LEZIONE 2 LM 2012 2013
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CORSO DI PALETNOLOGIAA.A. 2012-13
LEZIONE 23 OTTOBRE 2012
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783)
Denis Diderot(1713-1784 )
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Erasmus Darwin
THE LUNAR SOCIETY1765-1791
Joseph Priestly
Josiah WedgewoodJames Watt
Matthew Boulton
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ADAM SMITH1723-1790
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Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
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Carl Nilsson Linnaeus1707-1778
La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi
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Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico).La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.
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Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster)
Dominio Eukaryota
Regno Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Classe Insecta
Ordine Diptera
Famiglia Drosophilidae
Genere Drosophila
Specie D. melanogaster
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Alexander von Humboldt1769-1859
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Humboldt & Bonpland: viaggi di esplorazione nell’America Spagnola 1799-1804
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Humboldt e Bonpland sull’ Orinoco (1800)Humboldt e Bonpland al Chimborazo (1802)
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da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807. CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador
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Ernst Haeckel 1834 - 1919
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LA ROTONDA DELLA
BRITISH LIBRARY
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IL GRANDE SCIOPERO DI CHICAGO1 MAGGIO 1884
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Morgan, Henry (1818-1881)American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian ofprimitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, publishedin London in 1877, which was the inspiration for F. Engels' TheOrigins of the Family and State, appeared seven years later.
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ORIGINE E DIFFUSIONE DELLA SCRITTURA
CUNEIFORME
CINESE
EGIZIANO GEROGLIFICO
LATINO
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GUSTAV KOSSINNA1858-1932
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VÖLKERWANDERUNG
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KULTURKREISE
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VENCE GORDON CHILDE1892-1857
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INNOVATION & SUBSIDY
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DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES
GENDER and AGE
HOUSEHOLD TEAMS LONG-RANGE TEAMS
SEASONS
WINTER SUMMER
TRANSITIONS
W S S W
NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the groupmoves between Winter and Summer quarters andback. By camping in strategic locations many collateral resources could be exploited during the journey from decentralized ecological niches,along different optional pathways. Target-orientedsurvey works have made possible to detect thesesmaller campsites in different parts of the world.
SMALL HUNTING& FISHING
COLLECTINGPLANTS
FUEL
SMALLER ANIMALS
HONEY
STOCKING
BIRDS
MOLLUSCSREPTILES
INSECTS
CRUSTACEANS
TRAPPING
KEEPING OF ANIMALS
&CUBS
TRANSFORMATIONS& FOOD PROCESSING
BIGHUNTING
BIGFISHING
COLLECTINGOF DISTANTRESOURCES
EXCHANGE& TRADING
PROTECTION& SCOUTING
CAPTUREOF ANIMALS & CUBS
NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundingsof residential sites, moving in radical directions withDaylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources tomeet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site they work continuously looking after all material needs of the group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves.
NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idleperiods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideologicalelaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.