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Transcript of LIGHT POLLUTION: THE GLOBAL VIEW - Home - Springer978-94-017-0125-9/1.pdf · rjw@ ifa.hawaii.edu...
LIGHT POLLUTION: THE GLOBAL VIEW
ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
VOLUME284
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman
W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected])
Executive Committee
J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht,
The Netherlands
MEMBERS
I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, Germany J. N. BAH CALL, The Institute for Advanced Stud_\; Princeton, U.S.A.
F. BERTOLA, Universiui di Padova, Italy J.P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.
C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Ceclex, France 0. ENGVOLD, Institute ofTheoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway
R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, liLA, Boulder. U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute ofAstronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
F. PACINI, /stituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
K. SATO, School of Science, The University r~fTokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University r~f California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA. Princeton University, U.S.A.
N. 0. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.
LIGHT POLLUTION: THE GLOBAL VIEW
Proceedings of the International Conference on Light Pollution, La Serena, Chile,
held 5-7 March 2002
Edited by
HUGO E. SCHWARZ
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NOAO, La Serena, Chile
~a...•
'' SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6242-0 ISBN 978-94-017-0125-9 ( eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0125-9
Printed on acid~fi·ee paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system. for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Dedicated to Guillermo
This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Guillermo Delgado Gunckel who passed away after a long and valiant fight with illness on the 26th of July 2002 in Santiago, Chile. Guillermo worked in radio astronomy for many years, starting his career in the Maipo Radio Observatory, and then via Chalmers University in Sweden, he went back to Chile where -from 1987-he dedicated himself to the SEST project as electronic engineer, making himself an indispensable part of the La Silla team. During the planning phases of the ALMA project, Guillermo worked with many people, both astronomers and Chilean government professionals of the Subsecretario de Telecomunicaciones (SubTel) to prepare for the protection of the ALMA site from radio interference. During all this work he obtained his PhD in 1995 and taught at the University of Chile, where he stimulated students to choose a career in astronomy. He left his hospital bed for a day just to give his presentation at this conference -once again showing his great strength of purpose, professionalism, and enormous personal courage-and explained to the meeting how he planned to implement the plans for protection of the ALMA and other radio observatory sites in Chile.
WE ALL MISS HIM.
Guillermo Delgado Gunckel 1961 -2002
v
Contents
Dedication to Guillermo Delgado G. RIP v
Contents Vll
List of Participants XI
Photo of Participants XV
Poema al Universo by Urbano lara (en Espafiol) XVI
Preface & Acknowledgements xvii
I Optical Light Pollution
Discurso/Speech by Representante CONAMA Daud, P (en Espafiol & in English) 3
Global Monitoring of the Night Sky Brightness by Satellites and the State of the Night Sky in Chile. Cinzano, P., Falchi, F., Elvidge, C. D. 15
Modelling Night Sky Brightness at Sites from DSMP Satellite Data. Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C. D.
The Growth of the Artificial Night Sky Brightness over North America in the Period 1947-2000: A Preliminary Picture.
29
Cinzano, P. 39
Preserving our Nighttime Environment: A Global Approach. Alvarez del Castillo, L., Crawford, D. L., Davis, D R. 49
Protecting the Skies of Northern Chile. Sanhueza, P, Santander, M. 69
The Photometry Laboratory at the U CV and the Light Pollution Regulations in Chile. Piraino, E. 85
Vll
vw Light Pollution
The Law of the Heavens of the Canaries. Dfaz, F. J., de laPaz, F. 95
Protection of Mauna Kea and Haleakala Observatories from Light Pollution. Wainscoat, R. J. (with color plate) 111
The IAU's Effort to Control Light Pollution. Smith, M. G. 123
Lighting in the Countryside. Pollard, N. 135
International Schools Education Networks for Light Pollution Control. Metaxa, M. 145
Precise Evaluation of Upward Flux from Outdoor Lighting Installations Applied to the Case of Roadway Lighting. Gillet, M., Rombauts, P. 155
Lighting for a Secure and Safe Night-Time Environment Kaplan, H. 169
Preserving the Night Sky at McDonald Observatory. Adams, M. T., Wren, W. 175
Sky Background at ESO - La Silla in the Visible and Near IR. Vanzi, L., Hainaut, 0. R. 181
The Tololo All-Sky CAmera - TASCA. Schwarz, H. E., Smith, R., Walker, D. 187
Increasing the Chilean Awareness of Dark-Sky Preservation. Leiton, R. 195
Research of the Impact of Lighting on Environment and Humans. Kirschbaum, C. 201
Light Pollution
Sports Lighting that Protects the Dark Sky. Glaspey, J.
