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SUMÁRIO DO VOLUMELÍNGUA INGLESA

1. Working with Poetry 61.1 Poetry - The art of writing poems 81.2 Must and Shall 131.3 Should, ought to, had better 17

2. Working with the text 202.1 Linking Words 22

3. Relative Pronouns 284. Asking Questions 34

4.1 Indirect Questions 364.2 Tag Questions 38

5. Extension: Check your progress 42

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SUMÁRIO COMPLETOVOLUME 1

• Working with Poetry • Working with the text• Relative Pronouns • Asking Questions • Extension: Check your progress

VOLUME 2

• Working with a magazine article• Working with the text

VOLUME 3

• Developing Vocabulary• Coloquial English

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1. WORKING WITH POETRY

� e use of the words poetry and poem often generates doubt. People tend to consider both words as synonyms. However, there is a di� erence between these two terms, although they are connected.

Poem refers to a physical, formal, textual, concrete, palpable and observable element. It di� ers from other kinds of texts because it presents a unique form of expression that usually follows some structural patterns: stanza, verse, rhythm, rhyme (which produce its musical e� ect), and the use of subjectivity, metaphorical language, � gures of speech to approach a topic whose content can be profound, original or ordinary. Poetry refers to an abstract element which can be described as the capacity of a text or any other type of art (painting, sculpture, cinema, etc.) to be the expression of the poetic persona and arise emotions, such as a sentiment of beauty and the aesthetic enchantment; suggest � avor and images through its metaphors, musicality, personi� cation, etc.

Poetry or Poem?

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Familiarizing with the Elements of Poetry – A brief introduction

1 Complete the defi nitions below using the words in the box:

stanza rhythm metaphor meter free verse rhyme lyric poem narrative poem elegy epic simile quatrain tercet sonnet

a) A ____________________ is used to compare things that are essentially unlike. It is one of the most

important of literary uses of language.

b) A ______________________ is characterized by brevity, compression and the expression of feeling.

c) A _____________________ is a division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form – either

with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter, or with variations from one to another.

d) A ____________________ is a four-line stanza in a poem.

e) __________________ refers to the measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems.

f) ____________________ poetry doesn’t follow a regular pattern of meter or rhyme. Modern and

contemporary poets of the twentieth and twenty-fi rst centuries often use it.

g) __________________ refers to the recurrence of accent or stress in lines of verse.

h) ___________________is a fi gure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like,

as, or as though. An example: “My love is like a red, red rose.”

i) The matching of fi nal vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words characterizes the

___________________.

j) A __________________ is a fourteen line poem. E.g. The Italian or Petrarchan, the English and the

Spenserian.

k) A _______________________ tells a story.

l) ________________is a three-line stanza. When all three lines rhyme they are called a triplet.

m) A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero is _____________.

n) A lyric poem that laments the dead is an ________________.

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1.1 Poetry - The art of writing poems

� e following poems were written by some of the most popular and important English speaking writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Read them and do the activities which follow.

About the Author - Robert Frost (1874 - 1963) Robert Frost is considered one of the greatest American poets of the century. He was a farmer in New Hampshire and New England was the theme of most his poems. Expressing feelings and ideas of a countryman, his poems are simple but full of open possibilities for the reader to extract deeper meanings from them.

� e Road Not Taken By: Robert Frost

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;

� en took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;� ough as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the � rst for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the di� erence

2 Using the reading tips given, judge the following statements.a) ___The author wished he could have taken both roads.b) ___ He didn’t make considerations to choose any of those roads.c) ____ He chose the least grassy road.d) ____ He regrets his choice. e) ____ Choosing that road didn’t make any difference.

Reading

Quoting... Poetry may make us from time to time

a little more aware of the deeper, unnamed

feelings which form the substratum of our being,

to which we rarely penetrate; for our lives are

mostly a constant evasion of ourselves.

