* .44 .55 .45 .50

Girls 5.57*** 7.57*** -.08 .92** -1.10 .44 .43 .43 .23

Combined 5.37*** 5.83*** -.29*** .63*** -.82* .44 .48 .42 .34 .98 .06 3.06 .08

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Boys 4.35*** 6.08*** -.59*** .47* -.98* .39 .51 .46 .45

Girls 3.82*** 4.69** -.31* .54 -.57 .68 .48 .52 .31

Combined 4.17*** 5.52*** -.48*** .55** -.88* .53 .50 .50 .38 .97 .07 .57 .45

Notes. 1Model estimation conducted with FIML estimator which accounts for missing data. 2Standardized values reported. *** p < .001, ** p < .01,

* p < .05

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Table 5

Correlations between Distress Tolerance Intercept with INT Intercept and Slope1

Distress Tolerance2

Level withModel Fit Gender Differences

Level3 Change3 CFI RMSEA 2 (1)Value p

Internalizing Symptoms

Social Phobia

Boys -.09 -.17

Girls -.38* .21

Combined -.24* .01 1.00 .01 99.83*** <.001

Panic Disorder

Boys -.26 .08

Girls -.46*** .34

Combined -.36** .20 1.00 .01 42.00*** <.001

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Boys -.07 -.19

Girls -.40** .27

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Combined -.22* .02 .92 .06 51.54*** <.001

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Boys -.11 -.24

Girls -.40** .09

Combined -.26* -.08 .97 .04 90.40*** <.001

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Boys -.15 -.29

Girls -.24 -.07

Combined -.19 -.18 .95 .05 74.07*** <.001

Notes. 1Model estimation conducted with FIML estimator which accounts for missing data. 2Measured as seconds to termination. 3Standardized

values reported. 4All analyses performed on log-transformed EXT scores. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05


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