II Radio Frequency Pollution
Radio Quiet Zones. Cohen, J., Delgado, G., Hardy, E., Hasegawa, T., Nyman, L-A.
III Related Topics
Aircraft Contrail Pollution.
215
225
Pedersen, H., Schwarz, H.E. 263
Advertising from Space: A Real Danger? Heck, A. 269
Obtrusive space advertising and astronomical research. UN Commission on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 277
How many Stars do we still See. Pikall, H., Hron, J., Netopil, M., Posch T., Wuchterl, G.,Zeitlinger, N. 287
Light Pollution as a Policy Tool. Petrakis, M., Lianou, M., Psiloglou, B., Chalkias, C., Cartalis, C. 293
Index 297
ix
List of Participants
Abbott, Tim Adams, Mark T. Aguilera, Manuel Aliste, Adolfo Alvarez del Castillo, Elizabeth Amador, Eric Arancibia, Ricardo Araya, Eduardo Araya, Juan Pablo Arostica, Sixto Astargo, Patricia Atencio, Vicente
Baca, Pamela Barraza, Gary Barrios, Juan Carlos Binkert, Bill Bliek, Nicole vd Brucato, Robert
Cabello, Alberto Cabeza, Marta Carlin, Jeffrey Carmona, Elena Castelletto, Victor Cavada, Manuel Cepeda, William Cinzano, Pierantonio Cohen, James Contreras, Juan Luis Cortes, Marcelina
Davis, Donald R. Delgado, Guillermo Diaz, Francisco J. Diaz, Rodrigo
Echeverria Marlene
E-MAIL ADDRESS
tabbott@ ctio. noao.edu mta@ astro.as.utexas.edu [email protected] aaliste@ abmatic.cl [email protected] eric_amador@ placerdome.com ricardo_arancibia@ placerdome.com info@ mejillones.cl maranata@ ctcreuna.cl secplancaldera@ munitel.cl astargo@ hotmail.com vicente.atencio@ moptt.gov.cl
astrofizkid@ yahoo.com desaovalle@ entelchile. net sec_copiapo@ sec.cl binkert@ noao.edu [email protected] rjb@ astro.caltech.edu
albertojcabello@ hotmail.com mcabeza@ sec.cl jcthepuma@ hotmail.com andacoll@ munitel.cl [email protected] nbiaggini@ goreantof.cl wcepeda @ciencias.unal.edu.co cinzano@ istil. it rjc@ jb.man.ac.uk elec@ entelchile.net andacoll@ munitel.cl
[email protected] gdelgado@ eso.org [email protected] la.serena@ munitel.cl
xi
xii
Espejo, Sergio
Falchi, Favia Flores, Kadur Freismuth, Thomas Fuentes, Walter
Gaete, Cristian Garcia, Maria Antonieta Garcia, Ricardo Gatica, Ivan Gillet, Marc Gomez, Julio Gonzalez, Macarena Hardy, Eduardo Hasegawa, Tetsuo Heck, Andre Henriquez, Esteban Hidalgo, Guillermo Hofstadt Daniel
lllanes, Esteban Isbell, Doug
Jadoul, Patrick Julio, Hernan
Kaplan, Hyman M. Krisciunas, Kevin
Larrondo, Luciano Leiton, Roger Lidman, Chris Lucero, Rodrigo
Mac-Auliffe, Elaine Mellado, Marco Melnick, Jorge Mendez, Rene A. Metaxa, Margarita Michaud, Peter Mora, Marcelo
List of Participants
sespejo@ sec.cl
falchi@ lightpollution.it [email protected] Tfreis@ aol.com [email protected]
elec@ entelchile. net agarcia@ gemini.edu rhgarcia@ entelchile.net dilampsa@ entelchile.net [email protected] nbiaggini@ goreantof .cl magonzalez@ sqm .cl ehardy@ nrao.edu tetsuo. hasegawa@ nao.ac.jp heck@ astro.u-strsbg.fr ehenriquez@ abmatic.cl taltal@ munitel.cl dhofstadt@ eso.org
