LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014 · Communications Advisor), Felipe de Azevedo Nunes...

PROGRAMA

Green Municipalities Program:LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

Belém, April 2013.

The Green Municipalities Program (Programa Municípios Verdes – PMV) is a Pará State Government program developed in partnership with municipalities, civil society, private initiative, Ibama and the Federal Public Prosecution Service, with the objective of fighting deforestation and strengthening sustainable rural production through strategic actions for environmental planning and environmental management, with a focus on local pacts, deforestation monitoring, implantation of the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and structuring municipal management.

The Green Municipalities Program was launched in March 2011 through State Decree no. 54/2011, under coordination of the Office of the Chief of Staff, specifically the figure of Extraordinary Secretary of State for Coordination of the Green Municipalities Program (SEPMV).

The PMV has a Steering Committee responsible for strategic decisions and an action plan for the program, made up of 21 members, ten representatives of the government, eleven representatives from civil society, as well as the Federal Public Prosecution Service, Ibama and State of Pará Public Prosecution. Actions are carried out by a group of governmental and non-governmental institutions that make up the PMV Executive Council.

SEPMV Team

Alessandra Zagallo (SEPMV/Cabinet adviser), Ana Lucia Vilhena Muniz (SEPMV/ adviser for Environmental and Land Title Planning), Bruno Marianno de Oliveira (Imazon Consultant/support for PMV), Camilla Miranda (SEPMV/Coordinator for Institutional Articulation), Denys Pereira (SEPMV/Coordinator for Sustainable Production), Diego Andrade de Araújo (SEPMV/Communications Advisor), Felipe de Azevedo Nunes Lopes (SEPMV/Legal Coordinator), Igor Corrêa Pinto (SEPMV/Coordinator for Sustainable Production), Julianne Marta Moutinho (SEPMV/Coordinator for Environmental Management), Justiniano de Queiroz Netto (SEPMV/Extraordinary Secretary), Karlla Julianna Marruás Almeida (SEPMV/Chief of Cabinet), Marussia Whately (Imazon Consultant Imazon/support for PMV), Wendell Andrade (Sema/PA).

PROGRAMA


PROGRAMA

Organization

Marussia WhatelyMaura Campanili

Belém, April 2013.

Green Municipalities Program: Lessons learned and challenges for 2013/2014

Coordination Marussia Whately and Maura Campanili

Collaborators Adalberto Veríssimo, Ana Lucia Muniz, Bruno Marianno, Daniel Santos, Denys Pereira, Diego Andrade de Araujo, Felipe de Azevedo Nunes Lopes, Igor Corrêa Pinto, Julianne Marta Moutinho, Justiniano de Queiroz Netto, Raphael Pacheco Silva Neto, Wandreia Baitz

Edition and text revisionMaura Campanili

MapsImazon – CGI

Editorial designAna Cristina Silveira / AnaCê Design

TranslationJohn Moon

©

The data and opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of those financing this study.

Acknowledgments and interviewees Adnan Demachki (former Mayor of Paragominas), Adorisvaldo Pereira (Municipal Environmental Secretary for Santana do Araguaia), Antonio Correa Pinto de Oliveira (Executive Manager at Pará Rural), Bruno Oliveira, Carlos Fernandes Xavier (President of Faepa), Carlos Guedes de Guedes (President of Incra), Carlos Souza Jr. (senior researcher at Imazon), Cassio Pereira (researcher at Ipam), Cristiane Fontes (coordinator CLUA/Climate Works), Daniel César Azeredo Avelino (Federal Attorney/MPF Pará), Edilberto Poggi (Municipal Environmental Secretary for Dom Eliseu), Felipe Zagalo (Municipal Environmental Secretary for Paragominas), Gilberto Miguel Sufredini (former Mayor of Tailândia), Gizele Luciana Cabral Ramos (Municipal Environmental Secretary for Novo Repartimento), Hidelgardo Nunes (State Secretary for Agriculture in Pará – Sagri), Hugo Américo Rubert Schaedler (Ibama Superintendent in Pará), José Alberto da Silva Colares (State Secretary for the Environment in Pará), José Conrado Santos (President of Fiepa), Mauro Lúcio de Castro Costa (Presidente of the Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas), Orly Bezerra, Paulo Amaral (senior researcher at Imazon), Paulo Barreto (senior researcher at Imazon), Paulo Tocantins (Mayor of Paragominas), Simão Jatene (Governor of the State of Pará), Sidney Rosa (Chairman of the PMV Steering Committee/Special Secretary for Economic Development and Incentives for Production in the State of Pará), Teresa Moreira (Specialist in Environmental Governance at TNC), Thays Borges, Verônica Oki, Zelma Luiza da Silva Costa (former Municipal Secretary of the Environment for Altamira).

Our thanks to the following Institutions Vale Association for Sustainable Development – Vale Fund; Regional Council for Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy (Crea/PA); State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of Pará; Federation of Agriculture and Ranching of Pará; Federation of Municipal Associations in the State of Pará; Federation of Industries in the State of Pará; Skoll Foundation; Avina Foundation; Ibama/Superintendency in the State of Pará; Institute for Economic, Social and Environmental Development of Pará; Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources; Institute for Forestry Development in the State of Pará; Amazon Institute for Environmental Research; Pará Land Institute; Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon; International Institute for Education in Brazil; National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform; Socioenvironmental Institute; Federal Public Prosecution Service; Municipal Government of Paragominas; Pará Rural Program; State Treasury Secretariat; State Agriculture Secretariat; State Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation; State Secretariat for Regional Integration, Urban and Metropolitan Development; State Secretariat for the Environment; Special Secretariat for Economic Development and Incentives for Production; Special State Secretariat for Infrastructure and Logistics for Sustainable Development; Municipal Environmental Secretariat of Paragominas; Municipal Environmental Secretariat of Dom Eliseu; Municipal Environmental Secretariat of Novo Repartimento; Municipal Environmental Secretariat of Santana do Araguaia; Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas; The Nature Conservancy.

MessageSIMÃO JATENEGovernor of the State of Pará

The Amazon is a prodigious generator of myths and swings back and forth from a vision of an ecological sanctuary to that of breadbasket for the world, which feeds back to the vicious cycle of the polarized

debate between preserving and producing, as if it were possible in the XXI century to continue to expand agricultural and ranching production in the Amazon based upon the logic of deforestation and degradation of natural re-sources. That thesis is clearly unacceptable because of the high environmental and social costs generated by such a model. One cannot thus make the Amazon into an untouchable ecological sanctuary where economic activities are largely forbidden, ignoring the need for generating high quality development for the 24 million inhabitants in the Legal Amazon, of which more than seven million occupy the State of Pará.

The answer to this dilemma between preserving and producing is the rational and sustainable use of natural resources in the Amazon by considering that the region has a vocation as a major provider of environmental services. The good news is that we have moved forward from a theoretical formulation of sustain-able development to something that we are actually experiencing in Pará through the Green Municipalities Program (PMV), an initiative launched by the state Government in March 2011.

The program is operated based on pacts involving rural producers, and so-cial and environmental organizations in partnership with the local and state governments. The work agenda encompasses the process for environmental regularization through the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and control of deforestation. And it is innovative in considering that producers who do not deforest and are in the process of environmental regularization will enjoy incentives such as access to credit, consumer markets and the possibility of

removing their properties from embargo. Additionally, actions for land title regularization are now considered a priority.

At the state level, the Green Municipalities Program innovates significantly in the way it acts, through a steering committee made up of rural producers and agriculture federation, industry federation, municipalities, social organizations, NGOs, public prosecution service and participation by federal agencies. This is recognition that the sustainable development agenda is an issue that interests all sectors and not only the government.

The results and challenges faced by the Green Municipalities Program in 2011 and 2012 have been summarized in this activity report, presents major advances such as the reduction of deforestation, a significant increase in the Rural Environ-mental Registry, improvement in agriculture and ranching productivity and the expansion of reforestation. The report also highlights very positive achievements in terms of local pacts for reducing deforestation and promoting a more sustain-able rural economy. Above all, the Program presents the notable action of part-nerships, dialogue and the political pact for finding real solutions for the complex and multifaceted problems found in the Amazon, and particularly in Pará.

We believe that Pará and the Amazon present a major opportunity for showing the world that it is possible to reconcile natural resource conservation and Sustain-able Production as the Green Municipalities Program demonstrates. But we also rec-ognize that the challenges to building a Pará that is more sustainable, more socially just, inclusive and prosperous are permanent and thus require continued long-term efforts and a genuine disposition for dialogue and partnerships among the different sectors of society. That encourages us to trust that creative and positive changes are possible if society embraces this cause that is for each one of us. And for all of us.

Aerial view of the region near the municipality of Santarém.PHOTOGRAPH: MARUSSIA WHATELY. MARCH 2013.

Table of Contents

Presentation

Introduction

PART 1 Origin of the Green Municipalities Program

CHAPTER 1 Fighting deforestation in the Amazon

CHAPTER 2 Creation of the Green Municipalities Program

PART 2 The Green Municipalities Program in Pará

CHAPTER 3 How the PMV operates

CHAPTER 4 Strategic Themes

CHAPTER 5 Goals of the Program

PART 3 Results achieved and perspectives

CHAPTER 6 Results of the PMV

CHAPTER 7 Challenges and perspectives for 2013-2014 in the vision of the partners

Appendices

List of acronyms

List of maps, figures and tables

Bibliography

10

12

15

16

22

31

32

44

62

69

70

78

82 92 93

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10 GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

PresentationJUSTINIANO DE QUEIROZ NETTOSpecial State Secretary for the Green Municipalities Program

There is no “silver bullet” capable of defeating illegal deforestation in the Amazon. The problem is complex and has extremely varied socioeco-nomic and political causes, which demand a wide-ranging and durable

approach by the State and society.

It is first necessary to understand that as a rule the background to development is an activity that at some level drives the local economy. From the small-scale farmer or settler who deforests to create a slash-and-burn plot to those who deforest on a larger scale, all wish to convert the forest for economic use, legitimately or illegitimately.

For that reason, we cannot separate the question of support for sustainable production and consequent change in the local economic model, in order to oc-cupy the space of the deforestation economy and see to it that the greater the sustainable activity, the less deforestation there will be.

In that regard, dealing with the question merely based on a vision of repres-sion and enforcement is not enough. That obviously does not mean dispensing with or belittling the so-called “command and control” mechanisms. But it does indicate that they alone are not enough.

A common error in official policies has been, when emphasizing command or control, to exclude or alienate local stakeholders in areas where the problem is occurring. Mayors, municipal council members, producers and local organiza-tions have been routinely ignored, when not consider accomplices in the defores-tation taking place in their municipalities. On the other hand, these actors have seen environmental issues as an attempt to stifle their development. Thus, given

11GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

the lack of local engagement and a sustainable economy, whenever enforcement was reduced, deforestation always made a comeback, even if at a lower rate.

In order to change this scenario, the State of Pará created the Green Mu-nicipalities Program, whose foundations lie mainly in local pacts and partner-ships. The pact guarantees the involvement of local society with this theme, strengthening the understanding that deforestation is no longer synonymous with development. On the contrary, in the XXI Century, the lack of environ-mental compliance means serious limitations in access to markets and to credit.

The partnerships, for their part, ensure continuity and complementarity for the program that do not depend upon a single governmental agency or entity. That being the case, rural producers, unions and class organizations, NGOs, and environmental, land title and production support agencies will need to unite around local agendas in order to confront concrete problems.

The proposal seeks not only to reduce deforestation, but above all to develop a more sustainable local economy, since the former issue is inversely related to the latter. Such a task will demand enormous stamina and disposition for dialogue, because one does not quickly and easily build understanding around such a po-lemical and complex issue.

The following report shows how this program began in the State of Pará and how it has operated in the two years since it was created in March 2011. It also shows the challenges and perspectives for the next few years, notably land title regularization, which in the view of the partners is a chronic problem for the Amazon in general and for Pará in particular.


Introduction

Launched in March 2011 by the Pará State Government in response to the challenge of fighting deforestation in the State, the Green Munici-palities Program (Programa Municípios Verdes – PMV) is an initiative

whose principle is to work in partnership with all levels of government, civil society, private enterprise and Public Prosecution Service. This publication provides a balance of the first two years of the program, showing how it works in practice, the roles of partners, the results obtained so far and the goals and challenges for the future.

The first part, the Origin of the Green Municipalities Program shows how the process of occupation and development in the Amazon, marked by con-struction of highways and implantation of major projects for energy, mining and agriculture and ranching, resulted in little generation of quality of life for the region’s inhabitants and in severe environmental impacts. Furthermore, it shows how the critical situation of deforestation in the Amazon led the fed-eral government to adopt impacting measures beginning in 2004, which led to a marked drip in the rates of forest destruction. In that context local and regional initiatives also arose to sustain and broaden those gains, as is the case with the PMV in Pará.

The second part, The State of Pará’s Green Municipalities Program de-scribes how the PMV operates with its strategic lines of action and goals, one of the main ones being an 80% reduction in deforestation in the state by 2020, compared to the annual average of 6,255 Km2 (1996-2005), achieving zero net deforestation beginning in that year. The program has also established a goal of at least 50% growth in registrations with the Rural Environmental Registry in 2012, which it has already reached.


To achieve those goals, the PMV has structured four major lines of actions: control and monitoring of deforestation; territorial, environmental and land title organization; sustainable production; and shared environmental manage-ment. The detailed publication of each one of these shows their actions and how they interact with other governmental programs at all levels. It also ex-plains how municipalities join the program and the competitive advantages they achieve with it.

The last part, Results achieved and perspectives, presents the significant re-sults obtained so far by the PMV, such as reduction in deforestation and an in-crease in properties listed in the Rural Environmental Registry. Another victory was that three municipalities were able to get off the Environmental Ministry embargo list.

Finally, the partners present the main challenges the program faces in the next two years, notably with the land title issue, expansion of decentralized environmental management and maintenance of dialogue with all sectors.

PARt 1Origin of the Green Municipalities Program


Fighting deforestation in the Amazon

The process of occupying and developing the Amazon, conceived of dur-ing the second half of the last century, marked by construction of high-ways and implantation of major projects for energy, mining and agricul-

ture and ranching, resulted, truth be told, in little generation of wealth quality of life for the region’s inhabitants.

On the other hand, that process brought about severe environmental impacts, whose most visible face is deforestation and degradation of the Amazon rainfor-est. By 2012, deforestation had reached almost 19% of the original forest in the area and it is estimated that a similar amount had been degraded by logging and/or fire. Many scientists fear that the Amazon rainforest will began an irreversible process towards becoming savannah if deforestation reaches 40% of the original forests. The implications of this transformation for global warming, hydrologi-cal cycles and biodiversity would be unpredictable.

Recognizing the strategic importance of the Amazon and in response to pres-sures from Brazilian and international public opinion, the government of Bra-zil in 2004 launched an ambitious program to combat deforestation, known as PPCDAM. It was also motivated by the fact that deforestation contributed more than 55% of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in 2004, which made Brazil the fourth largest emitter in the world.