(By T.S. Eliot, American - British poet and critic)

Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud

And goes down burning into the gulf below,

No voice in nature is heard to cry aloud

At what has happened.

Birds, at least must know

It is the change to darkness in the sky

Murmuring something quiet in her breast

One bird begins to close a faded eye

Or overtaken too far from his nest,

Hurrying low above the grove, some waif

Swoops just in time to his remembered tree.

At most he thinks or twitters softly, 'Safe!

Now let the night be dark for all of me.

Let the night bee too dark for me to see

Into the future. Let what will be, be.'

Acceptance by Robert Frost

3 About the poem Acceptance, it's correct to state that,

I) it's written in rhyme. II) It is the change to darkness in the sky. – refere-se à chegada da noite. III) the underlined words in the text refer to bird. IV) o pássaro quer saber como será seu futuro.

a) C - E - E - E c) E - C - E - E e) C - C - E - C b) C - C - C - E d) E - E - C - C

4 O que o poeta descreve na frase a seguir?

a) Queimada em um campo de golfe. b) O céu e o sol ao entardecer. c) O céu ao amanhecer. d) As nuvens nas primeiras horas da manhã. e) O derretimento das nuvens pelos raios de sol.

5 Por que o pássaro diz – 'Safe'?

a) Por causa da noite que é muito escura. b) Porque ele não consegue ver o futuro. c) Porque o que será, será. d) Porque ele encontrou o seu ninho. e) Por sentir fome na noite escura.

6 A frase que melhor corresponde ao título Acceptance é:

a) When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud. b) No voice in nature is heard to cry aloud. c) One bird begins to close a faded eye. d) Or overtaken too far from his nest. e) Let what will be, be.

Helping Vocabularygulf: golfo.overtaken: levado; varrido.grove: pequeno grupo de árvores.waif: pálido, magro, fatigado, sem casa.swoops: voar diretamente para baixo, como para atacar.twitters: quando o pássaro produz vários sons agudos.

When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud And goes down burning into the gulf below, (...)

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR - EMILY DICKINSON (1830 - 1886)

Emily Dickinson led a life of isolation. Hardly ever had she visitors nor left her home in Massachusetts, New England. Yet, she would exchange letters with some of her friends, and spend most of her time writing poems. In her lifetime, she wrote 1700 poems and refused to allow them to be published. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley but severe homesickness made her return home after one year(...).

If I can stop one

heart from breaking

If I can stop one heart from breaking,

I shall not live in vain;

If I can ease one life the aching,

Or cool one pain,

Or help one fainting robin

Unto his nest again,

I shall not live in vain.

With a �owerI hide myself within my �ower,�at wearing on your breast,You, unsuspecting, wear me too –And angels know the rest.

I’m Nobody! Who are you?Are you – Nobody – too?�en there’s a pair of us?Don’t tell! �ey’d advertise – you know!How dreary – to be – Somebody!How public – like a Frog –To tell one’s name – the livelong June –To an admiring Bog!

I’m Nobody! Who are you?

Answer these questions:

7 What is the poet’s condition for not living in vain?

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

8 What is the robin’s situation? Why does he need help?

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

9 What metaphor does she use to refer to her feeling of love?

______________________________________

______________________________________

10 Is she loved back? Justify.

______________________________________

______________________________________

11 Why are the words Nobody and Somebody in capital? What do they mean in context?____________________________________________________________________________

12 O que Dickinson considera importante nesse poema – ser Nobody ou Somebody? Jusitifique a sua resposta a partir do texto.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Helpful Vocabulary

dreary(adj) – not interesting or cheefullivelong(adj) – (here) meaning, all june, used when this seems a long time to you.robin – pintarroxonest – ninho

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Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

ReconciliationWord over all, beautiful as the sky,Beautiful that war and all itsdeeds of carnage must in time be utterly lost,�at the hands of the sisters Death and NightIncessantly softly wash again, and ever again,this soil’d world;For my enemy is dead, a man divine as myself is dead,

I look where he lies white-faced and still in the co�n -

I draw near, Bend down and touch lightly with my lips the white face in the co�n.

