Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation of Exploitation & CO 2 Sequestration of Coal

1独独立立行行政政法法人人産産業業技技術術総総合合研研究究所所ラライイフフササイイククルルアアセセススメメンントト研研究究セセンンタターー

Research Centre for Life Cycle AssessmentNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology

Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofLifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofExploitation & COExploitation & CO22 Sequestration of Coal Sequestration of Coal

byby SAGISAKA M.SAGISAKA M. Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,National Institute of Advanced Industrial National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science & Technology (AIST), JAPANScience & Technology (AIST), JAPAN



OilOil

BauxiteBauxite

AluminumAluminumIron OreIron Ore

CoalCoal

ImportImport

Electric Power Electric Power GenerationGeneration

Oil Oil RefineryRefinery

Electric Power Electric Power GenerationGeneration

Iron WorksIron WorksCar FactoryCar Factory

PlasticPlasticMaterialsMaterials

What is LCA ?What is LCA ?

RecyclingRecycling

Solid Wastes



Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2005Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2005



Scope of the Investigation COALCOALExploration | Extraction | Transportation ●

• EnergyEnergy : Electricity, Coal, Oils, CH: Electricity, Coal, Oils, CH4 4 , , ･･････• MaterialsMaterials : Steel (supports, tracks, pipes, : Steel (supports, tracks, pipes, ･･････ ))

Cement, Timber, Plastics, Cement, Timber, Plastics, ･･････････

• EquipmentEquipment : Machines for Mining, Driving,: Machines for Mining, Driving,

Transportation, Separation, Transportation, Separation,

･･････････• BuildingsBuildings : Offices, Houses, Rooms, : Offices, Houses, Rooms, ･･････････



82 82 kg-COkg-CO22/t-coal in 1999/t-coal in 1999

(3.4 g-CO(3.4 g-CO22/MJ-coal)/MJ-coal)



Consumed energies for COAL production in Japan Consumed energies for COAL production in Japan FY1999ItemItem Consumed Consumed

quantityquantityPer ton of shipped Per ton of shipped

clean coal producedclean coal produced

Commercial elec.Commercial elec. 252252 GWhGWh 42.042.0 kWh/tkWh/t

KeroseneKerosene 2929 kkll 0.004830.00483 l l / t/ t

Light oilLight oil 1036310363 klkl 1.731.73 l l / t/ t

Heavy oilHeavy oil 11601160 kkll 0.1930.193 ll / t/ t

CoalCoal 160160 k tk t 26.626.6 kg/tkg/t

Powder coalPowder coal 68.268.2 k tk t 11.411.4 kg/tkg/t

MethaneMethane 5.45.4 MmMm33 0.8990.899 mm33/t/t

ExplosivesExplosives 476476 tt 79.379.3 g/tg/t

Domesticelec.*Domesticelec.* 273273 GWhGWh 45.545.5 kWh/tkWh/t

*Used energies(coal, powder coal and heavy oil) for domestic energy *Used energies(coal, powder coal and heavy oil) for domestic energy production are included in each item.production are included in each item.



Consumed materials for coal production in Japan Consumed materials for coal production in Japan FY1999

SteelSteel 23.223.2 k tk t 3.86283.8628 kg/tkg/t

TimberTimber 3390033900 mm33 0.005640.00564 mm33/t/t

CementCement 11688.911688.9 tt 2.182.18 kg/tkg/t

SandSand 39570.839570.8 tt 7.387.38 kg/tkg/t

Fly ashFly ash 16782.716782.7 tt 3.133.13 kg/tkg/t

ItemItem Consumed quantityConsumed quantity Per ton of shipped Per ton of shipped clean coal clean coal producedproduced

KeroseneKerosene 75.175.1 kkll 0.0140.014 ll/t/t

Plastics Plastics (ABS)(ABS)

16.116.1 kkgg 0.00.003 g/t03 g/t



Acrylonitrile 0.22 kgAcrylonitrile 0.22 kg

ABS 1kgABS 1kg

Input materialsInput materials

styrene 0.60 kgstyrene 0.60 kg

InputInputBOD 0.00098 kgBOD 0.00098 kgCOD 0.014 kgCOD 0.014 kgSS(Suspended Solid) 0.000035 kgSS(Suspended Solid) 0.000035 kgprod. Waste unspecified 0.0077 kgprod. Waste unspecified 0.0077 kg