During the first phase (2004-2007), that program resulted in the creation of 480 thousand Km2 of conservation units, which raised the proportion of pro-tected areas from 28% to 38%1 of the Legal Amazon. There were also signifi-cant advances in the area of command and control, notably with an increase in

Chapter 11

1 Excluding Environmental Protection Areas (APA).

17Green Municipalities proGraM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

Fighting deForestation in the amazon

Map 1. Forest cover and deforestation in the State of Pará


enforcement in the field, arrests of authorities and producers involved in illegal deforestation and the launching of monitoring systems with real time satellite images from Deter (Inpe)2 and SAD (Imazon)3.

This set of measures reduced deforestation from 19.6 Km2 (the average for 1996-2005) to somewhere around 12.6 Km2 (average for August 2005-July 2008). However, it was version 2.0 of this program launched at the beginning of 2008 that drastically reduced deforestation to around 6.3 Km2 (the average for 2009-2012). That represented a drop of more than 80% between the deforestation rate recorded in 2004 (beginning of PPCDAM) and that of 2012.

Considering the 2006-2012 period, the CO2 emissions avoided with this sharp drop in deforestation were estimated at 2.2 gigatons4, the greatest contribution so far towards reducing GHG on a worldwide scale. It should be noted that the total reduction caused by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol does not reach 2 gigatons of CO2, which highlights the impor-tance of the Amazon contribution towards fighting global warming.

But what made this significant drop in deforestation possible, especially be-ginning in 2008? The reason seems to lie in several innovations made to the strat-egy for confronting the problem, including:

Restriction in rural credit – National Monetary Council Resolution no. 3545 of February 29 2008, which began to require environmental and land title compliance for financing agriculture and ranching projects in the Amazon Biome;

List of municipalities that deforest the most in the Amazon and im-position of various administrative restrictions to those municipalities5;

List of embargoed areas – Published by Ibama6 from the list of rural properties and proprietors subjected to environmental embargoes as a re-sult of deforestation7;

4 Technical Note of the Amazon Fund Technical Committee using a conservative value of 100 T C/hectare and a correction factor of C for CO2 equivalent to 3.6667.

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5 A procedure called for in Federal Decree no. 6.321/2008, with the �rst list published through Administrative Ruling of January 24, 2008.

6 Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.

7 Article 18 § 1 of Federal Decree no. 6.514/2008. The list can be veri�ed at http://siscom.ibama.gov.br/geo_sica�/.

2 System for Detecting Deforestation in Real Time carried out by the National Institute for Space Research (Deter/Inpe).

3 Deforestation Alert System from the Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon.


Assignment of responsibility to the beef production chain – The re-sult of regularization of the Environmental Crimes Law, which assigned legal liability to all agents in the production chain who have acquired products from embargoed areas8 and the action of the Federal Public Prosecution Service (MPF) that led to the signing of a TAC with compa-nies in the sector9;

Strengthening of enforcement operation that became more effective and constant, with the seizure of machines, products (timber, charcoal, grain) and animals in rural properties with illegal deforestation (e.g. op-erations Arc of Fire and Pirate Cattle).

Additionally, Brazil assumed an international commitment during COP 1510 (Copenhagen) to reduce deforestation by 80% up to 202011, which would mean that total deforestation that year would be around 3.9 thousand Km2. Such a goal could be achieved even before 2020, given the strong reductions obtained from 2009 to 2012. In fact, the estimate for deforestation in 2012 was about 4.6 Km2.

Despite this favorable scenario, there was – and still is – a major concern as to the sufficiency of those measures for eradicating or even controlling defor-estation in the long term.

This is because the majority of initiatives applied were of a regulatory or merely repressive nature, incapable of altering the dynamics of productive ac-tivities linked to deforestation and at the same time encouraging a new sustain-able economic base in the region. Additionally, the local society that had been strongly impacted by those measures did not perceive environmental issues as advantageous and thus did not engage in the organizing process.

It was in that context that local or regional initiatives arose for fighting deforestation that had enormous potential for supporting and deepening the gains obtained up to that point, as is the case of the Green Municipalities Program in the State of Pará.

FIGHTING DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON

8 Article 54 of Federal Decree no. 6.514/2008.

9 See TAC on Ranching box, page 20.

10 15th Conference of the Parties on Climate Change.

11 Calculated over the average for the years 1996-2005, which corresponds to 19.6 thousand Km2.


TAC for Ranching in Pará

Legal actions such as blocking of assets and assignment of liability to the pro-duction chain have also begun to be part of the pressure against deforestation

in Pará and in Mato Grosso. This has happened due to action by the Federal Pub-lic Prosecution Service (MPF), which in 2009 began to investigate the productive chains linked to illegal deforestation in the Amazon.

The information showed that ranching was one of the activities most pressuring deforestation. Data from the Inpe and Embrapa TerraClass12 program showed that more than 60% of the areas deforested in the Amazon up to 2008 had been convert-ed to pastures. The MPF decided to intervene and called upon the ranching sector to adjust itself through Terms for Adjusting Conduct (TAC). Through these, the meat-packing plants assumed a commitment to buy cattle only from legalized ranches.

The accord called for various stages leading to achieving legality and sustain-ability. According to the MPF, the TACS had short-term objectives, such as stop-ping deforestation and slave labor. The owners could not deforest new areas for cattle ranching, and could promote expansion of production only in areas that had already been altered. After signing the TAC, the producers were supposed to register with the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and obtain an environ-mental license, beginning regularization of their areas for Legal Reserve (RL) and permanent preservation (APP).

According to prosecutor Daniel Azeredo, the state government and munici-palities were also called upon to sign terms of commitment with the MPF to ac-celerate adoption of public policies with a view to modernizing the agriculture and ranching productive chain are reducing deforestation, through differenti-ated commitments.

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12 A project produced by Embrapa and Inpe with the objective of de�ning the areas already deforested in the Legal Amazon using satellite images. This new reading resulted in the preparation of a digital map that describes the land use and cover situation for 2008. http://www.inpe.br/cra/projetos¬_pesquisas/sumario_executivo_terraclass_2008.pdf, access on 02/25/2013.


FIGHTING DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON

The main obligations for the state government are to: (i) allow access by the MPF and provide it with information about CAR and licensing of rural activities; (ii) conclude Ecological Economic Zoning of the Calha Norte and Eastern Zone areas; (iii) implant the computerized CAR for rural properties and the Electronic Animal Transport Form (GTA), and guarantee that the bill of sale for cattle sales should only be issued for rural properties registered with CAR, among other measures. Ad-ditionally, the Pará government is supposed to finance contracting of an audit to assess fulfillment of items in the TAC signed by the meatpacking plants.

For their part, the municipalities are supposed to sign a pact for controlling de-forestation with local associations of producers and civil society, create a working group and a minimum structure for monitoring and verification of deforestation in the field, among other measures.

The municipalities not on the list of the greatest deforesters – or those who com-mitted to getting off of the list within one year – can benefit their producers with a period granted for environmental adjustment of rural properties and activities.

Currently, the period jointly determined by the MPF and Sema is:

(i) Rural properties of more than three thousand hectares, up to 11/30/2012; (ii) Rural properties of less than three thousand hectares and more than five

hundred hectares, up to 07/31/2013;(iii) Rural properties of less than five hundred hectares, up to 02/28/2014.

The agreements signed by the state government, municipalities and productive sector enabled the rise of a positive agenda that has also collaborated towards creation of the Green Municipalities Program, whose first condition for signing on is exactly signature by the municipality of a Term of Commitment with the MPF.

“Today, there are around 70 thousand rural properties listed in CAR in Pará, the largest registration in Brazil. The main objective of the Terms for Adjusting Conduct is the reduction of deforestation, which has happened in the state.”

DANIEL AZEREDO, Prosecutor with the Federal Public Prosecution Service in Pará.


Creation of the Green Municipalities Program

The State of Pará was strongly affected by the actions of the Federal Go-vernment and Federal Public Prosecution Service against deforestation during the first years of the 2000 decade. Those measures resulted in the

inclusion of 17 municipalities in the critical deforestation list by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA)1 and in the signing of Terms for Adjusting Conduct by meat packers and cattle producers. Additionally, thousands of rural properties were embargoed and there were social impacts due to the paralyzing of irregular economic activities.

In response to that situation, in March 2011 the State Government launched the Green Municipalities Program (PMV)2, an initiative developed in partnership with municipalities, civil society, private initiative and the Public Prosecution Ser-vice. The general objectives of the PMV are to fight deforestation and strengthen sustainable rural production through strategic actions for planning and for en-vironmental and land title management. This is done through local agreements with municipalities, monitoring deforestation, implanting the Rural Environmen-tal Registry (CAR) and strengthening municipal environmental management.

1 Altamira, Brasil Novo, Cumaru do Norte, Dom Eliseu, Novo Progresso, Novo Repartimento, Paragominas, Rondon do Pará, Santa Maria das Barreiras, Santana do Araguaia, São Félix do Xingu, Ulianópolis (Administrative Ruling no. 28/2008); Itupiranga, Marabá, Pacajá, Tailândia (Administrative Ruling no. 102/2008; and Moju (Administrative Ruling no. 157/2008). The municipalities of Paragominas, Santana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis got o§ the embargo list a few years later. Paragominas was the �rst, in 2010, followed by the other three in 2012.

2 The PMV was launched through State Decree no. 54/2011. Available at www.municipiosverdes.com.br

17 municipalities on the “list of greatest deforesters in the Amazon.”

Paragominas is the �rst to leave the list

Creation of PMV.

State Decree no 54/2011.

PMV: nomination of secretary and its own structure

Chapter 21

2008-2010 2011 March November 2012


91 municipalities with TC with Federal Public Prosecution Service

Santana do Araguaia leaves the Ministry of the Environment List

Rio+ 20: zero net deforestation

Anapu and Sen. José Porfírio enter the list

Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis leave the MMA list

94 municipalities sign on with the PMV

The program was inspired in the successful experience of the municipality of Paragominas, which in 2008 launched the Green Municipality project, with which it confronted the issue of deforestation through a pact with the local society and with various actions undertaken by partners active in the municipality (municipal government, rural producer unions, NGOs, workers, Federal Public Prosecution Service and others). The initiative was so successful that in 2010 Paragominas was the first municipality in the Amazon to leave the deforestation list3, reducing the local rates of deforestation and forest degradation by more than 90%4.

Integrated Public Policy

One of the main characteristics of the PMV is its alignment with federal and state public policies for fighting deforestation and promoting sustainable devel-opment in the Amazon, especially with actions by the Sustainable Amazon Plan (PAS), the Plan for Preventing and Controlling Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAM) and the Plan for Prevention, Control and Alternatives do Deforesta-tion of the State of Pará (PPCAD):

SUSTAINABLE AMAZON PLAN Launched by the federal government in May 2008, the PAS proposes a set of

guidelines for conducting sustainable development in the Amazon with a focus on valuing sociocultural diversity and reducing regional inequalities. Thus, PAS emphasizes the need and importance of adopting local and/or regional strategies

CREATION OF THE GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM

3 MMA Administrative Ruling no. 66, of March 24 2010.

4 See The Example of Paragominas, page 26.

February June September December2012


in favor of sustainable development, affirming that “they must be drawn up and signed according to the environmental, economic, social and cultural particu-larities of the territories toward which they are directed, avoiding falling into the error of generalization and standardization, which have been to a large degree responsible for failures in the past.”5

In that regard, the starting point for the PMV is awareness and engagement of local society through municipal pacts for fighting deforestation. Additionally, it classifies the municipalities according to their characteristics of vegetation cover, deforestation and environmental and land title organization, which enables ac-tion in a regionalized manner and taking into account the environmental and economic particularities of each municipality, in harmony with the intervention strategy emphasized by the PAS6.

PPCDAMWhile the PAS works at a strategic level, the PPCDAM operates as the opera-

tive program for fighting deforestation on the part of the federal government in partnership with the states. In effect since 2004 and coordinated by the Presi-dential Chief of Staff, it is organized along three themes: territorial and land title organization, environmental monitoring and control and encouragement of sustainable productive activities. Because it operates on a tactical and operational level, it has a considerable affinity with the actions called for in the PMV, so much that the lines of action described for PPCDAM and PMV are practically the same, with the difference that the state program has a specific line of action for Shared Environmental Management, since it prioritizes decentralization of management to the municipalities.

PPCADThe same strategic lines of the PPCDAM have been adopted by the Plan

for Prevention, Control and Alternatives do Deforestation of the State of Pará (PPCAD/PA) launched in 2009 (State Decree no. 1.697/2009). PPCAD consists of a detailing at the state level of the actions of PPCDAM at the federal level, which means that it is also automatically aligned with actions by PMV.

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5 BRAZIL. Presidency of the Republic. Plano Amazônia Sustentável: diretrizes para o desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia Brasileira /Presidência da República. Brasília: MMA, 2008. Available at http://www.fundoamazonia.gov.br/FundoAmazonia/export/sites/default/site_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/Publicacoes/2_ppcdam.pdf. Access on 07/09/2012.

6 See categories for municipalities, page 41.



Box 1. Alignment of proposals from PPCDAM and PMV

PPCDAM PMV

Improvement of instruments for monitoring, licensing and enforcement related to deforestation with innovative methodologies, with a view to integrating with incentives for preventing environmental damages.

Monthly monitoring of deforestation at the municipal scale and veri�cation in the �eld of sites/forward bases for �ghting deforestation.

Adoption of a decentralized and shared management style for public policies, through partnerships between the Federal level, states and municipalities view to integrating with incentives for preventing environmental damages and encouraging sustainable production systems.

Decentralization of environmental management through an electronic system for integrated licensing; structuring and capacity-building for municipal environmental agencies; standardizing of rural environmental licensing.

Stimulate active participation by di§erent sectors of the Amazon society who are interested in policies related to preventing and controlling deforestation, as well as increasing the quality of their implementation, with transparency, social control and political appropriation.

Local pacts for �ghting deforestation; local groups (committees) for following up organizing actions; municipal environmental councils.

Incentive for implementing CAR, an instrument through which environmental agencies have access to georeferencing for rural properties, in order to quality remote monitoring and the e§ectiveness of enforcement operations in the �eld, as well as to orient the process for environmental regularization of a rural property.

Support for registering rural properties in CAR; cartographic base; system for validating CAR.

For its first three-year period of action (2009-2012) the PPCAD-PA had a set of 39 actions. More than controlling deforestation, the plan is strongly support-ed by the understanding that the only way to maintain momentum with a fall in deforestation rates and leverage a new production paradigm is through consoli-dation of sustainable economic alternatives.

Revision and updating of PPCAD is underway, considering the actions carried out up to 2012 and the new actions that will be in effect from 2013-1015. Begin-ning in 2013, PPCAD will be under the coordination of PMV.


The Example of Paragominas

Paragominas is one of the municipalities that appeared in the Amazon in the 1960s alongside the Belém-Brasília highway. The economic history of the mu-

nicipality for a long time was associated to programs that encouraged deforestation and ranching.

The situation began to change when, in February 2008, public opinion against deforestation began to pressure local producers and the Federal Government be-gan closing in, with dissemination of the list of municipalities with critical deforesta-tion in the Amazon, with the consequent credit embargo for rural producers in the municipalities on the list.

Chapter 21

ON THE SIDECeremony launching the Green Municipalities Program in Paragominas.PHOTOGRAPH: ANTONIO SILVA, 2011.



