LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

ALGERIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

ALGERIA

TECTONIC PLATES

ALGERIA: AFRICA—EURASIA COLLISION

MODERATE TO HIGH RISK

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ALGERIADISASTERS IN ALGERIA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ALGERIADISASTERS IN ALGERIA

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES

LANDSLIDES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will happen

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and

infrastructure are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or

WARNING SYSTEM in place

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction

because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either this experience or the prior experiences.

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALGERIA’S ALGERIA’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

ALGERIA’S ALGERIA’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL

EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL

SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUND

SHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY EARTH-QUAKE HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

EXPOSUREMODEL

EXPOSUREMODEL

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

VULNERABILITYMODEL

VULNERABILITYMODEL

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

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REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE

A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALGERIA’S NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES

M7.3 EL ASNAM (CHLEF): OCTOBER 10, 1980

M6.8 BOUMERDES: MAY 21, 2003

BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE

BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE

• LOCATION: approximately 60 km east of the capital, Algiers.

• The quake was the strongest to hit Algeria since 1980, when the M7.3 El Asnam (renamed as the Chlef earthquake) occurred.

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE

Many nations sent teams to assist in the search and rescue efforts

and/or contributed financial resources

IMPACTS

• 2,266 people were killed, 10,261 injured, and 200,000 left homeless

• 400 were killed in Algiers alone

IMPACTS

• The Boumerdes Province and the eastern side of Algiers experienced the worst damage.

BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE

IMPACTS

• In the Algiers Province, 554 schools suffered light damage, 330 schools received moderate damage, and 11 were heavily damaged or completely destroyed

IMPACTS

• The University of Science and Technology in Bab Ezzouar, which has the largest university campus in Algeria, was among the damaged schools

IMPACTS

• More than 1,243 buildings were completely or partially destroyed

• Infrastructure (roads and bridges) was damaged in Algiers, Bourmerdes, Reghaia, and Thenia

IMPACTS

• A localized tsunami damaged boats off the coast of the Balearic Islands

ALGERIA’S CHLEF EARTHQUAKE

(M7.3)

October 10, 1980

LOCATION: 200 KM WEST OF ALGIERS

Generated on a thrust fault marking the collision of the African and Eurasia plates

THE CHLEF EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING MAP

DAMAGE

DAMAGE

IMPACTS

• DESTROYED: The town's main hospital, a big department store, the central mosque, a girls' school and two housing complexes

• 3,500 DEAD and 300,000 people left homeless

With the assistance of UNESCO’s Earth Science

Division and experts from the USA and other nations,

Algeria developed a state-of-the-art seismic zonation

strategy for reconstruction

THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

• EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!