Lifespan Development Lesson 2: Developmental Theories
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Transcript of Lifespan Development Lesson 2: Developmental Theories
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Developmental Theories
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The Relationship between and Research What is a theory?
An explanationSuggests what, how, or whyIn development, it explains
changein us over time
A guideline for researchHelps us understand research
It is not a fact.
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Theories of Motivation
Psychodynamic Theories
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Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: Background Freud: (b.1856-
d.1939) Hysteria “talking cure” early childhood Mental illness
and reality
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Defense Mechanisms Repression Regression Rationalization Denial Sublimation Displacement Projection Reaction
Formation
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Freud’s Parts of the Self
Id Ego Superego
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Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Student of Freud’s
Emphasized the Ego
Father of Developmental Psychology
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Erikson’s First Four Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlers)
Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)
Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood)
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Erikson’s Last Four Stages Identity vs. Role
Confusion (teens) Intimacy vs.
Isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife adults)
Integrity vs. Despair (late adults)
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Test Yourself Who is the father of developmental
psychology? According to Freud, which part of
the self are we born with? At what age do we establish a basic
sense of trust, per Erikson? Name and describe one defense
mechanism. When does the ego develop? How would you test Freudian
concepts?
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Learning Theories
Focus on how we learn and emphasizes behaviors that can be seen rather than internal motivation
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Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Learning through
association Feelings or
emotions Gut level reactions
of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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Pavlov’s DogsOne of Pavlov’s Dogs(Robert K. Lawton)
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Classical Conditioning Terms
Before conditioning Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response
After conditioning Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
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WHO CARES ABOUT PAVLOV’S DOGS?
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Watson and Behaviorism Watson built on
Pavlov’s work Parenting
expert in the 1920s
Kids can be taught to love or hate anything!
Little Albert
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Who Else Cares?
ADVERTIZERS
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Operant Conditioning Why repeat
actions? Law of Effect Reinforcement
not criticism
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Reinforcers
Reinforcer defined Intrinsic or primary reinforcers Extrinsic or secondary
reinforcers
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Primary or Secondary?
Food College Degree
Money
Big House Hug Car
Job Compliment Award
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Positive Reinforcers
Adding An example? How do you positively
reinforce others?
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Negative Reinforcers
Subtraction An example? How do you negatively
reinforce others?
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Punishment
Stopping behavior Less effective than reinforcers. Suppresses rather than stops Doesn’t indicate desired
behavior. Leads to a focus on mistakes.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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Social Learning Theory
Learn from others without conditioning
Modeling Albert Bandura and the Bobo
Doll Experiment on Aggression
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How did you learn?
To kiss? To drive? To be afraid of the dark? To do your job?
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Cognitive Theories
How thinking changes over time
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development “father of
cognitive psychology”
how children think and reason
Maturation
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Piaget’s Principles: Equilibrium
Cognitive Equilibrium:
A balance between what we see and what we know
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Piaget’s Principles: Schema
Schema: Mental box containing a concept
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Piaget’s Principles: Assimilation
Assimilation:
Similarity between what we see and what we already know
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Piaget’s Principles: Accommodation
Accommodation:
Changing our mind to adjust to new people, objects, experiences, etc.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth to 2) Preoperational (early childhood) Concrete operational (middle
childhood) Formal Operational (adolescence or
adulthood)
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Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky Cognitive
abilities change with guidance
Scaffolding Zone of
Proximal Development: potential
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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model
A focus on context
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The Ecological Systems Model Microsystems Mesosystems Exosystems Macrosystems Chronosystems