About the Author - Walt Whitman (1819 - 1892)

Walt Whitman was the great innovator of American poetry. In his vision, we are all the same due to our divine origin. To him love is the basis to the harmony which governs the relations between man and nature, between man and the universe, between man and God. Love of man, and love of God, who is present everywhere, ‘in every object’, as well as in the divine soul of man, who thus becomes God’s equal.

Highroads of English and American literature, Part 1.

Questions 13 to 16 refer to Reconciliation.

13 Para o autor, a guerra, a) limpa o mundo. b) é bela e necessária. c) dará lugar à reconciliação. d) é uma irmã como a noite. e) é incompatível com a reconciliação.

14 Judge the statements below.I) ( ) Utterly is a synonym for completely.II) ( ) For is a conjunction and introduces the idea of reason.III) ( ) White face conveys the idea of death.IV) ( ) Utterly – incessantly – softly – lightly are adverbs.V) ( ) its – myself – I – he are pronouns.

15 Check the alternative which best illustrates the title. a) Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage.b) The hands of the sisters Death and Night incessantly softly wash again (...).c) For my enemy is dead, (...).d) I look where he lies white-faced in the coffin.e) I bend down and touch lightly with my lips the white face in the coffin.

16 All the adjectives below describe the enemy, except:

a) dead. c) white-faced. e) still. b) divine. d) lost.

Questions 17 to 18 refer to Sometimes with One I Love.

17 Why does the poet sometimes fear unreturned love?

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________ 18 O que o poeta pensa sobre o amor não

correspondido?

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

Sometimes with One I LoveSometimes with one I love I �ll myself with rage

for fear I e�use unreturn'd love,But now I think there is no unreturn'd love,

the pay is certain one way or another,(I loved a certain person ardently and

my love was not return'd,Yet out of that I have written these songs.)

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Image available at: www.showtheangelthings.com. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

About the Author - Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

Poet, critic, writer of prose - tales, Allan Poe had fame and in� uence � rst in France and only later in America and Britain.

Alone By Edgar Allan Poe

From childhood’s hour I have not been As others were; I have not seen As others saw; I could not bring My passions from a common spring. From the same source I have not taken My sorrow; I could not awaken My heart to joy at the same tone; And all I loved, I loved alone. � en - in my childhood, in the dawn Of a most stormy life - was drawn From every depth of good and ill � e mystery which binds me still: From the torrent, or the fountain, From the red cli� of the mountain, From the sun that round me rolled In its autumn tint of gold, From the lightning in the sky As it passed me � ying by, From the thunder and the storm, And the cloud that took the form (When the rest of Heaven was blue) Of a demon in my view.

19 TRUE or FALSE? A. ____ The author sees himself as a happy

and friendly person. B. ____ This poem is about childhood. C. ____ The author’s life has been just as

anybody else’s. D. ____ His life changed when he became an

adult. E. ____ Sorrow and joy are synonym words. F. ____ Depth, mystery and thunder are all

nouns.

20 This poem is about:

a) a happy and friendly person. b) the art of making friends. c) somebody’s unhappy adulthood. d) being lonely throughout life. e) prejudice against lonely people.

21 Check the alternative which presents only nouns.

a) passions – joy – drawn – childhood – alone b) spring – source – good – dawn – lighthing c) sorrow – awaken – tone – same – life d) heart – torrent – demon – binds – depth e) torrent – fountain – view – fl ying – cliff

22 A palavra stormy, em: ...of a most stormy life, pode ser compreendida como:

a) chuvosa. b) fria. c) perigosa. d) turbulenta. e) demoníaca.

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Image available at: es.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.

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1.2 Must and Shall

I shall be telling this wish a sigh (...)I doubted if I should ever come back.