By the end of his first term of office, then-mayor Adhan Demachki was seeing the municipality entering an economic crisis and decided to call local society together to reach a major agreement for changing the local economic model. A meeting was called and 51 entities – involving unions, resident associations – discussed the situation. “The list was hurting the city. It was like being listed on a credit blacklist; we were having difficulty selling our products. After more than three hours of talk-ing, we decided to make a pact to seek zero deforestation and legal, sustainable and socially just product,” the mayor remembers.

Thus, on March 23 2008, the “Paragominas: Green Municipality” project was born.

Imazon came aboard as a partner and was asked to monitor deforestation, while at the same time the municipal government made inspections and knocked down clandestine charcoal kilns, whose activity was the main cause of deforestation in the municipality. The mayor visited the schools to talk to the students about the impor-tance of the pact. Producers began to register with CAR. The municipality received the federal government’s Operation Arc of Fire, which closed several charcoal producing operations and embargoed dozens of properties because of illegal deforestation.

At the end of 2008, the pact was put to the test when, after the municipal gov-ernment denounced deforestation in indigenous lands to Ibama and Funai, Ibama seized several trucks loaded with timber. Outraged, illegal loggers robbed the ap-prehended vehicles, set fire to the Ibama office and vehicles from the Municipal Environmental Secretariat and even attempted to lynch agency employees.

Society was once again called upon to reaffirm the pact for zero deforestation and the people repudiated the act of vandalism. The commitment was so great that what had been previously unimaginable happened: the Union of Rural Producers of Paragominas made a room available for the NGO The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

“We have the challenge of creating more and more sustainable jobs based on a green economy. But the municipality has already started to grow and the peoples’ self-esteem has risen. Now is the time to set out for new victories.”

ADNAN DEMACHKI, lawyer and former mayor of Paragominas..

>>> (continues)


Chapter 21

to help with registration procedures, beginning a partnership that would lead the municipality to register more than 90% of its private territory.

Those were difficult years for Paragominas, with the loss of jobs and revenue. Even so, the population believed in the project and Demachki was reelected with more than 80% of the votes.

In 2012 the work positions lost had already been recuperated, but with better quality, in reforestation areas in the municipality. During that same year these ef-forts were nationally recognized. Paragominas was the first municipality to get off of the deforestation list and began to be known as the Green Municipality.

Thanks to environmental planning the business environment improved and the municipality attracted the first MDF factory to be installed in the Northern and Northeaster regions, which is making a local furniture manufacturing cluster a vi-able proposition. Additionally, producers of grains such as soy, corn and rice have been attracted to the municipality to lease underutilized lands and strengthen ag-riculture in areas that have already been opened. The local rural producers union encourages green ranching and low carbon agriculture.

The challenge of going forward on the path to sustainability continues in Para-gominas. The new mayor Paulo Tocantins states that there have been no changes in the PMV’s direction with the change in government. “Our objective now is to move forward with municipal decentralization, with the transfer of the greatest number possible of functions from the state to the municipal environmental agen-cy, and thus streamline environmental licensing. Additionally, we are continuing the process of land title regularization, a commitment we have made to the State and Nation. On January 23, the city’s anniversary, we handed over 54 land titles through Iterpa to local rural producers,” he has stated.



Cattle ranching (location not speci�ed). PHOTOGRAPH: ARQUIVO AG. PARÁ. APRIL 2013.

PARt 2The Pará State Government’s

Green Municipalities Program


How the PMV operates

Launched in March 2011, the Green Municipalities Program has as one of its major goals1 an 80% reduction in deforestation in the State of Pará by 2012 compared to the annual average of 6,255 Km2 (1996-2005), and

achieving zero net deforestation beginning at that date. It has also established a growth of at least 50% in registrations with the Rural Environmental Registry in 2012, a goal that it has already reached. To achieve those goals, the PMV has structured four major lines of actions2: control and monitoring of deforestation; territorial, environmental and land title organization; sustainable production; and shared environmental management.

Municipalities adhere voluntarily to the PMV and participants mainly receive long-term competitive advantages such as:

Legal security – Following environmental laws provides reassurance to producers that they will not suffer sanctions such as fines and economic embargoes.

Value in the markets – Consumers have opted for products with the cor-rect socioenvironmental provenance and some importing countries have restricted trade in products that cause damage to the environment. In Bra-zil, major retail chains such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Pão-de-Açúcar have declared that they will no longer buy products obtained through illegal deforestation and labor under conditions analogous to slavery. Additionally, some meat packers (such as JBS and Marfrig) have signed Terms for Adjusting Conduct (TAC)3 committing themselves to buying only from suppliers who are environmentally compliant.

1 See chapter 5, Goals of the Program, page 62.

3 See ranching TAC, page 20, and Betting on green ranching, page 57.

2 See chapter 4, Strategic Themes, page 44.

Chapter 32


Attracting investments – Being a green municipality provides a market differential and can attract good investments since there is greater legal security.

More credit, incentives and technical assistance – The federal govern-ment, in light of the municipality’s change of position in terms of envi-ronmental and social issues, will prioritize access to credit, incentives and rural technical assistance.

Other advantages – The state government is planning to reduce taxes for producers that are environmentally compliant and who prioritize land title regularization.

HOW THE PMV OPERATES

BELOW7th meeting of the Steering Committee of the Green Municipalities Program held in Belém, December 2012.PHOTOGRAPH: DIEGO ANDRADE/PMV.


How to sign on with the PMV

The first step in becoming a part of the PMV is for the municipality to sign a term of commitment with the Federal Public Prosecution Service, with a view to providing legal and political stability for the program. As of December 2012, 94 municipalities had signed the term, in which they committed to a set of seven goals to be moni-tored by the PMV coordination and validated by the Steering Committee, which will enable the municipality to received benefits such as removal of the environmental embargo, fiscal incentives and priority in allocating state public resources, under the terms of Resolution no. 01/2012 of the PMV Steering Committee.

The seven goals are:

I. Sign a local pact against deforestation with the local society and government;II. Create a municipal working group for fighting illegal deforestation;III. Carry out verifications in the field of illegal deforestation points and report to the program; IV. Maintain the annual deforestation rate below 40 Km2 (based on Prodes/Inpe) criteria;V. Have more than 80% of the municipal area registered4;VI. Not be on the list of the municipalities that are deforesting the most in the Amazon;VII. Introduce concepts of environmental education in municipal schools.

The methods are considered strategic, because when allied to strengthen-ing of municipal environmental management, they result in advances towards achieving PMV objectives. This can be confirmed by actions developed by various partners with the PMV, such as unions, NGOs and municipal gov-ernments. Among the highlights are formalization and strengthening of local pacts, verification in the field of deforestation points and growing adherence of rural properties to CAR5.

4 Excluding Protected Areas (Indigenous Lands and Conservation Units).

Chapter 32

5 See CAR as a strategy for building sustainable productive landscapes, page 52.



Figure 1. PMV goals for the municipalities

TAC MPF

GROUP FOR FIGHTING

DEFORESTATION

VERIFICATIONIN THE FIELD

DEFORESTATION< 40 Km2

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

NOT BE ON THEMMA LIST

1

2

3

DEFORESTATION

4

5

6

ENVIRONMENTAL

7

PACT FOR FIGHTING DEFORESTATION

80% IN CAR


Chapter 32

How it is organized

The PMV began to have its own organization in November 2011, with the desig-nation of an Extraordinary State Secretary to coordinate it, directly linked to the

Government Chief of Staff Office. Additionally, the PMV has a Steering Committee responsible for strategic decisions and for the program’s plan of action.

The Steering Committee is made up of 21 members – ten representatives of the public sector and eleven from civil society – with participation allowed for the Fed-eral Public Prosecution Service, State Public Prosecution Service and the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama)6, which is an important partner in the command and control actions and in providing infor-mation on critical deforestation areas.

To carry out and implement the actions necessary for reaching the goals, the PMV has an Executive Committee7, coordinated by the SEPMV and make up of a group of governmental and non-governmental agencies: Pará State Secretariat for Economic Development and Incentives for Production (Sedip); Pará State Secretar-iat for the Environment (Sema); Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas (SPRP); Federal Public Prosecution Service (MPF); Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon (Imazon); The Nature Conservancy (TNC).

There are also other state agencies involved in carrying out actions, including the State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Emater/PA), the State Agriculture Secretariat (Sagri), the State Secretariat for Industry and Com-merce (Seicom), the Pará Land Institute (Iterpa) and the Pará Institute for Forestry Development (Ideflor).

7 Created by Decree no. 308/11, which altered the text of article 7 of Decree no. 54/11.

6 As de�ned in the PMV by-laws approved in 2012.



Figure 2. PMV Governance

SEPMV

Steering Committee (COGES)

Executive Committee

ENVIRONMENTAL AND TERRITORIAL ORDERING

Control of deforestationSettlements

CARProtected areas

COORDENATION/ARTICULATION/MANAGEMENT PMV

Information ManagementCommunications

Service to municipalitiesBudget executionLegal department

SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Municipal enablementArticulation with DIPLAM, URES and partners for strengthening

and capacity-buildingLicensing/LAR

SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

ABCREDD

Forestry ProductionReforestation

Economic Incentives

Cabinet


Chapter 32 Secretary Justiniano Netto (middle) and Secretary Sidney Rosa sign a term of adherence of the municipality of Santarém to the PMV; to the left, Santarém Mayor Alexandre Von, and to the right, Pará Secretary of Tourism Adenauer Goes, and Federal Prosecutor Daniel Azeredo, MPF. 8th meeting of COGES, Santarém, March 2013. PHOTOGRAPH: DIEGO ANDRADE/PMV.



Representatives of civil society Pará State Government

1. Vale Association for Sustainable Development – Vale Fund

2. Regional Council for Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy (CREA/PA)

3. Pará State Federation of Agriculture and Ranching (Faepa)

4. Federation of Municipal Associations in the State of Pará (Famep)

5. Federation of Industries in the State of Pará (Fiepa)

6. Amazon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam)

7. Amazon Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon (Imazon)

8. International Institute for Education in Brazil (IIEB)

9. Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA)

10. Union of Rural Producers in in Paragominas (SPRP)

11. The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

1. State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Emater)

2. Pará Institute for Forestry Development (Ideflor)

3. Pará Land Institute (Iterpa)

4. State Agriculture Secretariat (Sagri)

5. State Treasury Secretariat (Sefa)

6. State Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation (Secti)

7. State Secretariat for Regional Integration, Urban and Metropolitan Development (Seidurb)

8. State Secretariat for the Environment (Sema)

9. Special State Secretariat for Economic Development and Incentive for Production

10. Special State Secretariat for Infrastructure and Logistics for Sustainable Development

Voluntary participation

Federal Public Prosecution Service, State Public Prosecution Service and Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama)

Box 2. Composition of the Steering Committee

40 Green Municipalities proGraM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

Chapter 32Map 2. Municipalities according to PMV categories



Categories of municipalities

The PMV classifies municipalities according to the degree of pressure for de-forestation and forest degradation in five categories, which determine the pro-gram’s priorities for action in each one.

Embargoed Municipalities: These are on the list of largest deforesters in the Amazon, accord-ing to the list released by MMA. In December 2012 there were 15 Pará municipalities on this list. The action priority in this category is to control defores-tation and advance with CAR in order to remove the municipalities from the list.

Municipalities Under Pressure: Municipalities with a high risk of deforestation. This category covers 17 municipalities that may be placed on the MMA list, either because they have significant deforesta-tion rates or because they are located near major infrastructure projects, which increases the risk of deforestation. The focus of action for those munici-palities is to prevent or reduce deforestation to avoid being placed on the list and also advance with CAR.

Consolidated Municipalities: Municipalities with a medium level of deforestation. This covers the 80 Pará municipalities that had less than 60% of vegetation cover in 2010 and lower levels of defor-estation, considering that the human impact process has already occurred. The main focus is registration in CAR and regularizing environmental liabilities.

Forest Base Municipalities: Municipalities at low risk for deforestation. This category covers 28 municipalities that had more than 60% of their area under vegetation cover in 2010 and low rates of de-forestation, and thus lower chances of being placed on the MMA critical list. However, they did record sites with illegal logging and forest degradation. In general they have large areas placed in conserva-tion units, and thus the strategy for this category is to strengthen the forest economy.

Municipalities that are Monitored and Un-der Control: This category covers municipalities that meet the demands contained in Resolution no. 01/2012 of the PMV Steering Committee, notably for the municipalities that have been able to get off of the MMA list. In December 2012 there were four municipalities in this category: Paragominas, San-tana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis. After controlling and monitoring deforestation, the mu-nicipality begins the process of regularizing its en-vironmental liabilities and licensing rural activities. The objective is that by implanting the program and fulfilling the Term of Commitment with the MPF, all of the other municipalities will migrate to this category.


Chapter 32

Table 2. Pará municipalities included on the list of largest deforesters of the Amazon (MMA, 2012)

Municipality Area (Km2)

Area recently deforested (Prodes)

Aug./July2010/2011

Aug./July2011/2012

Average for period

Altamira 159.701 254,9 225,7 240,3Anapu 11.909 227,1 16,4 121,8Brasil Novo 6.370 39,6 9,1 24,3Cumaru do Norte 17.106 60,5 55,7 58,1Itupiranga 7.899 61,4 42,2 51,8Marabá 15.127 66,2 52,9 59,6Moju 9.131 43,5 44,5 44,0Novo Progresso 38.183 54,4 72,2 63,3Novo Repartimento 15.433 183,5 121,0 152,2Pacajá 11.852 200,0 34,6 117,3Rondon do Pará 8.286 27,6 14,4 21,0Santa Maria das Barreiras 10.350 34,3 18,9 26,6São Félix do Xingu 84.249 148,5 165,6 157,0Senador José Por�rio 14.388 102,0 19,4 60,7Tailândia 4.451 19,4 9,4 14,4Total 414.435 1.523 902 1.212,3

Table 1. Deforestation by category of municipalities (Inpe/Prodes, August 2011 to July 2012)

Categories Number of municipalities

Área (IBGE) Deforestation 2011/2012

(Prodes/Km2)(Km2) %Embargoed 15 413.966 33,0 902 55,7Under pressure 17 218.777 18,0 395 24,4Forest Base 28 418.431 34,0 112 6,9Consolidated 80 155.486 12,0 101 6,2Municipalities removed from the list 4 41.291 3,0 109 6,7Total 144 1.247.950 100,0 1.620 100,0



Green Municipalities Minimum requirements

Basic Level

• for at least two years be on the “monitored and under control” category;• municipality enabled and having a technical team for rural environmental management

within the limits of municipal jurisdiction;• no occurrence of any event of labor analogous to slavery during the last two years.

Advanced Level • < 90% of recordable area recorded in CAR;• all rural properties recorded in CAR validated (meaning with RL and APP de�ned);• < 80% of properties registered with environmental licensing.

Full Level• 100% of recordable area registered in CAR;• 100% of properties registered with environmental licensing for rural activities;• 100% or rural properties registered with RL and APP areas undergoing regularization process.