eillanes@ eso.org disbell@ noao.edu
p.jadoul@ cschreder.cl hjulio@ hotmail.com
hylite@ earthlink.net [email protected]
juanyanez41 @ hotmail.com leiton@ ctio.noao.edu [email protected] rlucero@ conama.cl
[email protected] marcolizandro@ entelchile.net jmelnick@ eso.org rmendez@ eso.org [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
List of Participants
Morales, Eduardo Munoz, Gabriela
Norman, Dara Nyman, Lars Ake
Ochoa, Hugo Orellana, Arnalda
Pacheco, Andres Palacios, Alberto Panozo, Carlos Paredes, Susana Peiiafiel, Gerardo Phillips, Mark Piraino, Enrique Pizarro, Sergio Pollard, Nigel Puxley, Phil
Ratkevicius, Yurgis Rojas, Pablo Andres Rojas, Sixto
Saenz, Veronica Salyk, Colette Sanhueza, Pedro Santander, Jorge Santander, Marianela Schmidt, Ricardo Schwarz, Hugo E. Sepulveda, Edgardo Seymour, Jorge Smith, Malcolm G. Soto, Jaime Suntzeff, Nicholas B.
Tabilo, Elier Trujillo, Enrique
[email protected] gm unozhaag@ entelchile.net
dnorman@ ctio. noao.edu lnyman@ eso.org
hochoa@ ctio.noao.edu sec_copiapo@ sec.cl
apacheco@ sqm .cl inelap@ entelchile.net panozo@ mi-mail.cl secplancaldera@ hotmail.com desaovalle@ entelchile.net [email protected] [email protected] spizarro@ ctio. noao.edu NEP [email protected] ppuxley@ gem ini.edu
faelec@ faelec.cl [email protected] secplancaldera@ hotmail.com
[email protected] csalyk@ MIT.EDU [email protected] [email protected] msantander@ opcc.cl rschmidt@ noao.edu [email protected] dming@ entelchile.net aladdin@ entelchile.net msmith @ctio.noao.edu [email protected] [email protected]
etabilo.4@ conama.cl faelec@ faelec.cl
xiii
xiv
Urrutia, Mario
Valdebenito, Igor Vanzi, Leonardo Vargas, Martin Vera, Sergio Verdugo, Miguel Vergara, Hugo Vila, Francisco Villalobos, Rodrigo Villouta, Julio Vojkovic, Alex
Wainscoat, Richard J. Whiting, Alan B.
Yanez, Fabian Yanez, Juan Young, Amber
Zeitlinger, Norbert
List of Participants
ivaldebenito@ conama.cl lvanzi@ eso.org elec@ entelchile.net savera@ puc.cl mverduol@ puc.cl [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] alex. vojkovic@ moptt.gov .cl
rjw@ ifa.hawaii.edu [email protected]
fayamu @chilesat.net juanyanez41 @ hotmail.com alyoung@ jaguar.middlebury.edu
nzeitlinger@ bogner.co.at
XV Photo of Participants
Photo of participants taken at the main entrance of the Intendencia.
XVI
POEMAAL UNIVERSO
Oh! Universo hermoso, jque exuberante eres!
Tu tienes sol, agua, mares y estrellas Tu tienes un canto y una poesfa
Tu todo lo conoces y yo lo ignoro todo.
i,Porque tu no me dices como te formaste? Z,Porque tu no me dices cual es rni destino?
Mas solo se que en el dfa y la penumbra Tu carninas, corres y te escondes
Dejame llamarte aquf desde mis libros jEl primer vagabundo que piso este mundo!
