Life Science NJ ASK Review

8th Grade Science

Animal vs. Plant Cell• Determine the similarities and differences.

Animal vs. Plant

• Lysosomes

• Many small vacuoles

• Nucleus is usually in the center

• Rounded

• Mitochondria• Ribosomes• ER

• Rough• Smooth

• Vacuoles• Nucleus• Nuclear Membrane• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm• Golgi Apparatus

• Chloroplasts

• Cell Walls

• One Large Central Vacuole

• Nucleus usually pushed to the side

• Usually rectangular(ish)

What is a food chain?• A food chain is “a sequence of organisms, each

of which uses the next, lower member of the sequence as a food source1”

Important facts about food chains

• In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below.

• Plants are called because they create their own food through photosynthesis

• Animals are because they cannot create their own food, they must eat plants or other animals to get the energy that they need.

producers

consumers

Four types of consumer

• animals that eat only plants

• animals that eat only other animals.

• animals that eat animals and plants.

• Animals that eat dead materials and organic wastes

Herbivores:

Carnivores:

Omnivores:

Detritivores:

Other Ways to Classify Consumers

1. Primary Consumers:2. Secondary Consumers:

3. Tertiary Consumers:

Herbivores.

Carnivores that eat herbivores.

Carnivores that eat other carnivores.

Identify the producer, one primary consumer, one secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer.

Producer

Primary Consumers

Secondary ConsumersTertiary Consumers

Hierarchy of Biological Classification

Six Kingdoms

Hierarchy of Biological Classification

An easy way to remember…

King = KingdomPhilip = PhylumCame = ClassOver = OrderFor = FamilyGood = GenusSoup = Species

• Which taxonomic group includes all the other groups?

• Human beings are most closely related to other animals that are in the same ________________.

Kingdom

Species

Organization of Living Organisms

Cells-basic unit of an animal’s structure

-become specialized_______________________________

Tissues-made of cells that work together to perform a specific function

__________________________________________Organs

-made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function____________________________________________________

Organ Systems-made of organs that work together to perform a specific function

_____________________________________________________________Organisms

Genetics - What are traits?• Physical Traits– Can be seen by others– Examples:

• Acquired Traits– Learned skills– Examples:

• Behavioral Traits– Instinctual actions– Examples:

Eye color, hair color, height, left handed

Playing a sport, riding a bike, playing a musical instrument

Nest building and migration

Genetics

• Genotype

• Phenotype

• Allele

• An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is for that gene– Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa

• An individual with identical alleles of a gene is for that gene– Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt

The genotype is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of the individual.

An individual’s observable traits. What people can SEE when they look at you

Different forms of a gene, which produce variations of a genetically inherited trait.

heterozygous

homozygous

Terms Used in Modern Genetics

• An allele is dominant if its effect masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it– Capital letters (A) signify dominant alleles;

lowercase letters (a) signify recessive alleles– Homozygous dominant (AA)– Homozygous recessive (aa)– Heterozygous (Aa)

• A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is called

• A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor is called recessive

dominant

Generation 1

B B

b

b

In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is the dominant gene, we write it with a capital ‘B’. White fur is a recessive trait. It is

written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose to represent a gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive.

Tongue Curling

T t

T

T

Copy into your notebook and complete the Punnett’s Square.

What percentage of offspring will be able to curl their tongue?

T=can curlT=cannot curl