Box 3. Proposal for classifying municipalities in the “Green Municipalities” category

Green Municipalities: paths to sustainability

In February 2013, PMV promoted a technical meeting with its partners, in order to define the criteria to be used for belonging to the “Green Municipalities” catego-ry the levels that needed to be achieved. That is because there is a great concern for maintaining the program’s image, as well as preventing municipalities from receiv-ing this designation when they still have not definitively controlled deforestation and concluded the process of environmental regularization. In light of this, it is proposed that three levels be created for the Green Municipalities category (see box below).

Considering the criteria below, no Pará municipality would already be qualified as a Green Municipality, with the municipality of Paragominas coming closest. The PMV also intends to establish benefits and awards for each category, in order to encourage efforts by the municipalities. “Detailing of the categories, their crite-ria, means of measurement, benefits and awards would be defined during the first semester with the PMV Steering Committee,” states secretary Justiniano Netto, responsible for coordinating the program.


Strategic Themes

The two major objectives of the PMV are to fight deforestation and to sup-port sustainable rural development. The means of action for the PMV is through articulation with municipalities, starting from a major pact that

involves all stakeholders from society, government and private initiative. Instead of offering readymade solutions, the program seeks participatory and collabora-tive construction with an extensive network of public and private stakeholders. Its performance is based upon four strategic themes – controlling and fighting deforestation; territorial, environmental and land title planning; sustainable pro-duction; and shared environmental management – which are presented below:

1. Control and monitoring of deforestation

Pará, along with Mato Grosso, is one of the leaders in deforestation in the Amazon. By 2012, 21% of the 1.25 million Km2 of Pará territory had been altered through deforestation. One of the major causes of the persistence of deforesta-tion is the model of occupation that predominates in the state, based on timber harvesting and agriculture and ranching, which leads to a “boom-bust” economy. This means that in the first years of economic activity there is a rapid and ephem-eral growth (“boom”), followed by a severe decline in income, employment and tax collection as the natural resources are exhausted (“bust”)1. The situation is ag-gravated by the meager presence of the State to organize and promote the rational use of natural resources.

Based upon action by many actors, the control and monitoring axis of the PMV is beginning to produce changes in this scenario. The objective is to remove

1 Celentano & Veríssimo, 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2006.

Chapter 42


the Pará municipalities from the MMA list of largest deforesters, and thus re-move properties from the embargo and create stable, safe and transparent rules that will enable development of sustainable activities. Intervention by the Federal Public Prosecution Service by means of Terms for Adjusting Conduct2 is used as part of this effort, as is intervention by Ibama, which is also a signatory to the terms of commitment3.

The monitoring systems with real-time satellite images – Deter (Inpe) and SAD (Imazon) – guide enforcement operations, many of them carried bout jointly by Ibama and by Sema, with the additional participation of several agencies of the state and municipal governments. This effort includes participation by Treasury secretariats (to verify fiscal violations) and Security secretariats, as well as other agencies such as the Agriculture and Ranching Defense Agency (Adepará), respon-sible for verifying if the cattle found in illegal deforestation areas are vaccinated.

Furthermore, Governor Simão Jatene himself has called special meetings through the Situation Room to assess the dynamics of deforestation and set up joint efforts for resolving the problems. In 2012, four of those meetings were held, two of them commanded personally by the governor, with participation by sever-al government secretariats, as well as the MPF, Ibama, rural producers and some municipal governments.

Monitoring of the municipalities in the PMV is done by Imazon using the De-forestation Alert System (SAD). This system maps deforestation events of over 10 hectares, and according to Carlos Souza, coordinator of the Amazon Monitoring Program at Imazon, it is very useful for halting deforestation. “Every month we separate the best composition of images and send it to the municipalities where deforestation has been detected,” he explains.

After receiving the information, the municipality has the mission of carrying out field inspections to see if deforestation has in fact occurred and find out its purpose (the activity for which it was intended). To do this, it receives a field veri-fication bulletin to be filled out by the municipality and returned to PMV. That

STRATEGIC THEMES

2 See TAC for Ranching, page 20 and Planning of productive chains, page 47.

3 See TAC for Ranching, page 20.


is the documentary proof that must contain photographs, details of location and reasons for the deforestation, and will be used by the appropriate agencies such as Sema or MPF for holding the offender liable. It is an instrument used to provide a capacity for responding to the deforestation alerts.

For this enforcement to work it is also necessary to capacitate local environ-mental agencies in issues involving geotechnology and knowledge regarding en-vironmental legislation and management. In that regard, Imazon has already trained more than 140 technicians from municipal Environmental Secretariats from 45 municipalities in courses on Geotechnology Applied to Environmental Management and Verification of Deforestation.

One example of how this process operates in practice is the Group for Defor-estation Control in Altamira, created in June 2011, which has been working to get the municipality off the MMA deforestation list4. The municipality may also obtain advantages that will lead to sustainable production5.

4 See Altamira Group �ghts to have its embargo lifted, page 48.

5 See TAC for Ranching, page 20.

Chapter 42

The Deforestation Bulletin (SAD)in the municipalities can be verified

at the following addresses:

www.municipiosverdes.com.br or

http://www.imazon.org.br/ publicacoes/

transparencia-florestal

BELOWField veri�cation of deforestation spots in the municipality of Dom Eliseu.PHOTOGRAPH: SEMA DOM ELISEU, SEPTEMBER 2012.


STRATEGIC THEMES

Planning of productive chains

Controlling deforestation also involves the need for environmental planning of other productive chains besides ranching, the first activity to adjust its

procedures through the TAC signed with the MPF6. Thus, in February of 2012 the TAC for Charcoal was signed, focusing on a commitment by Pará steel mills to acquire ram materials from legal sources. The TAC for Charcoal involved partici-pation by PMV and led to a series of commitments for the sector, such as trace-ability tools and a registry of suppliers. The major Pará steelmaking companies have already signed.

“We also closed the door on charcoal heading for companies in Maranhão who were not doing forest replacement here in Pará. The sector lost time and markets because it was late in entering the environmental regularization process, but I be-lieve that they can begin to grow again sustainably, if they adopt new practices and invest in forest for energy production,” says Justiniano Netto, PMV secretary.

In August 2012, the price for soy doubled and led to some grain producers to advance into the forest, leading to an increase in deforestation. “All of those who were deforesting were punished, but it is important for grain buyers to adopt rigid procedures for purchasing in order to guarantee legal origin for their products,” the secretary states.

Because of this, the MPF called upon the main grain buyers in the state to sign a commitment for environmental compliance for the productive chain for grain. The contents of the requirements are still being debated but they will cer-tainly demand CAR for the producers and consultation of embargoed areas and slave labor before purchases are made. The commitment is scheduled to be en-acted during the first semester of 2013. >>> (continues)

6 See box on Ranching TAC, page 20.


Another sector that is also negotiating its planning process is timber, where plans call for a reduction in bureaucracy for those who are operating legally and an increase in transparency and effectiveness for monitoring forest production. “The idea is to involve all of the production chains with the requirements. First it was ranching, the most common activity, and now we are focusing other activities (steelmaking, grains, timber). We will work step by step with each sector, with a view to achieving zero defor-estation within the next few years,” attorney Daniel Azeredo of the MPF emphasizes.

Altamira Group: the �ght to have its embargo lifted

The Group for Deforestation Control in Altamira has the participation of 80 orga-nizations and was created based on a municipal decree. The success of partici-

pation by all sectors in the process of creating a pact against deforestation encour-aged the Municipal Secretary of the Environment to make tough decisions in order to fight illegal practices.

According to Zelma Luiza da Costa, as the time municipal secretary for the Envi-ronment and until the end of last year president of the Altamira Group, the greatest challenge for the municipality is its enormous extension, which means that the dis-tricts to the South whose activities pressuring the forest are under the influence of Mato Grosso are at a great distance from the municipal seat (Castelo dos Sonhos and Cachoeira da Serra are 1,100 Km away and Vila Canopus and Vila Cabocla are at a distance of 1,300 Km).

The group has identified critical deforestation points and as the bulletins from Ima-zon came in, they went to see who was responsible. Altamira created and Environmen-tal Observatory, which does analyses and produces reports on deforestation, informing what its main causes in the region are. “And what we have confirmed is that defores-

Chapter 42

“In order for Pará industry to be truly sustain-able the entire productive base has to be envi-ronmentally compliant. That is why we partic-ipate in and sup-port the Green Municipalities Program, since most of our production chains begin in the countryside, in the rural zone that needs to produce more and better, with respect for the environment”.

JOSÉ CONRADO SANTOS, President of the Federation of Industries in the State of Pará (Fiepa).


STRATEGIC THEMES

tation occurs in the southernmost region of the municipality, in the vicinity of Novo Progresso. This is deforestation of a speculative nature promoted by offenders coming from other states or municipalities,” Zelma states. According to the former secretary, “the intention is to call the attention of the federal and state government, because we need a heavy intervention from the three levels of government in order to minimize deforestation in places that are so far from the seat and remove Altamira from the list.

With support from the group, the municipality has utilized funds from notices for bids for the Plan for Sustainable Regional Development of the Xingu7 for acquir-ing equipment and installing operational bases or branch offices of the Municipal Environmental Secretariat in the four critical districts and should hire personnel through a selection process for these locations.

Partnership with Ibama

According to Hugo Américo, Ibama superintendent in Pará, the agency is a signa-tory to the TC with the MPF and the state government, and its role is the be able to lift the embargo on the areas of municipalities who can meet criteria for reducing deforestation, registering with CAR and maintaining deforestation rates below 60% in relation to the last few years. “Additionally, monitoring continues and at any sign that the municipality may return to the list of major deforesters Ibama intervenes and helps the municipality maintain its condition of green municipality,” says Américo.

The main line of action for Ibama is monitoring, command and control, one of the themes for the PPCDAM. Enforcement actions have also gained momentum with cre-ation of the National Annual Plan for Environmental Protection (PNAPA), through which Ibama programs its enforcement actions, prioritizing areas where the largest illegal de-forestation acts occur and considering the historical satellite monitoring series.

7 Drawn up to implement policies directed towards the population in the 10 municipalities that make up the area of influence of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Project in the Xingu region (Pará). It has participation by the federal, state and municipal governments. The company responsible for the UHE Belo Monte project will invest 500 million Brazilian reals in the PDRSX, as provided for in the call for the bidding process – as well as the counterpart activities called for during licensing of the project.


2. Environmental, territorial and land title planning

The advances in territorial planning in Pará have gained strength with Law for Ecological-Economic Macrozoning8. Approved in 2005, this Law empow-ered a significant expansion of protected areas beginning in 2006, when the state government created 15 million hectares of state UCs (the largest portion of them in the Calha Norte area), raising the percentage of protected areas from 41% to 54% of state territory. By December 2012, Pará had 56% or its territory placed in protected areas. Additionally, a sizable portion of state ter-ritory already has ecological-economic zoning.

Beginning in 2011 with the PMV taking effect, the priority has been on ac-tions of territorial and environmental planning involving private areas, with an emphasis on CAR and on participation by municipalities through local pacts. For example, some municipalities that have signed on with PMV are carrying out actions to fight deforestation including field verification when deforestation sites appear.

Identification of actions causing deforestation results in adoption of more strategic and efficient corrective or preventive measures. On the other hand, producers who do not deforest and are in the process of environmental regu-larization enjoy incentives such as access to credit and to the consumer market and have the possibility of seeing the embargo lifted on their rural properties. A term of commitment signed with the Federal Public Prosecution Service and Ibama allows the embargo to be lifted for areas undergoing the regularization process in municipalities that meet the PMV goals. Furthermore, this compo-nent calls for creation and consolidation of protected areas and actions for land title regularization.

The difficulties with land title regularization in the Amazon and Pará ex-pand social conflicts, make it difficult to intensify land use and inhibit the investments that are necessary for socioeconomic development in the state of Pará.

8 State Law no. 6745, of May 6 2005.

Chapter 42


STRATEGIC THEMES

Environmental Compensation Fund

Environmental compensation is an instrument defined by the Snuc Law9, which requires enterprises with significant environmental impact to support

the implantation and consolidation of fully protected UCs. At the state level, José Alberto da Silva Colares, State Secretary for the Environment, explains that Pará is restructuring its environmental management to administer these resources. “We have an enormous area on the frontiers, where 56% of the ter-ritory is protected area (conservation units and indigenous lands). Sema has direct responsibility over 21.8 million hectares of conservation areas, without counting the quilombola and agroextractive areas, which add another 2 million hectares. Resources from the Compensation Fund will be employed in a system for enforcement and management of state conservation units,” he says.

To make this a concrete reality, Sema is restructuring its activities, with cre-ation of the Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP), which will be responsible for coordinating management of the UCs. This new governance structure for the funds derived from environmental compensation is being built with support from PMV and mainly from the Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity (Fun-bio) which has collaborated in developing a model similar to that of Rio de Janeiro, where an operator (which in Rio is Funbio itself) manages funds.

Colares says that the legal framework is ready and that the state is prepared to seek funding. Currently, the Pará Compensation Fund has 30 million reals on hand, but many enterprises from 2002 to the present have not yet payment, so that the potential for collection may reach 500 million reals. That would be suffi-cient to operate the UCs for decades. “With this, we will have governance for the protected areas and we can work with projects for payment for environmental services such as REDD.”

9 Federal Law no. 9.985, of July 18 2000.


Chapter 42

CAR as a strategy for building sustainable productive landscapes

CAR is an electronic system for recording data form rural holdings, whether pos-sessions or properties, with the state Environmental Secretariats10. It was insti-

tuted by the federal government through the More Environment Program (Federal Decree no. 7029, of 2009) and later consolidated in the legal structure through Law 12.651/2012 (the new Forest Code).

In 2009 Faepa made an agreement with the State Secretariat for the Envi-ronment in Pará, at the time called Sectam, to involve the productive sector with CAR. “This action began in 2009 and was concluded in 2010. We trained 130 unions in the State of Pará. The training covered all of the CAR legislation, which is seen by the law as self-declaratory in that the unions could perform it through units installed in computers via internet,” reports Carlos Fernandes

Xavier, president of FAEPA.

One of the main goals for the PMV is to increase the number of properties registered in CAR11. Besides being a legal requirement, PMV considers CAR a fun-damental instrument for territorial plan-ning in the municipality, through which it is possible to identify not only environ-mental liabilities, but also environmental assets. One partner in this strategy has been TNC, which carries out studies for territorial planning that serve as an input

10 CAR is made up of a georeferenced map and an environmental diagnosis. Areas should be indicated on the map for permanent preservation, Legal Reserve and remnants of native vegetation located inside the property, for purposes of control and monitoring.

11 See Goals for the Program, page 62.

BELOWField work for placing properties in CAR in the municipality of Paragominas.PHOTOGRAPH: RAFAEL ARAÚJO/TNC, 2011.


STRATEGIC THEMES

for CAR. “We support producers in working with CAR because constructing it helps to identify the assets for building sustainable productive landscapes. CAR is a tool through which we can collaborate towards conservation without impacting pro-duction,” explains Teresa Moreira, of the TNC’s Amazon Conservation Program.

One example of where this partnership has worked is Paragominas and Santana do Araguaia, where more than 80% of properties in the municipalities have been registered. “We came to see registration as an instrument for managing the prop-erty that was good for us,” says Mauro Lúcio Costa, president of the Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas, which provided TNC with a room at the Union building. “Here the producer feels much more at ease to do the registration, because this is his house,” he concludes.

