Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes...
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Transcript of Developmental Psychology Unit 5 Michael Hoerger. Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes...
Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental PsychologyUnit 5
Michael Hoerger
Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan – from Birth to Death!
Includes: ◦Cognitive Development◦Personality Development◦Moral Development◦Social Development◦Sexual Development & Reproduction◦Physiological Development
What is Lifespan What is Lifespan Development?Development?
Multidirectional: The study of change from multiple directions of influence.
◦ Butterfly Effect: One small action or event set of a much larger chain of major events!
5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych
Multicontextual: There are many contexts that affect human development.
Historical events Economic conditions Cultural traditions Race Gender Age Socioeconomic status
5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych
Multicultural: There are many, many cultures around the world!◦Each one is influential◦Each one has separate values,
traditions, living standards, etc. that influence the individuals of that society.
5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych
Multidisciplinary: We have to use many different fields in order to effectively study development. BiologySociologyPsychologyEducationEconomicsReligionHistoryMedicineAnthropologyPolitical ScienceArt/Theater/Music/Cultural Studies
5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych
Plasticity: Developmental changes occur throughout the lifespan and can be drastically altered at any point in time!
5 Perspectives of 5 Perspectives of Developmental PsychDevelopmental Psych
Developmental domains are the main areas of study that focus on developmental changes.
3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains
Biosocial Domain: Studies the influence of social factors on biological development. ◦Examples:
Availability of milk and bone growth Nutrition and neurological development
3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains
Cognitive Domain: Studies the thought processes, perceptual abilities, and language that influence our behavior and development.◦Examples Affecting Brain
Development: Language heuristics Schemas (“scripts”)
3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains
Psychosocial Domain: Studies the interpersonal relationships that influence development. ◦Examples:
Personality studies Relationships with family and friends Relationships with society as a whole
3 Developmental Domains3 Developmental Domains
Internal Factors: Things that are unique to the individual that can influence development. ◦Genetics◦Physical maturation◦Cognition
External Factors: Things that are outside of the individual that can influence development. ◦Socioeconomic status◦Availability of resources◦Social influences
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting DevelopmentDevelopment
Prenatal Development Prenatal Development
Zygote-Fertilized Egg Stages of Fertilized Egg
1. Blastula 2. Gastrula 3. Embryo
Dating a Pregnancy◦ Maternal Gestation: Counted from the 1st
day of Mother’s last menstrual cycle◦ Fetal Gestation: Counted from the
estimated date of fertilization, up to 5 days past ovulation
Prenatal Development Prenatal Development
Periods of Pregnancy: ◦ Zygote Period: Fertilization ->
Completion of Implantation ~ 1-5 Post-Ovulation – 14 Days Typically from Day s 14-30 of Mother’s
Menstrual Cycle
◦ Embryonic Period: Implantation -> Formation of the major organs
Typically from around the day Mother’s missed menstrual cycle is due to around 4-6 weeks later, (weeks 4 to 6-8)
◦ Fetal Period: Presence of organs -> birth
Newborn Capacities Newborn Capacities
Not a great deal of control over musclesMovements of their eyes, mouthMore reflexive movements take place as months
passBy 5 Months: Extensive visual experience before
crawling and reaching for objects◦ Responds to sounds, but sucking response lessened
when other new sounds are introduced.
Responding to the Responding to the EnvironmentEnvironment
Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli
Dishabituation: A Stimulus change that produces an increase in a previously habituated response
Research Example: The Case of Little Albert
Remember Previous Theories: ◦Classical Conditioning, Operant
Conditioning, Social Learning Theory
Developed by Urie BronfenbrennerStates that development occurs as a
result of interactions with the environment.
Based on ecological models of ecosystems◦Human development occurs as we try to
survive the ecosystem of our world!◦Each context that impacts development
has its own level in the model.
Ecological ApproachEcological Approach
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachIndividual:
Factors directly impacting the individual. SexAgeHealth
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMicrosystem:
Factors impacting development that are very close or in direct contact with the individual.
WorkSchoolFamilyPeersNeighborhoodSocial ClubsReligious
Institutions
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMesosystem:
Provides a link between each of the individual Microsystem factors. Ex: When you
work 40 hours a week it impacts your ability to study for classes, etc.