Birds, at least must know. If I can stop one heart from breaking.

� e sentences above were taken from the poems we have just read. � e highlighted words are modal verbs. Let’s focus on some of them.

MUST

Expressing necessity – obligation

Must expresses necessity/obligation. You have to do something because the situation forces you, because of a rule or law, or because you feel that you should. It’s always emphatic.

You must see a doctor if you feel siek.

Must is also used when you guess that something is true or that something has happened because there seems to be no other possibility*.

Birds at least must know.

Podemos substituir must por: have (got) to, has (got) to ou need to. No passado, usamos apenas had to ou needed to.

� ere isn't anything in the frigdge. We need to buy some food.

have got tohave tomust

Observe que, após must, o verbo é empregado no in� nitivo sem o to – must buy.

MUST NOT

Expressing prohibition or a duty not to do something

We must not be guilty of wrongful deeds → duty not to do somethingWe must not smoke in the hospital. → prohibition.You must not drive without a licence. → prohibition

Nos exemplos seguintes, podemos também usar can’t.

� ey cannot (or can't) be guilty of wrongful deeds → � ey cannot permit this to happen. We cannot (or can't) smoke in the hospital. → not allowed or permitted.You cannot (or can't) drive without a licence. → not allowed or permitted.

Focus on Grammar

*De� nition by Longman Contemporany English Dictionary.

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Don’t / Doesn’t have to - need to

Expressing lack of obligation / necessity

Para expressarmos a ideia de que algo não é necessário, usamos don’t/doesn’t have to - need to.

� ere is plenty of food in the fridge. We don’t have to buy anything else. need to

She must work to make a living, but she doesn’t have to work at night. need to

Shall

Expressing the Future

Used to express what you will do in the future, or to describe what will happen, especially when you are saying that it is very de� nite. Shall is used to express the Simple Future for � rst persons I and we:

I shall not live in vain. I shall be telling this with a sigh.

Will, though, is used in the Simple Future for all persons, including I and we.In American English, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an

element of permission) in the � rst persons.

Shall we?

Expressing suggestion

Shall we? is also used to make a suggestion or ask a question that you want the other person to decide about.

Let’s go to the movies, shall we?Shall I open the door?

Shall we start the discussion now? Shall I go and ask for help?

Check your comprehension

23 Remember that Must is used for GENERAL NECESSITY – things which are absolutely necessary to be done. When you lose weight, there are some important things to remember. Sort out the jumbled list, and begin each one with You must or You mustn’t:

work out for forty minutes.cut down junk food.go jogging alcoholic beverages.eat lots of water.drink on meat.drink at least three times a week.

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a) ________________________________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________________________________

c) ________________________________________________________________________________

d) ________________________________________________________________________________

e) ________________________________________________________________________________

f) _________________________________________________________________________________

24 Write fi ve things people must or mustn’t do when they go to the movies. The fi rst one is already done for you.

a) _______________________________________________________________________________

b) _______________________________________________________________________________

c) _______________________________________________________________________________

d) _______________________________________________________________________________

e) _______________________________________________________________________________

� ey must not use the cell phone during the � lm.

25 In speech, we often say things like Don’t leave the window open!, but a formal notice would probably say:

� is window must not be left open.

What notices would you write about these things? – use must be or must not be.

a) Return the key after use.

b) Don’t keep DVDs for more than two days.

c) Students are not allowed to use this room.

d) Turn off all lights by ten.

e) Leave your mobile with the teacher.

a) ________________________________________________________________________________

b) DVDs ___________________________________________________________________________

c) This room ________________________________________________________________________

d) All lights _________________________________________________________________________

e) Mobiles__________________________________________________________________________

Making suggestions

Shall I/we... is a common way of making suggestions. With this meaning, it is not at all formal:

Shall we invite the Johnsons to dinner?Shall I lay the table?

You must work out at least three times a week.

� e key must be returned after use.

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