Mauro Lúcio, a pioneer in green ranching12, believes that CAR is also an instru-ment for land title regularization. “Registration is self-declaratory, but if everyone does his or her declaration and there is no problem with overlapping, why not regularize your land? In Paragominas we have advanced very much in this direc-tion.”

Teresa Moreira explains that the producers began to comply when they perceive that the commitment not to punish those who voluntarily enter CAR is genuine and the intent is to create a process for gradual mitigation and offsets. “Construction of mutual commitments, with deadlines for both sides – state and producers – is the greatest merit and greatest challenge for the program,” she believes.

“We need a vision for the whole State and it is as part of that vision that I con-tinue to insist that we need to establish some criteria, including rewards for those who are compliant with environmental legislation, so that all of the rural establish-ments in the state can do their registration,” says the Faepa president.

12 See Betting on green ranching, page 57.


3. Sustainable production

With an economy that is strongly influenced by mining, logging, agricultural and ranching activities, the state closed out 2012 with a GDP of almost 78 billion reals, a per capita GDP of 10 thousand reals and an HDI of 0.723 (15th place in the Brazilian ranking, according to Ipea). The challenge is to lead Pará towards a low carbon economy that will also contribute towards removing one third of the population from below the poverty line and promote social equity. The good news, according to Special Secretary for Production Sidney Rosa, is that the state has the largest and most diversified economy in the region, with a presence in productive chains such as cacao, fruit production, tourism, forestry, ranching and mining.

Collaborating with a change in the dynamics of the development pattern in the State of Pará is the main objective of the sustainable production theme in the Green Municipalities Program. To do that, PMV encourages sustainable produc-tive models based on:

Multiple management of native forests (timber production, non-timber forest products and payment for environmental services);

Intensification of agriculture and ranching production;

Support for forest silviculture (reforestation for economic purposes);

Restoration and/or recomposition of the state’s environmental liability;

Investment in green ranching.

To this end, Green Municipalities supports financing systems such as the ABC Program (Low Carbon Agriculture), led by the State Agriculture Secretariat (Sagri) and FIP Amazon, the first risk capital fund for the Amazon. FIP is to in-vest 100 million reals in actions for a green economy, of which at least 20 million reals will be in Pará.

Chapter 42


STRATEGIC THEMES

The PMV also proposes creation of an agency directed towards attracting investments for a green economy in the state and of a forum for identifying and removing the bottlenecks that hinder a sustainable business environment in the State. The activities of Pará Rural, which administers 37 million reals with the World Bank, were also restructured based on the PMV goals.

Increasing productivity against deforestation

According to Sidney Rosa, Special Secretary for Production in Pará, the government’s objective is to convert 10 million hectares of abandoned or underutilized pastures

to other uses, such as producing grains, oil palm, reforestation and intensive agricul-ture by 2015. “Anything than can improve production gains per hectare,” he states.

The proposal has the support of the productive sector. Carlos Fernandes Xavier, President of the Pará State Federation of Agriculture (Faepa), says that the pro-posal of Project Preserve, created in 2008, was already was to incorporate technol-ogy to the open frontier and preserve the forest in the state. “What we want in the Amazon is to be able to produce sustainably and legally,” he says.

According to Rosa, approvals of the Export Processing Zone (ZEE) and the new Forest Code have brought a definition and legal security for rural enterprises. For the secretary, other factors that should encourage production in the state are the paving of the BR 163 highway, construction of hydroelectric projects, and reopen-ing of the Panamá Canal for ships of 170 thousand tons, which should benefit the Port of Belém. “Highways and waterways push the outlet for production from the Amazon and Center-West to Belém,” he believes. For Rosa, the PMV also has a role in sustainable development and will collaborate towards the growth of the Pará GDP up to 2025.

“The only chance to achieve zero forestation while providing scale for production in Pará is to invest in valorizing the standing forest with an economic sense and the intensi�ed use of areas already opened”.

SIDNEY ROSA, Special Secretary for Production in the State of Pará.


Credit for low carbon agriculture

The Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC), coordinated by the Ministry for Agri-culture, Ranching and Supply (MAPA), is part of the Sectorial Plan for Miti-

gating and Adapting to Climate Changes and seeks to fulfill the voluntary goals assumed by the Brazilian government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 36.1% to 38.9% by 2020. To achieve this, the government hopes by that date to have reduced by 80% in the Amazon and up to 40% in the Cerrrado (savanna). To enable achievement of the Plan’s objectives, in 2010 the Federal Government instituted the ABC Program, which is the Plan’s financial instrument and offers specially created lines of credit as part of the Agriculture and Ranching Plan.

According to Hildegardo de Figueiredo Nunes, State Secretary for Agriculture, Pará was one of the first states do sign up with the ABC Program. “There are 3.4 billion reals available in lines of credit for the 2012/2013 crop cycle, and those who mobilize receive more,” he says.

The state ABC plan establishes a set of seven results expected for achiev-ing the objectives formulated, which are project lines enabled for financing: rehabilitation of degraded pastures with nutritional supplements; adoption of Integrated Cropping Ranching Forestry (ILPF) and Agroforestry Systems (AFS); application of a direct planting system; expansion of areas with biological ni-trogen fixing through the use of inoculants; expansion of areas with planted forests with an emphasis on native species; improved use and treatment of ani-mal wastes; and expansion of organic system and valuing sustainable organic extractivism. The last item is an addition by the state to the national plan. “We have a correspondence between our foundations and objectives with those of the Green Municipalities Program, which supports sustainable productive ac-tivities and we are going to work this this alignment of strategies and actions.

“Our objective is to have zero deforestation through technology that will allow us to end inadequate animal and pasture management, low productivity and the use of �re, which need to be relegated to the pages of history”.

HILDEGARDO DE FIGUEIREDO NUNES, State Secretary for Agriculture in Pará

Chapter 42


STRATEGIC THEMES

We need to disseminate the ABC Program and the PMV is able to get this infor-mation to the producer,” says Nunes.

Betting on green ranching

“What is certain today may not be tomorrow. All activities change and progress over time. That is why I am against deforestation; why should

I continue deforesting and doing the same things my father did 40 years ago?” That is how rancher Mauro Lúcio de Castro Costa explains why during the middle of the last decade he began to look for other producers who thought as he did and were willing to do something different.

Costa reveals that this new mentality was crucial for the municipality of Paragomi-nas13 to get off of the Amazon deforestation list in a short period. Through an agreement with the municipal government and partnerships with NGOs such as TNC and Imazon, rural landowners in Paragominas began to register with the Rural Environmental Regis-try (CAR) and deforestation dropped more than 90%. With CAR, ranchers came to know their properties better and use them as instruments for management and land title reg-ularization14. “Our first concern was getting off of the deforestation list and bringing the municipality into legality. We knew that we needed to create a new model that would allow us not to increase the agricultural frontier and keep our business profitable. That is how Project Green Ranching got started,” says the Union president.

The solution was to increase productivity using knowledge and technology. “Technology requires knowledge, which is why we brought three processors to help us: Ricardo Rodrigues (Esalq/USP) for environmental regularization, Moacyr Corsi (Esalq/USP) for productivity and Mateus Paranhos (Unesp/Jaboticabal) for animal wellbeing,” he explains.

“We have a culture in which the government is seen as authoritarian by producers and producers are seen by the government as enemies who only do things wrong. That must change. We need enforcement and action, but we have to work together”.

MAURO LÚCIO CASTRO COSTA, rancher, president of the Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas

13 See The Example of Paragominas, page 26.

14 See Car as a strategy for building sustainable productive landscapes, page 52.


4. Shared environmental management

A municipal scale is vital for controlling deforestation and for environmental management. An example of this is the estimate that there are more than 300 thousand rural properties needing environmental licensing in Pará, a number that is far above the operating capacity of the state environmental agency. Be-cause of that, one of the action strategies is strengthening the role of municipali-ties in the rural area and in fighting deforestation.

“Environmental management is still concentrated, everything still ends up converging on Sema, but there is a lack of structure to enable municipalities to assume environmental management. We need to change this, and PMV is the basis for decentralizing management through the pact for sustainability that it establishes with the municipalities and society,” State Secretary for the Environ-ment José Alberto da Silva Colares declares.

“Currently, 46 municipalities have signed for their municipal autonomy15, but we need to capacitate municipal environmental secretariats to do the licensing. We also are going to make changes in the law for municipal licensing, increasing the size of what municipalities and exempting very small enterprises from licens-ing. It is up to the state to determine the structure that the municipality needs to achieve autonomy and PMV’s role is to do this articulation”, says Colares.

Together with Sema, the PMV supports municipalities in decentralizing man-agement and installing municipal environmental systems by creating municipal environmental agencies, with specific councils and funds for this area, besides the other requirements established by the National Policy for the Environment (PNMA) and environmental legislation. It also supports the municipalities in expanding municipal government capacities to:

Work in fighting and controlling deforestation: capacity-building and support so that municipalities can carry out verification of deforestation in the field;

Chapter 42

15 Enabling of Pará municipalities to carry out environmental management is provided by Sema/PA, according to the terms of Conama Resolution no. 237/1997, in State Law no. 7.389/2010 and Coema/PA Resolution no. 79/2009.


STRATEGIC THEMES

Promote, include and validate the Rural Environmental Registry for properties;

Support recuperation of environmental liabilities;

License activities with local impacts, with priority for rural activities;

Promote participation through municipal councils for the environmental and groups for fighting deforestation.

INSTRUMENT GOVERNANCE

For Zelma Luiza da Silva Costa, former Environmental Secretary in Altami-ra, one of the Pará municipalities that already have decentralized environmen-tal management, capacitation in environmental management is an urgent need for municipalities.

According to her, the Transamazon/Xingu region is right in the middle of major enterprises, such as paving for the BR 163 and BR 320 highways, as well as the Belo Monte dam. There are five embargoed municipalities in this area (Brasil Novo, Pa-cajá, Senador Porfírio, Anapu and Altamira), of which only Altamira is decentral-ized. “This is a worrisome situation. We need to guarantee mechanisms so that when these projects are concluded, the cities are not simply left as wastelands,” she says.

“The farther one is from the eyes of the State, the easier it is to commit violations. It is as if the person was doing something wrong and no one was watching. Many producers prefer to work illegally because Belém is so far away and one has to travel many kilometers along dirt roads. That is why the city needs to take care of environmental violations”.

ZELMA LUIZA DA SILVA COSTA, former Environmental Secretary for Altamira and current secretary for Brasil Novo.


Municipal management depends upon meeting requirements

According to the National Policy for the Environment and environmental leg-islation in the State of Pará, especially Coema resolution no. 079/2009 and

State Law no. 7.389/2010, municipalities need to fulfill and prove fulfillment of a set of requirements with Sema/PA in order to obtain enablement for Mu-nicipal Environmental Management. This includes environmental licensing for rural activities, among other attributions and benefits, as a priority for receiving investments by the state government. Among the requirements are: having a legally constituted municipal environmental agency; legislation on a Municipal Environmental Policy; Municipal Fund for the Environment; Municipal Environ-mental Council, and other items.

Municipalities gain through environmental management

“Environmental management, when correctly applied brings benefits and di-rect impacts for a municipality’s population and economy.” That is the opin-

ion of Gizele Luciana Ramos, Municipal Environmental Secretary for Novo Reparti-mento, where deforestation is still a problem, especially in the 35 rural settlements where the municipality is not able to act. The goal in this regard is to receive per-mission in 2013 in order to obtain the right to decentralized management.

In Tailândia, where more than 70% of properties are already in CAR, former may-or Gilberto Miguel Sufredini says that the greatest difficulty lies in convincing large landowners to contribute towards controlling deforestation. “They are still resistant to CAR, but with the new laws they have no choice but to become regularized.”

Chapter 42


STRATEGIC THEMES

Santana do Araguaia and Dom Eliseu, two municipalities that have left the MMA list of largest deforesters are examples of the advantages of good management. “Building a management where mapping of information allows one to work to-gether with partners, such as rural unions, merchants and local associations makes for better management,” is the assessment of Adorisvaldo Pereira, Municipal Envi-ronmental Secretary for Santana do Araguaia. “Being a municipality duly registered with PMV and off of the MMA list opens up economic frontiers and integrates the state in the whole economy that moves the state.”

That view is shared by Edilberto Poggi, Municipal Environmental Secretary for Dom Eliseu, for whom local management is a fundamentally important issue, since “the municipality knows all of the actors who contribute to deforestation and, through lo-cal articulations and with support from PMV can concentrate efforts to do the fighting in a localized fashion, without causing damages or polemics. Dom Eliseu needs to thank the technical support it received from PMV in getting off of the list of greatest deforesters,” he says. For him, this condition has brought easier access to credit lines, visibility at a national level for investments and peace of mind during inspections.”

Municipal Indicators

A partnership between PMV, Imazon and the Pará Institute for Economic, So-cial and Environmental Development (Idesp) has resulted in the Municipal

Indicators web platform, which provides a summary on the major data for the 144 municipalities in Pará. At the site http://www.statusmunicipal.org.br/ it is possible to consult deforestation data by city, demographic information and reports from the Rural Environmental Register, as well as other information. An-other highlight is that the information can also be presented through graphics, which further improves data visualization.


Goals of the Program

The Green Municipalities Program adopts some measures and indicators as parameters to evaluate the success and good management of the program.

GOALS IN EFFECT

Goal 1. Reduce deforestation until reaching zero net deforestation

Zero net deforestation by 2020 is the main goal for PMV.1

To achieve this goal, the Program calls for:

Reduction of around 80% of the deforestation by 2020 in relation to the annual average of 6.255 Km2 recorded for the 1996-2005 period.

Following the same line as the federal goal2, this will be done in two more stages, with reduction to 2,104 Km2, by 2015, and by 1,233 Km2 by 2020.

After 2020, all of the deforestation recorded (preferably legal and autho-rized by the environmental agencies) will be offset by reforestation with native species, in order to neutralize any deforestation, in other words, zero net deforestation.

Note: The deforestation recorded in 2010 (3,710 Km2) and 2011 (3,008 Km2) demonstrates that the goal was already being met. Given the estimates of de-forestation for 2011/2012 released by MMA/Inpe, indicating that Pará has

1 This commitment was launched by governor Simão Jatene during Rio+20, in 2012.

2 See Fighting deforestation in the Amazon, page 16.

Chapter 52


reached the mark of 1,699 Km2, the goal for reducing deforestation called for by PMV for 2017 – deforestation on the order of 1,700 Km2 – had already been reached in 2012.

Goal 2. Remove municipalities from the MMA deforestation list

Remove at least two municipalities from the MMA deforestation list in 2012.

Note: Although them met was past, with three municipalities leaving the list (Santana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis), there was the entry of two new municipalities (Anapu and Senador José Porfírio), due to deforestation oc-curring in the 2010-2011 period.

Goal 3. Increase sign-ups on the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR)

Growth of at least 50% in registrations on the Rural Environmental Registry in 2012.

Note: By October, the goal had been reached with the registering of 31.33 mil-lion hectares recorded in CAR, through placement of 62,750 thousand proper-ties (increase of 51% in number of areas and 50% in number of properties in relation to the situation in 2011).