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachExosystem: Factors
impacting development that directly impact the Microsystem, but may not directly contact the Individual.
NeighborsFriends of FamilyMass MediaSocial WelfarePoliticsSchoolsMedical Institutions
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachMacrosystem:
Factors impacting development that directly impact the other systems, but do not have direct contact with the Individual. The individual may not be able to affect this level even if they try.
CultureSocietal ValuesCustomsLawsGovernment
Ecological ApproachEcological ApproachChronosystem: This
level considers the impact of time and major life events on the individual.
Births Deaths Marriage Divorce Job Changes Moving Sociocultural
Changes with time (ex. WOMEN in the work force!)
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: Personality develops based on changes in the libido (sexual energy) and fixation on erogenous zones. ◦5 stages of Psychosexual
Development◦Personality is determined by the first
3 stages and is fixed by the age of 5
Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories
Age Stage CharacteristicsBirth to 1 year Oral Stage •Infant receives pleasure from oral actions
•Biting•Sucking•chewing)
•Weaning is the single most important behavior associated with this stage.
1-3 years Anal Stage •Child receives pleasure from the anus and defecation. •The psychological goal of the child is independence and autonomy.•The most important behavior in this state is toilet training.
3-6 years Phallic Stage •Child receives pleasure from genitals and genital stimulation. •Freud also believes that boys are proud of their penis and girls are puzzled about why they don’t have one.
7-11 years Latency Stage •Child does not have significant psychosexual development. •Child focuses on friendships and social skills.
12 years- adulthood
Genital Stage •Genitals are the focus of pleasurable feelings. •Young person seeks sexual satisfaction in relationships.
Stages of Psychosexual Stages of Psychosexual DevelopmentDevelopment
Oedipal Complex: The belief that little boys resent the relationship that their fathers have with their mothers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to murder their fathers and marry/engage in sexual relations with their mothers.
Electra Complex: The belief that little girls resent the relationship that their mothers have with their fathers, and as a result, harbor a latent desire to rebel against their mothers and marry their fathers (or someone eerily similar!)
Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories
Freud is widely accepted as a noted theorist, even today. However…
Criticisms: ◦Lack of scientific research◦Subjects Freud observed were often
greatly disturbed◦First 2 stages of psychosexual
development theory still unsupported using studies of children with normal development
Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories
Theory developed by Erik Erikson8 stages at least partly influenced
by Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development
Each stage is a “crisis” that the person must resolve somewhere along a continuum..◦There is a potential positive and
potential negative resolution for each!
Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment
Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment
2 stages are being considered as additions to the original 8: ◦GROUP Identity vs GROUP Identity
Diffusion Who am I as a group? A band member? A
cheer-leader?◦Mortality vs. Immortality
Have I not made a difference, allowing my memory to be forgotten when I’m gone? Or will I live on through the next generation?
Disengagement Theory: Social circles narrow as the person disengages from life
Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Jean Piaget: Children active participation in constructing new mental processes through environmental interactionsSchema: Organized way of interacting with the objects in your world
◦Assimilation: The process in which an individual applies an old schema to new items◦Accommodation: Changes or modifies an old schema to fit a new item
An infant may grasp an new item in a different way to accommodate the different size and shape of the item
◦Equilibration: A level of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Age Stage DescriptionInfancy Sensorimotor
Stage•Child experiences the word through their sense. •“The Little Scientists”•Object Permanence: The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - SensorimotorDevelopment - Sensorimotor
Age Stage DescriptionBirth to 1 Month
Primary Circular Reactions – Stage 1
•Development of reflexes
1-4 Months
Primary Circular Reactions – Stage 2
•Adaptation•1st Schemas – Assimilation & Accommodation•Coordination of Reflexes
4-8 Months
Secondary Circular Reactions – Stage 1
•Object Permanence•Separation Anxiety
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - SensorimotorDevelopment - Sensorimotor
Age Stage Description8-12 Months
Secondary Circular Reactions – Stage 2
•Adaptation to Environment•Anticipation•Goal-Directed Behavior
12-18 Months
Tertiary Circular Reactions – Stage 1
•“Little Scientist” Replication•Experimentation•Use of Objects as Tools
18-24 Months
Tertiary Circular Reactions – Stage 2
•Symbolic Thought•Mental Problem-Solving•Deferred Imitation
Age Stage Description2 years old
Preoperational Stage
•Child can think symbolically (e.g. thinking of the past and future, using language, playing pretend). •There is a large growth in vocabulary and use of words and symbols in this stage.•Children LACK operations (the ability to mentally manipulate objects).•Egocentric: Children in this stage cannot distinguish between their own perspective and the perspectives of others.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Age Stage DescriptionSchool aged
Concrete Operational Stage
•Children can think logically and consistently about features in their world that are real and concrete. •Children are capable of abstract reasoning and performing operations as long as it is in terms of concrete objects.