OutputOutput

Electricity 0.71 kWh Electricity 0.71 kWh steam 1.7 kg steam 1.7 kg cooling water 330 kg cooling water 330 kg heavy oil 1.046 MJ heavy oil 1.046 MJ catalyst 0.0013 kg catalyst 0.0013 kg chemicals 0.0285 kg chemicals 0.0285 kg additives 0.030 kg additives 0.030 kg

butadiene 0.17 kgbutadiene 0.17 kg

AcrylonitrileAcrylonitrile--ButadieneButadiene--Styrene Styrene copolymer resincopolymer resinAcrylonitrile 0.22 kgAcrylonitrile 0.22 kg

ABS 1kgABS 1kg


styrene 0.60 kgstyrene 0.60 kg

InputInputBOD 0.00098 kgBOD 0.00098 kgCOD 0.014 kgCOD 0.014 kgSS(Suspended Solid) 0.000035 kgSS(Suspended Solid) 0.000035 kgprod. Waste unspecified 0.0077 kgprod. Waste unspecified 0.0077 kg

OutputOutput

Electricity 0.71 kWh Electricity 0.71 kWh steam 1.7 kg steam 1.7 kg cooling water 330 kg cooling water 330 kg heavy oil 1.046 MJ heavy oil 1.046 MJ catalyst 0.0013 kg catalyst 0.0013 kg chemicals 0.0285 kg chemicals 0.0285 kg additives 0.030 kg additives 0.030 kg

butadiene 0.17 kgbutadiene 0.17 kg

AcrylonitrileAcrylonitrile--ButadieneButadiene--Styrene Styrene copolymer resincopolymer resin

Propylene 1.19 kg Propylene 1.19 kg

acrylonitrile 1kgacrylonitrile 1kg


Ammonia Ammonia 0.47kg0.47kg

InputInput

waste water 2.6 kgwaste water 2.6 kg

OutputOutput

Electricity 0.2 kWh Electricity 0.2 kWh cooling water 0.3 kg cooling water 0.3 kg process water 2.3 kg process water 2.3 kg

CHCH33CH=CHCH=CH22

NHNH33CHCH22=CHCN=CHCN

Propylene 1.19 kg Propylene 1.19 kg

acrylonitrile 1kgacrylonitrile 1kg


Ammonia Ammonia 0.47kg0.47kg

InputInput

waste water 2.6 kgwaste water 2.6 kg

OutputOutput

Electricity 0.2 kWh Electricity 0.2 kWh cooling water 0.3 kg cooling water 0.3 kg process water 2.3 kg process water 2.3 kg

CHCH33CH=CHCH=CH22

NHNH33CHCH22=CHCN=CHCN

Inventory AnalysisInventory Analysis(Example)(Example)



Foreground DataForeground Data

FuelsFuels

Back ground DataBack ground Data

ElectricityElectricityMiningMining

DisposalDisposalManufacturingManufacturing UseUse

Materials, Fuels, etc.Materials, Fuels, etc.

Transparency, Impartiality, Consistency, …..Transparency, Impartiality, Consistency, …..International Data SharingInternational Data Sharing



International LCA NetworkInternational LCA Network

ex. Data Sharingex. Data Sharing



Elec.Elec.GenerationGeneration

SeparationSeparation

COCO22 +Air+Air

COCO 22

AirAir

TransportationTransportationCOCO22 Sequestration Sequestration

& CH& CH44 Recovery Recovery

COCO22

CH

CH

44

TransportationTransportation

ECBMRECBMR- Environmental & Economical Possibility -- Environmental & Economical Possibility -



Chikuho C.F.Chikuho C.F.

Power Plants; Coal

; LNG

; Oil

China

Korea

Pacific Ocean

Siberia Sakhalin (Russia)

IndustrialBoilers

Chikuho Coal FieldChikuho Coal FieldCOCO22 Supply & CBM (CH Supply & CBM (CH44) Demand) Demand



ECBMRECBMR- Environmental & Economical Possibility -- Environmental & Economical Possibility -

• CBM Production

METSIM2 （ by Imperial College, UK ）• Field

Chikuho Coal Field• Area

10km(E-W)×30km(N-S)