Goal 4. Engage municipalities in PMV

PMV is on the Pará State Government’s Minimum Agenda, launched in 2011, with a commitment to implanting the Program in 100 municipalities by the end of 2014.

GOALS OF THE PROGRAM


Currently, 94 municipalities are part of the program and three more are pre-paring to enter (Ourém, Acará and Portel). “We should reach 100 participating municipalities already in 2013. The challenge, however, is to be able to engage and support all of them,” is the assessment of PMV secretary Justiniano Netto.

NEW GOALS

Over the next few years, PMV intends to develop and reach agreements directed towards::

Increasing management and reducing illegality in timber harvesting

PMV will adopt new mechanisms for forest monitoring, through strength-ening control of timber traceability and will act in critical areas of illegal logging, discussing specific goals for this issue.

Chapter 52BELOWAerial view of the forest area in Novo Progresso. PHOTOGRAPH: TAMARA SARÉ/AG. PARÁ, APRIL 2005.


Begin the process of Rural Environmental Licensing (LAR) in at least 80% of rural properties under the CAR regime by 2015

The idea is to de-concentrate management to Sema regional units and carry out decentralization in key units, guaranteeing transparency and social control. It is expected that systems and markets for services will be developed to support goals for both CAR and LAR.

Increase ranching productivity

The proposal is to triple productivity for cattle ranching in the state, which currently is only 0.5 head/hectare. That increase will make it pos-sible to reduce pressure for new deforestation for expanding ranching while at the same time increasing income for the producer (increase in the internal rate of return).

GOAL BEING DISCUSSED

Recuperate the environmental liability in the Legal Reserves (RL) and Permanent Preservation Areas (APP).

Begin a recuperation process in all licensed properties by 2015, seeking to erase APP and RL liabilities. The monitoring will be done through an electronic system specifically created for providing transparency to the environmental regularization process in rural properties. This forest restoration process will enter the “assets” accounts in order to neutralize the deforestation rates re-corded, thus making it possible to achieve the goal of zero net deforestation.

Support land title regularization of rural properties

Regularization as a priority in the municipalities meeting PMV require-ments: drastic reduction in deforestation (below 40 Km2 per year) and CAR in more than 80% of rural properties.



Zero net deforestation to achieve sustainable development

Continuing to expand agriculture and ranching in the Amazon based on the logic of deforestation and degradation of natural resources is clearly unacceptable

because of the enormous environmental costs generated by this model. Further-more, the dynamics of deforestation have aggravated social conflicts at the same time as they maintain alarming rates of poverty and inequality in the region.

On the other hand, one cannot justify turning the Legal Amazon into an ecological sanctuary where economic activities are largely restricted and forbidden, ignoring

Graph 1. Goal for reducing deforestation

Chapter 52

3,628

2,104

3,710

0 0

2006-10

2011-15

2016-201996-05

1,699

-42%

-41% -80%

1,233

6,255

Baseline

Goal

Real

2020: 80% over the average recorded from 1996 to 2005


the need for generating development and quality of life for the more than 24 million persons living in it, 7 million in the State of Pará alone.

The answer to this dichotomy (preserving vs. producing) is the rational and sus-tainable use of natural resources in the Amazon. The good news is that we have moved forward from a theoretical formulation of sustainable development to some-thing that we are actually experiencing in Pará and in other parts of the region. The initial results reveal major opportunities for reconciling natural resource conserva-tion with socioeconomic development.

In the XXI century the Amazon will need to respond to two challenges: Be a provider of environmental services for the world (and receive payment and compensation), and at the same time substantially improve its standard of development and quality of life. That will require a triple revolution: in production (increasing productivity and adding value), in generating knowl-edge and in new forms of management and governance.

With 251 thousand Km2 of deforested areas (equivalent to the territory of the State of São Paulo) or approximately 20% of its territory, Pará already has enough area to provide for its agriculture and ranching production (including commercial reforestation) and mining. Maintaining the goals already assumed of reducing de-forestation up to 2020, Pará could still deforest between 11 thousand and 17 thou-sand Km2 up till that year. This means that in 2020 it would have 262 thousand Km2 (minimum) to 268 Km2 (maximum) of deforested areas, or up to 22% of its territory.

That is why the State Government through PMV has proposed a ceiling for the to-tal deforested area of the state at a maximum of 265 thousand Km2. From that point on, any new area deforested (authorized in exceptional circumstances3) would have to be offset with restoration of native forest at the 2:1 ratio (meaning that for every hectare authorized it would be necessary to restore at least 2 hectares)4.


3 Strategic infrastructure (e.g. hydroelectric projects, electricity transmission lines, roads) by means of environmental licensing.

4 The estimate cost of restoration ranges from R$ 4 to R$ 12 thousand per hectare depending on the model adopted.

69GrEEN MuNICIPALITIES PrOGrAM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014

PARt 3Results achieved and perspectives


Results of the PMV

From its creation in March 2011 until the end of 2012, PMV has obtai-ned significant results, such as reducing deforestation and increasing the number of properties registered in CAR. Additionally, there has

been the removal of three municipalities from the MMA embargo list. As of February 2013, 94 municipalities had joined the PMV program.

Among the achievements obtained by PMV, the main highlights are:

a. Participation by Pará in reducing deforestation in the Legal Amazon:

On November 27 2012 the MMA released its estimates on deforestation in the Legal Amazon for the 2011/2012 period1. It recorded 4,656 Km2 of de-forestation, which was the lowest rate since the beginning of measurements made by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe) in 1988. In compar-ison with the previous period, there was a 27% reduction in deforestation.Considering absolute data, of the nine states belonging to the Legal Amazon, Pará obtained the best result, with a reduction of 1,309 Km2 in deforested area, which accounted for 74.2% of the reduction for the entire Amazon. In proportional terms, Pará had a 44% reduction in deforestation when com-pared to the previous year. The state’s share of total deforestation for the Amazon fell from 57% in 2009 to 36% in 2012.

b. Early achievement of the goal for reducing deforestation planned for 2012:

1 Referring to the period of August 2011 to July 2012.

Chapter 63


RESULTS OF THE PMV

Graph 2. Participation by the states in deforestation per year (period of 2007 to 2012)

60%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

50%

47%

42%40%

30%

20%

10%

0

57%

54%

47%

36%

23%25%

14% 12%

17%16%

14%

9% 6%

6%

13%

16%

5%

10% 11% 10%

6%6%5%

4% 5%

9% 8%14%

7%4%

4%2%2%

2%3%

4%

2%4% 2% 2%

Pará

Mato Grosso

Rondônia

Amazonas

Maranhão

Acre

Roraima

Amapá

Tocantins

Source: Absolute data from INPE.

SIDE PHOTOGRAPHIllegal logging activity in Jamanxim National Park; timber hidden in the forest.PHOTOGRAPH: NELSON FEITOSA/DISSEMINATION BY IBAMA.


Dissemination of official deforestation data by the MMA showed that the goal for reducing deforestation for Pará called for in the Green Municipalities Program for 2017, around 1,700 Km2 per year, was reached in 20122.

c. Pará is the state that removed the most municipalities from the list of municipalities deforesting the most in the Amazon:

In 2012 three municipalities were taken off of the list: Santana do Araguaia, Ulianópolis and Dom Eliseu, adding to Paragominas, which was the first to be removed in 2010. At the same time, two new municipalities entered the list: Anapu and Senador José Porfírio, totaling 15 municipalities embargoed in the state at the end of 2012.

d. Rural Environmental Registry (CAR):

In 2012, Pará had about half of its registerable area placed in CAR, corre-sponding to 31.33 million hectares distributed in 62,750 thousand properties, which meant an increase of 51% in relation to that which existed in 2011.

Chapter 63

2 See Graph 1, page 66.

Table 3. Potential areas for CAR in the State of Pará

Land Title Situation Area (Km2) % Pará Territory

Protected Areas (not eligible for CAR) 686.229 55%Land Reform Settlements (di§erentiated CAR) 106.498 8,5% Areas with Potential for CAR 420.591 33,7%Water (rivers, lakes etc.) 34.372 2,7%Total 1.247.690 100%

Source: Imazon, 2012.


RESULTS OF THE PMV

e. Adherence and Commitment of Pará municipalities to the goals3 of PMV:

At the beginning of 2012, 91 Pará municipalities had signed Terms of Commit-ment with the Federal Public Prosecution Service4 (39 in 2010 and 52 in 2011); how-ever, only 20 presented fulfillment of some of the PMV goals (especially the pacts)5. At the end of 2012, 31 municipalities were at least partially fulfilling the proposed activities and goals.

Table 4 (see page 74) presents the evolution of fulfillment of goals during 20126, and one may note: 12 municipalities formalized pacts against deforestation (60% growth in relation to the previous period); the number of municipalities with groups for fighting deforestation tripled; and ten municipalities began to do valida-tion in the field for deforestation based upon the bulletins sent by PMV, bringing the number to 17.

Graph 3. Evolution of CAR in the State of Pará

Up to 2007100.000

10.000

1.000

10

1

0

100

35.000.000

30.000.000

25.000.000

15.000.000

10.000.000

0

20.000.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Up to 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CAR

(ha)

Num

ber of CAR

3 See Goals of the Program, page 62.

4 Early in 2013, the municipality of Abaetetuba signed the Term of Commitment with the Federal Public Prosecution Services and the municipalities of Melgaço and São Sebastião da Boa Vista signed the Term of Adherence, bringing the total to 94 municipalities committed to PMV.

5 At the beginning of 2012 19 had signed pacts and Óbidos (forest base municipality) had GT, totaling 20 municipalities that were meeting at least 1 of the goals with PMV. See table in Appendix, page 82, for the situation in each municipality.

6 PMV began monitoring the goals at the beginning of 2012. For that reason, the data have to do only with that period.


Chapter 63Table 4. Achievement of goals by municipalities according to PMV categorya

CategoriesPact b Work Group Veri�cation c

feb/12 dec/12 feb/12 dec/12 jan/12 dec/12

Embargoed 11 13 1 4 4 7

Under Pressure 2 3 0 0 0 0

Forest Base 0 2 1 2 1 3

Consolidated 5 9 0 2 1 3

Monitored and Under Control 1 4 1 4 1 4

Totals 19 31 3 12 7 17

f. Support for preparation and development of economic and structural projects:

Restructuring of the Pará Rural Program: Support for applying World Bank funds in implanting 47 Projects for Productive Incentives (PIP) to be implanted by June 2013;

Amazon Fund/BNDES: A project officially registered on October 18 2012, in the amount of 110 million reals, with various actions for structuring PMV;

Project Clua Imazon: An approved project funded by the CLUA Foun-dation, with a total value of 2 million reals, seeking to support shared

a Data are derived from monthly monitoring done by SEPMV based on declarations from the municipalities, documentation of events and responses to bulletins on deforestation sites (produced by Imazon and sent by PMV to the municipalities where the occurrence was detected.b The municipality of Almeirim signed the pact at the beginning of 2013, and therefore was not counted in the results.c In 2012, of the 144 Pará municipalities, 49 had at least one occurrence of deforestation sites, and 17 carried out veri�cation.


environmental management in 10 Pará municipalities and strengthen Low Carbon Agriculture – ABC in Pará;

FIP Amazon: PMV has articulated the entry of Banpará in the first ven-ture capital fund for the Amazon, launched by BNDES and guaranteeing a contribution of at least 20 million reals for investments in Pará enter-prises and the presence of the Bank on the Investment Committee that decides which projects to support;

State Fund for Environmental Compensation: PMV articulou e apoiou o projeto de estruturação deste fundo através da assinatura, em 19 de dezembro de 2012, do Acordo de Cooperação Técnica entre a Sema e o Funbio, a maior gestora de fundos ambientais do Brasil7.

g. Support for environmental regularization and planning for the principal productive chains that are pressuring deforestation in the State of Pará:

TAC for Charcoal: Signed between the Federal Public Prosecution Ser-vice, Ibama, Pará State Government and steel mills, it has the objec-tive of seeing environmental legislation fulfilled, especially regarding the production, transportation, sale and utilization of charcoal from sustainable sources in the Carajás/PA steel mill cluster, replacement of forest stocks consumed, recomposition of the environmental liability found and fighting illegalities in the production chain. It also deals with regularization-implementation and enhancement of mechanisms for environmental control and enforcement in the pig iron production chain in the State of Pará;

Planning of the grain production chain: The term of commitment containing the main demands is being negotiated with grain buyers and an agreement is expected to be signed during the first semester of 2013;

RESULTS OF THE PMV

7 See Environmental Compensation Fund on page 51.


Planning for the forest sector: Still in the drawing-up phase, it calls for participation by the Federal , harvesting in the State;

h. Expansion and strengthening of the Steering Committee and partnerships of the Green Municipalities Program:

Five regular sessions and two extraordinary sessions were held in 2012, result-ing in the approval of five resolutions by the PMV Steering Committee. During 2012 PMV signed terms of cooperation with 16 institutions:

Bank of Brazil S/A; Bank of the Amazon S/A; Green Stock Exchange of Rio de Janeiro (BVRio); Sustainable Cities Program; Pará Institute for Economic, Social and Environmental Development (Idesp); Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon (Imazon); Socioenvironmen-tal Institute (ISA); Amazon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam); Federation of Industries in the State of Pará (Fiepa); Norsk Hydro; The Nature Conservancy (TNC); International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Institute for Education in Brazil (IIEB); State Secretariat for Tourism in Pará (Setur); Agency for Sustainable Development in the Lake Tucuruí Region (ADR Grande Lago); Municipality of Altamira (Mini-mum Agenda).

i. Participation by Pará at Rio + 20 with PMV:

Pará presented the experience with PMV during the Rio+ 20 conference through a display at the Legal Amazon Pavilion and the promotion of two major events:

The first was held in partnership with the Roberto Marinho Foundation at the Humanity Space 2012, with participation by Governor Simão Jatene and announcement of the commitment to Zero Net Deforestation by 2020.

Chapter 63


RESULTS OF THE PMV

The event was chosen by the specialized media as one of the ten best parallel events among the three thousand held during the UN Conference;

The second event was promoted in partnership with the Sustainable Am-azon Forum with participation by various PMV partners and signing of the cooperation agreement with Bank of the Amazon, Sustainable Cities Program and the Green Stock Exchange of Rio de Janeiro.

Cooperation in the settlements

Two cooperation agreements made by PMV – with Incra and with the Ama-zon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam) – are also collaborating

towards reducing deforestation in rural settlements around the state. Accord-ing to Incra president Carlos Guedes, the federal agency has assumed goals for fighting deforestation through implementing CAR, disseminating special bidding procedures for technical assistance directed towards the realities of riverbank inhabitants and extractivists, as well as land title regularization. “Our objective is to have sustainable land reform with income generation and added value, integrated with the territory and with regional issues,” he says.

A member of the PMV steering committee, Ipam brings its experience to the issues, especially through the project on Sustainable Settlements in the Ama-zon financed by the Amazon Fund, which provides information to the program. Additionally, PMV has done a section of the high resolution images of settle-ments in the state for Ipam. “PMV has allowed us access to a major information base, while at the same time we share our experience with small properties and land reform settlements,” says Cassio Pereira, of Ipam.