•EX: A > B, B > C, which is greater, A or C? – NO•EX: Adam is taller than Bill, Bill is taller than Charlie, who’s taller, Adam or Charlie? – YES!
•The schema of conservation (i.e. knowing that changing the shape of things does not change the amount) is formed during this time.•Egocentrism begins to disappear.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Age Stage DescriptionAdolescents and Adults
Formal Operational Stage
•Individuals are able to think on many different planes:
•Hypothetically•Abstractly•Speculatively•Rationally
•Deductive reasoning and learning to consider possibilities also occurs in this stage.
Some Adults Post-Formal Operational Stage
•Individuals are able to think on many different levels, building on formal operational thought. •Individuals are able to mentally manipulate even complex, abstract ideas.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Lev Vygotsky◦The difference between what a learner
can do on their own, and with a little bit of guidance/help from an instructor.
Scaffolding: The process of introducing new ideas with sufficient support so that the student can learn and achieve on a level they would not be capable of on their own.
Other Cognitive TheoriesOther Cognitive Theories
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: May be based roughly on the cognitive development of Jean Piaget. ◦Broken down into 3 Levels, with 2 stages in each level.
◦Tests to determine which stage the individual are in are dependent on responses to Kohlberg’s Dilemmas.
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 1: Pre-Conventional: Moral
choices are based on reward and punishment. ◦Stage 1: Might Makes Right aka
Punishment-Obedience Obedience to authority is to avoid
punishment, while still furthering self-interest.
Very young children◦Stage 2: Looking Out For Number One
aka Tit-for-Tat aka Quid Pro Quo aka You Scratch My Back, I’ll Scratch Your Moral decisions are based on what the
individual can get out of the situation. Young/elementary aged children
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 2: Conventional: Moral
decisions are based on laws and trying to appear “good” to others. ◦Stage 3: Good Girl/Nice Boy aka
Conformity aka Instrumental Conformity Moral decisions are based on what will
make others like and approve of the individual.
Middle school aged children. ◦Stage 4: Law and Order aka Law of
the Land aka Judgment Moral decisions are based on being a
good, law-abiding citizen. Teenagers and many adults.
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 3: Post-Conventional:
Moral decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. ◦Stage 5: Social Contract aka Social Conformity aka Social Contract and Individual Rights Moral decisions are based on a social
contract stating that the laws in place are for the greater good of society. Any deviance will violate this contract and could lead to chaos.
Only a small portion of society.
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentLevel 3: Post-Conventional: Moral
decisions are based on using one’s own conscience to decide right and wrong. ◦Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles aka Universal Principles Moral decisions are based on a universal
values and rights that all individuals deserve. Life, Love, Peace, Happiness, Property, Education, etc.
Only a handful of people have ever coded into this category.
Moral DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentGilligan continued Kohlberg’s
theory, stating that..◦Girls tend to develop morals based
on compassion and care◦Boys tend to develop morals based
on justice and judgment
Developmental StudiesDevelopmental Studies
Research Methods◦ Different designs to investigate
development
Cross-sectional study◦ Comparison of different groups or
individuals of different ages at the same time
◦ One difficulty arises to determine if the differences between two group are due to age itself
Cohort Effect: People born in one era differ from those born in different era
Developmental StudiesDevelopmental Studies
Longitudinal Studies: Single group of people followed over a time span ◦Selective Attrition: A certain number of people will end up leaving the study no matter what you do. Ex: Older people Die, become disinterested,
get sick etc.
These will be discussed more later!