Injection Well

5 spot

Injection pattern

Production Well

interval

Extraction up to CO2<10%



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Capacity x104kW

Yea

r

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

200 300 400 500 600

CO2 rate ton/ hr

Rec

over

y ra

te

%Interval=10km

5km2km

1km

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

CO2 rate ton/ hr

CO

2 Seq

uest

ratin

mill

ion

m3

COCO22 Sequestration Sequestration

& CBM production& CBM production

- Injection rate - Injection rate 585585 ｔｔ --COCO22/h/h

- Well interval - Well interval 2km2km



Lifecycle COLifecycle CO2 2 Emission Emission 　

　

CO2

Emission

(g-CO2/MJ)

Cap

ital

Separation 0.012

Transportation

0.0108

Drilling 1.244

Recovery 0.016

Sub totalSub total 1.31.3

Op

era

tion

Separation 0.557

Transportation

3.9

Drilling 0.073

Recovery 0.675

Sub totalSub total 5.25.2

TotalTotal 6.56.5

Sequestration -99-99

7.87.8 ｇｇ -CO-CO22/MJ (imported LNG)/MJ (imported LNG)

Balance:Balance: -100-100 ｇｇ -CO-CO22/MJ/MJ

CBM Production + 6.5CBM Production + 6.5

CO2 Sequestration - 99CO2 Sequestration - 99

LNG (avoided) - 7.8LNG (avoided) - 7.8



Cost AnalysisCost Analysis

ItemItem

SeparationSeparation 4,759 4,759

TransportationTransportation 13,849 13,849

DrillingDrilling 11,257 11,257

CBM ProductionCBM Production 2,374 2,374

TotalTotal 32,239 32,239

ItemItem

SeparationSeparation 11,700 11,700

TransportationTransportation 8,670 8,670

CBM ProductionCBM Production 292 292

TotalTotal 20,662 20,662

CapitalCapital （（ million JYNmillion JYN ）） OperationOperation （（ million JYNmillion JYN ））

Revenue:Revenue:

CBM Price = imported LNGCBM Price = imported LNG (average ’91-’00) (average ’91-’00)

excl. excl. sequestrated COsequestrated CO22

+ Costs for + Costs for Labour, Management, TaxLabour, Management, Tax



-80,000

-60,000

-40,000

-20,000

0

20,000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Year

Ba

lan

ce

m

illio

n J

YN

Financial AnalysisFinancial Analysis



LCA for Mining ex. coalLCA for Mining ex. coalExplorationExploration

DevelopmentDevelopment

ProductionProduction TransportationTransportation CombustionCombustion Waste Waste TreatmentTreatment

ClosureClosure

ServiceService ､､ BenefitBenefit

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Profit or Total SalesProfit or Total Sales

LCIALCIA

CoalCoalMin

eM

ine

Eco-Efficiency of a MineEco-Efficiency of a Mine



ExplorationExploration

DevelopmentDevelopment

ProductionProduction

ClosureClosure

BenefitBenefit

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Profit or Total SalesProfit or Total Sales

LCIALCIA

Min

eM

ine

Eco-Efficiency of a MineEco-Efficiency of a Mine

1.1. CBM Extraction fromCBM Extraction fromVirgin Coal SeamVirgin Coal Seam

2.2. Coal + CBM ExtractionCoal + CBM Extraction

3.3. ECBMR from Deep SeamECBMR from Deep Seamand/or Abandoned Mine and/or Abandoned Mine

LCA for Mining ex. coalLCA for Mining ex. coal



Environmental Environmental PerformancePerformance

SocialSocial Performance Performance

EconomicEconomic Performance Performance

MiningMiningOperationsOperations

SafetySafetyEmploymentEmploymentSocial DevelopmentSocial Development

ProfitProfitTaxTaxInvestmentInvestment

DustDustNoise, VibrationNoise, VibrationWater TreatmentWater Treatment…….…….

Triple Bottom Line for Triple Bottom Line for Sustainable Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

GlobalGlobalEnvironmentEnvironment………………

CultureCulturePoverty, PeacePoverty, PeaceHuman Rights …..Human Rights …..International CooperationInternational Cooperation

• MethodologyMethodology

• Data SharingData Sharing



Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofLifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofExploitation & COExploitation & CO22 Sequestration of Coal Sequestration of Coal

byby SAGISAKA M. SAGISAKA M. Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,National Institute of Advanced Industrial National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science & Technology (AIST), JAPANScience & Technology (AIST), JAPAN

Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation of Exploitation & CO 2 Sequestration of Coal

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