Challenges and perspectives for the 2013-2014 period in the vision of the partners

The Green Municipalities Program has an extensive network of stakehol-ders and partners, without whom the positive results obtained so far would not have been possible. In preparing this publication, some of

those partners were interviewed, especially those who have accompanied the program since its creation. They were encouraged to think about the perspecti-ves and challenges for the PMV for the two year period of 2013-2014.

Some of their statements are presented below, and do not intend to exhaust the subject, but to collaborate so that PMV can be more and more of a space for dialogue and participation.

Chapter 73

Adnan DemachkiLAWYER, FORMER MAYOR OF PARAGOMINAS

“The challenge is to create an increasing number of sustainable jobs in the green economy. In Paragominas it began to grow and the people’s

self-esteem is high, but we have not yet reached the ideal level. When we launched the project in the municipality in 2008 we had several meetings with Simão Jatene who encouraged me to participate as a board member. He knew the project and provided suggestions. When he was reelected he said that he would launch the plan on a statewide level and created an extraordinary secretariat for that purpose. I have an enormous expectation that we will be able to get the other municipalities to the level of being green municipalities. In some it is easier than in others, but in the next five to six years we are going to make Pará into a sustainable state. It’s all about pacts. Municipalities can already count on successful experiences. Decisions have to come from society, and one cannot have a short-term vision.”

Adorisvaldo PereiraMUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARY IN SANTANA DO ARAGUAIA

“I believe that there may be many political challenges,

but the greatest difficulty is in southern and southeastern Pará, because transportation and logistics for reaching those places are complicated. The roads are deteriorated, the BR 158 highway is precarious, we have few airlines. With that, it is difficult for technicians to visit us.”

79

Daniel AzeredoPROSECUTOR WITH THE FEDERAL PUBLIC PROSECUTION SERVICE IN PARÁ

“The MPF has the same objective as PMV. We unite our efforts with institutions such as ibama and incra, who also participate in committee meetings for the program. PMV has already shown the right path for fighting deforestation,

but signals from the federal government such as reduction in the size of Conservation units, hydroelectric projects in the amazon and incra settlements have put the program’s goals at risk. The challenges for the program are going forward with Car and achieving zero deforestation.””

Carlos Fernandes XavierPRESIDENT OF THE PARÁ FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURE AND RANCHING (FAEPA)

“That is why in my understanding it was we (Faepa) who said we wanted zero deforestation

and we must continue to defend that issue, because 24% of our territory needs to receive technology and provide social transformation for our people. There is a need for all of us to be united in that vision and act with proceedings against those who deforest, but we should not blame all producers. deforestation has a first and last name. Why not give a first and last name to that deforester.”

Gilberto Miguel SufrediniFORMER MAYOR OF TAILÂNDIA

“The challenge is to encourage agribusiness. We can see that timber’s days are number. here in

the municipality they used to take out timber to sell, then what was left over went to fence posts and then came charcoal. now we must take advantage of the opened up areas to develop agribusiness or we are all going to come up short. To do that, you have to solve the land title question. We need help from the state and federal governments to do that.”

Edilberto PoggiMUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARY FOR DOM ELISEU

“We need to extend the zEE to improve tools for management, capacitate

municipalities for licensing and enforcement, help implement municipal Environmental Secretariats, with licensed software and equipment, so that municipalities can really manage things in a full and responsible manner.”

Carlos Souza Jr.SENIOR RESEARCHER AT IMAZON

“The expectation is that we will be able to have a sustainable agenda for the municipalities.

no program can be sustained without sustainable economic return. The majority of municipalities are convinced that they do not need to deforest, but they need conditions in order to have sustainable activities. Legal responsibility is also important, because impunity sends a very bad signal. PMV creates a major expectation for society and needs to be a success for the government, municipalities and partners such as imazon. now we need to seek scale.”

ChaLLEnGES and PErSPECTiVES For ThE 2013-2014 PEriod in ThE ViSion oF ThE ParTnErS

80

Chapter 73

Hildegardo de Figueiredo NunesSTATE SECRETARY FOR AGRICULTURE IN PARÁ

“We need to move forward with land title regularization, which is a long-term process. Meanwhile, it is

important to change the asset-based logic of the financial institutions, given that the producer has other means for guaranteeing land. one of them is the requirement for Car, a diagnosis of the environmental scenario of a property that can provide a short-term guarantee before land title regularization. The producer can carry out actions and receive priority for development policies from the state as well.”

Hugo AméricoIBAMA SUPERINTENDENT IN PARÁ

“The main challenges are achieving a larger area in the rural Environmental registry

(Car) and keeping deforestation rates below 40 km2 per municipalities, which are the real basis for PMV. increasing the number of municipalities that are green and reducing deforestation requires an effort that goes beyond command and control from ibama or articulation with PMV; it requires a commitment by society to environmental regularization. That will guarantee credit and inclusion of production in the State of Pará at a level of sustainability that can make all of the difference, by adding value to the state’s products and increasing income for producers.”

Gizele Luciana Cabral RamosMUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARY FOR NOVO REPARTIMENTO

“The challenge is in overcoming the difficulties that municipalities face in

their administrations, as is the case with novo repartimento, which still has major problems due to environmental management, which has not been decentralized, and the issue of deforestation in federal areas.”

José Alberto da Silva ColaresSTATE SECRETARY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IN PARÁ

“PMV is an emblematic program, a symbol of government policy in which we all work in

convergence. among the challenges, we need to focus on concession/bidding procedures in public forests and in legitimating the traditional population. Today land-grabbing happens as a means of getting to timber on public lands. in that regard, the horizon for the future is to keep the forest standing. reforestation is the answer for the forest sector.”

Helder BarbalhoFAMEP

“PMV is following a correct path, strengthening partnerships as in the most recent case of an

agreement signed with incra, as well, of course, as the work already developed with other agencies and partners that are part of the program’s context. This tends to improve and encourage public policies that will provide sustainable development in the State of Pará.”

81

ChaLLEnGES and PErSPECTiVES For ThE 2013-2014 PEriod in ThE ViSion oF ThE ParTnErS

Márcio MirandaSTATE ASSEMBLY MEMBER, PRESIDENT OF THE PARÁ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

“one situation we need to resolve in Pará is the land title issue, which is the source of all of these evils. no one

owns anything, no one is responsible for anything without documentation. This is the major challenge for the state and probably for PMV. We have to have titles for the lands. With that, maybe the settler/farmer/proprietor will not move to deforest, because they will seek credit from the bank, buy technology and leverage other projects that provide income. Without land title regularization, the PMV will not have absolute success. The program has a great mission ahead of it together with iterpa to identify those areas, provide title and hand that title over to the citizen. With this title the person gains legal responsibility. The citizen will feel the weight of those commitments and be aware of his or her legal duties regarding that parcel of land.”

Paulo BarretoSENIOR RESEARCHER AT IMAZON

“The land title situation is complicated and PMV has not been able to mobilize that sector, which needs

to be called upon. We propose linking the land title issue to good environmental management, but the state’s capacity is limited. The idea is to reward municipalities that do their homework. For example, municipalities with 80% in Car and a reduction in deforestation would be a priority for iterpa. We also need to have a collective campaign with easier and more transparent rules, based on the experience in Paragominas. if you can undo the knot of land title regularization there will be investment, which will pull the rest along with it.”

teresa MoreiraTHE NATURE CONSERVANCY (TNC)

“Without effective decentralization of environmental management,

the fight against deforestation will not go forward. But the State cannot lose control as organizer of the process. Furthermore, PMV needs to have differentiated plans for each type of deforestation.”

Sidney RosaSPECIAL SECRETARY FOR PRODUCTION IN PARÁ AND CHAIRMAN OF THE PMV STEERING COMMITTEE

“PMV is a planning program in a pact with society. it has the function of

being permanently engaged in discussion with the municipalities, not only about the environmental issue but also about sustainable development. But there are challenges to be overcome: one third of the population lives below the poverty line; the land title situation – it needs titling; simplification of environmental licensing, which needs to be easy and decentralized; logistical weaknesses; capacitation for workers, who have a low level of schooling.”


Appendices

Situation of Pará municipalities in relation to goals of the Green Municipalities Program (up to January 2013)

Source: PMV

NAME (1) PMV CATEGORY (2) AREA KM² (IBGE)

SIGNATURE OF TC WITH MPF (FROM 2010 TO 2013)

SIGNATURE OF LOCAL PARCT AGAINST DEFORESTATION

CREATION OF GROUP TO FIGHT DEFORESTATION

RECEIVED BULLETIN AND FIELD VERIFICATION

DURING 2012 (3)

ANNUAL DEFORESTATION (IN KM2, INPE/PRODES)

% OF AREA REGISTERED IN

CAR (4)

ENABLED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING (5)

Abaetetuba Consolidated 1610,6 yes no no SB 2,15 17,4 in processAbel Figueiredo Consolidated 614,3 yes yes no SB 0 37,9 28/11/2012*Acará Consolidated 4343,8 no no no NV 5,15 38,7 in processAfuá Forest 8372,8 no no no SB 0 20,6 noÁgua Azul do Norte Consolidated 7113,9 yes no no NV 5,9 60,4 in processAlenquer Forest 23645,4 yes no no NV 14,43 46,8 29/10/2008**Almerim Forest 72954,5 yes yes yes NV 19,93 69,3 in processAltamira Embargoed 159533 yes yes yes V 225,68 40,5 24/10/2010*Anajás Embargoed 6921,7 no no no SB 0,1 14,1 noAnanindeua Consolidated 190,5 yes no no SB 0,12 0,2 10/08/2006**Anapu Consolidated 11895,5 yes yes yes V 16,44 49,1 in processAugusto Corrêa Forest 1091,5 no no no SB 0 1,4 23/04/2010*Aurora do Pará Forest 1811,8 yes no no SB 1,08 37,7 noAveiro Under Pressure 17073,8 yes no no NV 14,44 23,5 in processBagre Consolidated 4397,3 no no no SB 0,99 30,0 noBaião Consolidated 3758,3 no no no SB 8,03 26,4 29/03/2011*Bannach Consolidated 2956,6 yes yes yes V 6,78 74,9 noBarcarena Under Pressure 1310,3 no no no SB 2,42 2,1 in processBelém Consolidated 1059,4 no no no SB 0,19 1,2 14/06/2005**Belterra Under Pressure 4398,4 yes no no SB 2,21 28,7 in process

(1) The state of Pará has 144 municipalities. The table presents the situation of 143 municipalities, since the municipality of Mojuí dos Campos was cre-ated on December 31, 2012.

(2) See Municipal Categories, page 41.

(3) Deforestation monitoring is done monthly by SAD/Imazon. If deforesta-tion sites occur, Imazon generates a bulletin that is sent by PMV to the mu-nicipalities. Verification of the sites in the field is one of the goals that the mu-nicipalities assume in the Term of Commitment with MPF. The data presented have to do with the year 2012 and include: V – the municipality had a site, received a bulletin and performed verification of sites in the field for at least one of the occurrences during the year: NV – municipality had a site, received a bulletin and did not perform verification of the sites during the entire year; SB – municipality did not present deforestation sites (detected by SAD) and thus did not receive bulletins for verification in the field. For more information on deforestation monitoring, see page 44.

(4) The registerable area corresponds to the portion of the municipality with the exception of Fully Protected Conservation Units, Indigenous Lands and water bodies. The APAs (Environmental Protection Areas), which are sustain-

able use conservation areas, are part of the registerable area. The amounts presented have to do with the amount of the registerable area registered in each municipality up to January 2013, according to monitoring done by TNC and that excludes areas with overlaps (according to joint Administrative Rul-ing 03/2012). For more information on CAR, see page 52.

(5) Information on enablement was supplied by Diplam/Sema/PA are re-fer to March 2013. Municipalities may be enabled by Sema/PA to perform environmental licensing of activities with local impact by means of three different instruments:

*: They may license activities listed in Resolution no. 079 of July 02 2009 defined in its Single Appendix and Law no. 7.389 of March 31 2010 defined in its Appendix I, which deals with the size of the enterprise and its potentials as having local impact.

**: Terms for Decentralized/Shared Environmental Management: they may li-cense activities found in the instrument (Agreement or Term for Decentralized/Shared Environmental Management) signed with the State Government through the now extinguished Executive Secretariat for Science, Technology and Environ-ment (SECTAM) and also the current State Secretariat for the Environment (Sema).







DURING 2012 (3)



CAR (4)


Benevides Consolidated 187,8 no no no SB 0 13,0 in processBom Jesus do Tocantins Consolidated 2816,5 yes yes no SB 1,85 50,4 no

Bonito Consolidated 586,7 no no no SB 0 37,0 in processBragança Consolidated 2091,9 no no no SB 0,22 10,1 14/05/2012*Brasil Novo Embargoed 6362,6 yes no no SB 9,12 47,0 in processBrejo Grande do Araguaia Consolidated 1288,5 yes no no SB 1,03 49,6 no

Breu Branco Under Pressure 3941,9 yes no no NV 17,67 41,2 15/09/2010*Breves Forest 9550,5 no no no SB 0,29 17,0 in processBujaru Consolidated 1005,2 no no no SB 0,9 13,4 in processCachoeira do Arari Forest 3101,7 no no no SB 0 41,7 noCachoeira do Piriá Consolidated 2462 yes no no SB 3,05 10,8 noCametá Consolidated 3081,4 no no no SB 0,48 2,2 12/08/2010*Canãa dos Carajás Consolidated 3146,4 yes no no SB 0,28 48,2 20/10/2010*Capanema Consolidated 613,6 no no no SB 0 15,4 13/07/2010*Capitão Poço Consolidated 2899,5 no no no SB 0,62 33,0 noCastanhal Consolidated 1028,9 no no no SB 0,59 28,5 in processChaves Forest 13084,9 yes no no SB 0 27,6 noColares Consolidated 609,8 no no no SB 0 3,4 noConceição do Araguaia Consolidated 5829,5 yes no no V 6,43 25,6 in process

Concórdia do Pará Consolidated 690,9 no no no SB 0,62 23,4 06/04/2006**Cumaru do Norte Embargoed 17085 yes yes no NV 55,66 83,4 in processCurionópolis Consolidated 2368,7 yes no no SB 0,47 77,9 13/07/2010*Curralinho Forest 3617,2 no no no SB 0,28 4,0 noCuruá Forest 1431,2 no no no NV 2,31 33,6 noCuruça Consolidated 672,7 no no no SB 0,0 6,5 in process

Dom Eliseu Monitorado e sob controle 5268,8 yes yes yes V 29,4 80,0 05/07/2012*

Eldorado dos Carajás Consolidated 2956,7 yes yes no SB 2,6 52,6 30/11/2009*

Faro Forest 11770,6 yes no no NV 0,0 41,7 noFloresta do Araguaia Consolidated 3444,3 yes no no NV 0,0 26,5 in processGarrão do Norte Consolidated 1599 no no no SB 0,9 31,3 noGoianésia do Pará Consolidated 7023,9 yes yes no NV 16,5 44,3 13/07/2010*Gurupá Under Pressure 8540,1 yes no no SB 3,5 14,2 noIgarapé-açu Consolidated 786 yes no no SB 0,2 33,2 in processIgarapé-mirim Forest 1996,8 yes no no SB 1,0 7,4 noInhangapi Consolidated 471,4 no no no SB 0,1 34,1 noIpixuna do Pará Consolidated 5215,5 yes no no SB 9,3 57,5 15/12/2010*Iritua Consolidated 1379,4 yes yes no SB 0,2 30,8 in processItaituba Under Pressure 62040,1 yes no no NV 39,2 13,3 14/06/2012*Itupiranga Embargoed 7880,1 yes yes no NV 42,2 45,7 20/01/2012*Jacareacanga Forest 53303 yes no no NV 22,7 10,5 in processJacundá Consolidated 2008,3 yes yes no SB 0,9 40,5 22/06/2010*

