2013 REVIEW OF NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDONESIA PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES
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Transcript of LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDONESIA PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
INDONESIA PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
TSUNAMIS
CYCLONES
FLOODS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
PLATE TECTONICS MAP
INDONESIA
REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting that generates earthquakes and volcanoes.
REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian plate is moving northward while being subducted under the Eurasian plate creating a zone marked by a submarine trench that can be traced from the northern tip of Sumatra to the Lesser Islands.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ON EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
AS PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” INDONESIA EXPERIENCES EARTHQUAKES AS A RESULT OF
ONGOING SUBDUCTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIA
TECTONIC PLATES
SUBDUCTION ZONE
INDONESIA: SEISMICITY
INDONESIA’SINDONESIA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•QUAKE HAZARDS• BLDGS., LIFELINES•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES • PREPAREDNESS
MEANS THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG GROUND SHAKING AND PLAN IN ADVANCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRA-STRUCTURE WITH MODERN CODES AND STANDARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS FOR MASSIVE GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE RECENT EARTHQUAKES
DECEMBER 26, 2004 –- M9.3SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 — M7.6
OCTOBER 1, 2009 — M6.6
THE EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI DISASTER OF DECEMBER 26, 2004
• A reverse fault ruptured the sea floor for more than 1,000 km, generating a M9.3 earthquake and a tsunami that traveled the Indian Ocean, devastating Indonesia and other rim countries, leaving over 220,000 dead.
THE EARTHQUAKE
• The M9.3 earthquake was located 260 km (155 miles) from Banda Ache, SUMATRA
LOCATION
THE TSUNAMI
• A major tsunami that traveled the Indian Ocean was generated in the December 26, 2004 subduction-zone earthquake.
SUDDEN CHANGE IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
After the December 26, 2004 M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and tsunami occurred, volcanic
activity increased with some of Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes
becoming active again.
LOCATION
THE WEST SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE: SEPTEMBER 30, 2009
• A devastating M7.6 earthquake occurred on Wednesday night, September 30, 2009.
• It occurred on the same fault system that broke on December 26, 2004, generating the M9.3 earthquake and the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami.
THE JAMBI EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 1, 2009
• A M6.6 earthquake occurred on Thursday morning, October 1, just as the airport was reopening and rescue teams were beginning their work.
• Fortunately, the epicenter was 230 km (140 miles) southeast of the M7.6 quake.
PADANG PARIAMAN: OCTOBER 1, 2009
• Before the earthquake, Padang Pariaman, closest to the quake’s epicenter in the Indian Ocean, was a cluster of villages built on the flanks of surrounding mountains, overlooking rice paddies and a river.
• A landslide triggered by the quake destroyed the villages and the road that connected them.
LANDSLIDE: PADANG PARIAMAN
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKINGGROUND SHAKING THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIES
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009• The port city of Padang (population of
900,000) was in chaos on Thursday, October 1, after a powerful M7.6 earthquake struck the island of Sumatra on Wednesday.
• Fires were burning, sirens blaring, dazed residents wandering in streets covered with rubble, and hundreds trapped beneath collapsed buildings.
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009• Nearly every building over three stories
in Padang suffered damage from the first quake, which was just 50 km (30 miles) away.
• Padang’s three main hospitals collapsed.
PADANG
PADANG: COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS
PADANG: FIRE
PADANG: DAMAGE
PADANG: COLLAPSED BUILDING
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009• At least 1,300 people were dead, but ...• The death toll was expected to rise as
search and rescue workers dug into collapsed hospitals, offices, hotels, homes, buried villages, and a school, where an estimated 3,000 people were trapped under the rubble.
PADANG: DAMAGED AND COLLAPSED BUILDINGS
PADANG: RUBBLE FROM COLLAPSED BUILDINGS
PADANG: SEARCH AND RESCUE
PADANG: SEARCH AND RESCUE
PADANG: SEARCH AND RESCUE
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
PRELIMINARY IMPACTS
• The powerful earthquakes devastated 10,581 houses, 88 public facilities, 77 places of worship, 76 school buildings, and 68 government offices in Pariaman alone.
NOTE: Indonesia’s long, slow recovery process from the December 26,
2004 earthquake/tsunami disaster was hindered by these quakes.
MANY HELPING HANDS FROM ABROAD, AS IN 2004
• Helping hands were extended immediately by a number of countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the USA, Germany, South Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Switzerland, Thailand, Taiwan and Norway.
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR EARTHQUAKESFOR EARTHQUAKES
EARTH-EARTH-QUAKESQUAKES EXPECTED EXPECTED
LOSSLOSS