Light Pollution
Laser (Juan Carlos Acuna)
Este poema lo confecciono un companero de curso de Ingenierfa Electrica, don Juan Carlos Acuna, cuando el Sr. Jara era Presidente del Centro Astronomico Juvenil Orion de la ex Universidad Tecnica del Estado sede Temuco, ano 1972. En ese entonces, Juan Carlos Acuna vivfa una etapa muy romantica y escribfa demasiados poemas de amor. Por lo tanto, yo lo desafie a que escribiese algo diferente, sobre las estrellas por ejemplo, y salio ese poema que esta escrito sobre Ia tapa interior de uno de mis cuademos de ese tiempo. Es decir, me lo escribio a mf y dudo mucho que alguna vez lo haya publicado, por lo tanto me atreverfa a decir que esta inedito.
Urbano Jara Lagos
Preface & Acknowledgements.
This wonderful, multi-lingual, multidisciplinary conference has proved an enormous stimulus to the activities of all of us in Chile and around the world. I am certain that, as a result, anyone reading this book will learn something interesting and relevant that they were not aware of.
In Spanish and in English, we have seen how the theme of light pollution covers so many areas of study and application: these include the environment, conservation of energy, local, regional, national and international government, architecture, legislative process, public relations, geography, astronomy, illumination engineering, computational modeling, physics, biology, medicine, optics, citizen safety and road safety. Local schools in the La Serena area have added art, languages, photography, poetry, writing, music and even dance to the above. The subject lends itself especially well to multidisciplinary education at a variety of levels. The basic concepts involved are simple to grasp but the path to obtaining results where everyone gains from the use of quality, designed lighting is quite sophisticated in its sheer breadth and detail.
We are indeed fortunate to have had the opportunity to hold this Conference in such a beautiful place and at such a critical time in Chile's development. For this I am particularly grateful for the direct financial support we have received from the Chilean Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente, the International Observatories in Chile, the International Astronomical Union, the International Dark-Sky Association, and the United States National Science Foundation, and from those many contributors (including invited speakers) who found their own source of funding in order to come here. We are particularly grateful for the hospitality of the Intendente of the 4th Region of Chile, Sr. Felipe del Rio.
Malcolm G. Smith, Director CTIO.
There is little I can add to Malcolm's words except to say that I enjoyed the conference very much, and thank all those people that contributed and attended. We were pleasantly surprised by the large numbers of registered participants ( 119 although more than 130 people attended) and I hope that our effort will help the worldwide campaign to increase awareness of light pollution as a serious threat to the "liveability" of our one and only Earth, and help us and many others to do something positive about it all.
XVll
xviii Preface and Acknowledgements
Especially in Chile, which is rapidly becoming the world's largest and most important astronomical observatory, the issue of light pollution is of great importance. This has been recognized by the Chilean government and Chile is now a member of the exclusive club of countries that have national laws regulating lighting installations of all types. The law -DS686- governs the three regions of Chile in which the major observatories are located; the 2nd, 3rd, & 4th region and regulates all outdoor lighting installations in this area of the country, and it's implementation is supported by the OPCC or the Office for the Protection of the Skies in Northern Chile, and by the SEC, the "Superintendente de Electricidad y Combustibles". Financial support for the OPCC comes from the International Observatories in Chile and CONAMA, Chile's national environmental protection agency. The effects of light pollution on flora and fauna are also becoming better known and with everyone involved in one way or another in the campaign to curb and control global light pollution working together we may reach an even larger audience and be more effective in reaching our goals.
The two articles by Dfaz & de la Paz and Daud were translated by the Editor and any mistakes are his responsibility, not the authors' as are mistakes in some other heavily edited articles.
Thanks to all involved, especially Ximena and Elaine of the Director's office in CTIO but above all Mario Urrutia who worked way beyond the call of duty as Conference Secretary and helped the Editor enormously with the complicated task of getting all the contributions into the right format -without you the workshop simply would not have happened!
Hugo E. Schwarz, Editor.