Temperament: The core, genetically-based portion of personality tied to the biological responses of the child. ◦Easy-Going: 70%◦Slow-To-Warm Up: 15%◦Difficult: 10%◦Mixed: 5%
Environmental Fit is important!
PersonalityPersonality
Attachment TheoryAttachment TheoryAttachment: Long-term feeling of closeness between people
In Erickson’s Theory attachment is a part of trust that occurs during the “Trust vs Mistrust” stage for infants
Biological needs 1st year of life infant forms attachment to parents
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation is designed to measure infant attachment
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: ◦Bring parent and infant into
an experimental room◦Parent allows infant to
explore◦Stranger enters room with
parent◦Parent leaves
inconspicuously◦Stranger interacts with infant◦Parent returns and comforts
infant
Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: ◦Stranger and parent
leave◦New stranger enters
while infant is alone◦Parent enters the
room, picks up infant, stranger leaves
Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test: Attachment Styles
Parent-Child InteractionsParent-Child Interactions
Stranger WarinessSeparation AnxietySchool AnxietyAvoidant BehaviorsFears tend to be adapted as
learned behaviors!ALL separation-based fears begin
appearing when the baby becomes mobile
Childhood FearsChildhood Fears
Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
The Parent-Child The Parent-Child RelationshipRelationship
Early Maturation: Maturing physically before peers. ◦ Boys: POSITIVE!
“He’s the man!”◦ Girls: NEGATIVE!
“She’s boy-crazy” – makes no difference if she even dates
Can lead to a poor body image or eating disorders
Late Maturation: Maturing physically after peers. ◦ Boys: NEGATIVE!
“He’s a wimp/geek/dork/etc”◦ Girls: Not nearly as bad!
PubertyPuberty
Adolescents go through Erikson's stages…◦Group Identity vs Group Identity Diffusion
◦Identity vs Identity Diffusion
Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development
James Marcia developed 4 Identity Statuses that adolescents move through.◦Statuses are based on exploration of potential identities and commitment to the current identity.
Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development
High Commitment
Low Commitment
High Exploration
Identity Achievement: The person has explored multiple roles and settled into an identity they comfortable with and committed to.
Moratorium: A pause in commitment where adolescence explore multiple alternatives and roles with no decision.
Low Exploration
Foreclosure: Acceptance of parents’ values and goals without exploring other options.
Identity Diffusion: Adolescent is wracked with uncertainty and confusion. There is no commitment and no exploration present.
Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development
Marcia stated that…◦Identity achievement is the
healthiest.◦Moratorium is a normal state that
all adolescents go through◦Foreclosure and Identity Diffusion are unhealthy.
Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development
Permissive parents can lead an adolescent to lack confidence and be depressed.
Authoritative parents are the best for contributing to the development of freedom and unique identities.
A sudden switch from authoritative or permissive styles that allow children freedom to a controlling manner in adolescence can be highly damaging.
Parental InfluenceParental Influence
Piaget’s Formal Operation Thought brings…◦Hypothetical Thought: The ability
to think about hypothetical situations and potential consequences.
◦Deductive Reasoning: The ability to use logical steps to form specific conclusions.
◦Inductive Reasoning: The ability to form a general conclusion from specific experiences or facts.
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Adolescent Egocentrism: A return
to a state similar to egocentrism of childhood, where adolescents focus on themselves and nobody else! Focus becomes predominately on
what others might think of them.
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Invincibility Fable: The belief that
the bad things in the world will never happen to them. DOES NOT mean that they actually
think they are immortal or immune, just that they don’t think it would happen to them.
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
David Elkind’s theory of Adolescence: ◦Personal Fable: The belief that their life is
unique/heroic/mythical and that nobody has ever experienced what they are going through before.
◦ Imaginary Audience: The belief that everyone is interested in them and their life, and that they are constantly being watched and evaluated. Can cause teens to hyper-focus on things that
really aren’t that important! Ex. I can’t go to school today, EVERYONE will notice
my bad hair day/acne/generic clothes/etc.
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Roles: The “act” we play in certain situations◦Role Conflict◦Role Overload◦Role Buffering
RolesRoles
Death ProcessDeath ProcessKubler-Ross’s Stages of Death &
Dying◦Denial◦Anger◦Bargaining◦Depression◦Acceptance