APPENDICES







DURING 2012 (3)



CAR (4)


Juruti Forest 8305,1 yes no no NV 0,0 9,3 15/03/2012*Limoeiro do Ajuru Forest 1490,2 no no no SB 0,0 25,9 noMãe do Rio Consolidated 469,5 yes no no SB 0,0 39,9 in processMagalhães Barata Consolidated 323,7 no no no SB 0,0 4,2 noMarabá Embargoed 15128,4 yes yes no NV 52,9 80,0 07/06/2006**Maracanã Consolidated 857,2 no no no SB 0,4 5,3 noMarapanim Consolidated 796 no no no SB 0,0 9,1 in processMarituba Consolidated 103,3 no no no SB 0,0 9,0 12/02/2008**Medicilândia Under Pressure 8272,6 yes no no SB 21,2 47,5 noMelgaço Forest 6774 no no no SB 2,3 40,0 noMocajuba Consolidated 870,8 no no no SB 0,3 9,7 noMoju Embargoed 9094,1 yes yes no NV 44,5 49,5 10/11/2005**Monte Alegre Forest 18152,5 yes yes no V 17,0 35,4 04/02/2011*Muaná Forest 3765,5 no no no SB 0,1 15,7 noNova Esperança do Piriá Consolidated 2809,6 no no no SB 2,6 35,6 no

Nova Ipixuna Consolidated 1564,2 yes no no SB 2,64 33,6 in processNova Timboteua Consolidated 489,9 no no no SB 0,08 31,7 noNovo Progresso Embargoed 38162,4 yes yes no NV 72,16 51,0 in processNovo Repartimento Embargoed 15398,7 yes yes no V 120,96 44,1 noÓbidos Forest 28021,3 yes no yes V 10,54 46,3 13/08/2011*Oeiras do Pará Forest 3852,3 no no no SB 3,02 17,6 noOriximiná Forest 107603 yes yes no V 2,26 50,9 19/10/2012*Ourém Consolidated 562,4 no no no SB 0 30,9 noOurilândia do Norte Consolidated 14339,4 yes yes no V 4,63 81,9 26/11/2006*Pacajá Embargoed 11832,3 yes yes no NV 34,55 53,5 in processPalestina do Pará Consolidated 984,4 yes no no SB 1,14 50,7 no

Paragominas Monitorado e sob controle 19341,9 yes yes yes V 18,14 91,6 05/11/2009*

Parauapebas Consolidated 6957,3 yes no no NV 4,17 47,0 07/08/2006**Pau d'Arco Consolidated 1671,4 yes no no SB 1,28 67,4 noPeixe Boi Consolidated 451,3 yes no no SB 0,39 24,2 noPiçarra Consolidated 3312,7 yes no no NV 0,37 55,5 noPlacas Under Pressure 7173,2 yes no no NV 81,26 35,9 28/02/2011*Ponta de Pedras Forest 3365,1 yes no no SB 0 19,0 noPortel Under Pressure 25384,9 no no no NV 12,52 29,2 15/10/2007**Porto de Moz Under Pressure 17423,2 yes yes no SB 21,18 17,4 in processPrainha Under Pressure 14786,7 yes no no NV 27,4 31,8 in processPrimavera Consolidated 258,6 no no no SB 0,1 18,3 noQuatipuru Consolidated 324,3 no no no SB 0,1 1,1 noRedenção Consolidated 3823,8 yes no no SB 2,3 60,5 29/11/2010*Rio Maria Consolidated 4114,6 yes no no NV 0,4 74,0 in processRondon do Pará Embargoed 8246,4 yes yes no V 14,4 49,1 15/12/2011*Rurópolis Under Pressure 7021,3 yes no no NV 41,74 41,1 noSalinópolis Forest 237,5 yes no no SB 0 1,6 in process

APPENDICES







DURING 2012 (3)



CAR (4)


Salvaterra Forest 1039,1 yes no no SB 0,17 23,8 noSta. Bárbara do Pará Consolidated 278,2 no no no SB 0 12,0 no

Sta. Cruz do Arari Forest 1075,2 no no no SB 0 34,0 noSta. Izabel do Pará Consolidated 717,7 yes no no SB 0,08 26,8 18/04/2007**Sta. Luzia do Pará Consolidated 1356,1 yes no no SB 0 34,1 noSta. Maria das Barreiras Embargoed 10330,2 yes no no V 18,93 52,7 25/01/2010*

Sta. Maria do Pará Consolidated 457,7 yes no no SB 0,22 12,6 in processSantana do Araguaia

Monitorado e sob controle 11591,5 yes yes yes V 29,96 84,3 21/08/2012*

Santarém Under Pressure 22886,8 yes yes no NV 17,31 47,0 18/03/2013*Santarém Novo Consolidated 229,5 no no no SB 0 10,9 in processSto. Antônio do Tauá Consolidated 537,6 no no no SB 0 14,3 noS. Caetano de Odivelas Consolidated 743,5 yes no no SB 0 8,4 in process

S. Domingos do Araguaia Consolidated 1392,5 yes no no SB 0,9 40,1 in process

S. Domingos do Capim Consolidated 1677,3 yes no no SB 0,95 39,4 no

S. Félix do Xingu Embargoed 84213,1 yes yes yes V 165,6 80,0 25/11/2009*S. Francisco do Pará Consolidated 479,6 no no no SB 0,27 26,9 noS. Geraldo do Araguaia Consolidated 3168,4 yes no no SB 0,37 57,6 in process

S. João da Ponta Consolidated 195,9 no no no SB 0,08 5,9 in processS. João de Pirabas Consolidated 705,8 yes no no SB 0,48 5,6 in processS. João do Araguaia Consolidated 1279,9 no no no SB 2,11 28,6 noS. Miguel do Guamá Consolidated 1110,2 yes no no SB 1,4 25,4 in processS. Sebastião da Boa Vista Forest 1632,2 no no no SB 0,08 40,4 no

Sapucaia Consolidated 1298,2 yes no no SB 0 90,4 noSenador J. Porfírio Embargoed 14374,2 yes yes yes SB 19,44 41,7 in processSoure Consolidated 3517,3 yes no no SB 0 51,4 noTailândia Embargoed 4430,2 yes yes no V 9,39 68,6 06/01/2010*Terra Alta Consolidated 206,4 no no no SB 0,45 19,0 noTerra Santa Forest 1896,5 yes no no NV 0,09 45,9 noTomé-Açu Under Pressure 5145,3 yes no no NV 1,09 53,3 13/07/2010*Tracuateua Consolidated 936,1 no no no SB 0 10,4 noTrairão Under Pressure 11991,1 yes no no NV 33,36 29,3 noTucumã Consolidated 2512,6 yes yes yes SB 0,96 99,7 13/07/2010*Tucuruí Under Pressure 2086,2 yes yes no SB 8,69 45,9 04/01/2013*

Ulianopolis Monitorado e sob controle 5088,4 yes yes yes V 31,66 87,3 no

Uruará Under Pressure 10791,3 yes no no NV 53,33 25,1 noVigia Consolidated 539,1 no no no SB 0,25 11,8 in processViseu Consolidated 4915 yes no no NV 0,76 27,8 noVitória do Xingu Under Pressure 3135,2 yes no no SB 5,27 45,3 09/02/2012*Xinguara Consolidated 3779,3 yes no no SB 0,12 73,0 13/07/2010*

APPENDICES


Appendices

Map 3. Municipalities that have signed a Term of Commitment with MPF (January 2013)


Appendices

Map 4. Municipalities that have formalized pacts for fighting deforestation (March 2013)


Appendices

Map 5. Sites with deforestation and verification in the field carried out by municipalities (December 2012)


Appendices

Map 6. Municipalities enabled for carrying out licensing for local impacts (March 2013)


Appendices

Map 7. Areas registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) by municipalities, in bands over the total of registerable area (January 2012)


Appendices

Map 8. Annual deforestation by municipalities, in bands of deforested area (Inpe/Prodes)


ABC – Low Carbon Agriculture

AFS – Agroforestry Systems

Adepará – Pará Agriculture and Ranching Defense Agency

APA – Environmental Protection Area

APP – Permanent Preservation Area

Banpará – Bank of the State of Pará

BNDES – National Bank for Economic and Social Development

CAR – Rural Environmental Registry

CDM – Clean Development Mechanism

CLUA – Climate and Land Use Alliance

Coema – Pará State Council for the Environment

Coges – Steering Committee for the Green Municipalities Program

CREA/PA – Regional Council for Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy in Pará

Deter – System for Detecting Deforestation in Real Time

Emater – State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension

Embrapa – Brazilian Agriculture and Ranching Research Company

Esalq – Luiz de Queiroz Higher School of Agriculture

Faep – Pará Federation of Ranching and Agriculture

Famep – Federation of Municipal Associations in the State of Pará

Fiepa – Federation of Industries in the State of Pará

Funai – National Indian Foundation

Funbio – Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity

GHG – Greenhouse Gases

GTA – Amazon Working Group

HDI – Human Development Index

Ibama – Brazilian Institute for the

Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

IBGE – Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute

Idesp – Pará Institute for Economic, Social and Environmental Development

IIEB – International Institute for Education in Brazil

ILPF – Integrated Cropping Ranching Forestry

Imazon – Amazon Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon

Incra – National Institute for Colonization and Land Reform

Inpe – National Institute for Space Research

Iterpa – Pará Land Institute

Ipam – Amazon Institute for Environmental Research

Ide�or – Pará Institute for Forestry Development

Ipea – Institute for Applied Economic Research

ISA – Socioenvironmental Institute

LAR – Rural Environmental Licensing

MAPA – Ministry for Agriculture, Ranching and Supply

MDF – Medium-Density Fiberboard

MMA – Ministry of the Environment

MPF – Federal Public Prosecution Service

NGO – Non-Governmental Organization

PAS – Sustainable Amazon Plan

PDRSX – Plan for Sustainable Regional Development of the Xingu

PMV – Green Municipalities Program

Pnapa – National Annual Plan for Environmental Protection

PNMA – National Policy for the Environment

PPCAD – Plan for Prevention, Control and Alternatives do Deforestation of the State of Pará

PPCDAM – Plan for Preventing and Controlling Deforestation in the Legal Amazon

Prodes – Program for Calculating Deforestation in the Amazon/Inpe

REDD – Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RL – Legal Reserve

SAD – Deforestation Alert System/Imazon

Sagri – Pará State Secretariat for Agriculture

Sedip – Special Secretariat for Economic Development and Incentive for Production

Sema – Pará State Secretariat for the Environment

SEPMV – Extraordinary Secretariat for Coordination of the PMV

Sefa – Pará State Treasury Secretariat

Secti – State Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation

Seidurb – State Secretariat for Regional Integration, Urban and Metropolitan Development

SPC – Credit Protection Service

SPRP – Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas

TAC – Term for Adjusting Conduct

TC – Term of Commitment

TNC – The Nature Conservancy

UC – Conservation Unit

UHE – Hydroelectric Dam

USP – University of São Paulo

ZEE – Ecological Economic Zoning

List of acronyms


List of maps, figures and tables

MapsMap 1 – Forest cover and deforestation in the State of Pará PAGE 17Map 2 – Municipalities according to PMV categories PAGE 40Map 3 – Municipalities that have signed a Term of Commitment with MPF PAGE 86Map 4 – Municipalities that have formalized pacts for fighting deforestation PAGE 87Map 5 – Deforestation sites and verification in the field carried out by municipalities PAGE 88Map 6 – Municipalities enabled for carrying out licensing for local impacts PAGE 89Map 7 – Areas registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) by municipalities, in bands over the total of registerable area PAGE 90Map 8 – Annual deforestation by municipalities, in bands of deforested area PAGE 91

FiguresFigure 1 – PMV goals for the municipalities PAGE 35Figure 2 – PMV Governance PAGE 37

GraphsGraph 1 – Goals for reducing deforestation PAGE 66Graph 2 – Participation of the states in deforestation per year PAGE 71Graph 3 – Evolution of CAR in the State of Pará PAGE 73

BoxesBox 1 – Alignment of proposals from PPCDAM and PMV PAGE 25Box 2 – Composition of the Steering Committee PAGE 39Box 3 – Proposal for classifying municipalities in the “Green Municipalities” category PAGE 43

TablesTable 1 – Deforestation by category of municipalities PAGE 42Table 2 – Pará municipalities included on the list of largest deforesters of the Amazon PAGE 42Table 3 – Potential areas for CAR in the State of Pará PAGE 72Table 4 – Achievement of goals by municipalities according to PMV category PAGE 74


Barreto, P., Souza Jr, C., Anderson, A., Salo-mão, R., & Willes, J. 2005. Pressão Hu-mana no Bioma Amazônia. O Estado da Amazônia, no 3. Belém: Imazon. 4 p.

Barreto, P; Pereira, R; Arima, EY. 2008. A pecuária e o desmatamento na Ama-zônia na era das mudanças climáticas. Imazon, p. 44.

Brasil. 2009. Decreto no 7.029/2009. Ins-titui o Programa Federal de Apoio à Regularização Ambiental de Imóveis Rurais, denominado “Programa Mais Ambiente”, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 11 de dezem-bro. Brasília-DF.

Brasil. 2008. Decreto no 6.514/2008. Dis-põe sobre as infrações e sanções admi-nistrativas ao meio ambiente, estabe-lece o processo administrativo federal para apuração destas infrações e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 23 de julho. Brasília-DF.

Brasil. 2007. Decreto no 6.321/2007. Dispõe sobre ações relativas à prevenção, moni-toramento e controle de desmatamento no bioma Amazônia, bem como alte-ra e acresce dispositivos ao Decreto no 3.179/1999, que dispõe sobre a especifi-cação das sanções aplicáveis às condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 21 de dezembro. Brasília-DF.

Celentano, D., Veríssimo, A. 2007. O Avanço da Fronteira na Amazônia: do Boom ao Colapso. O Estado da Ama-zônia: Indicadores. no 2. Belém: 46 p.

Guimarães, J.; Veríssimo, A.; Amaral, P.; Demarchki, A. 2011. Municípios Ver-des: caminhos para a sustentabilidade. Imazon. Belém.

IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Es-tatística. 2012. Sistema IBGE de Recupe-ração Automática - Sidra. Disponível em http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/popul/

default.asp?z=t&o=25&i=P. Acesso em 25/11/2012.

Inpe. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Es-paciais (Prodes). Evolução do desmata-mento na Amazônia Legal e no bioma Amazônia entre 1988 e 2012. Disponí-vel em http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2012.htm. Acesso em 21/1/2013.

MMA. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 1997. Resolução Conama no 237/1997. Dispõe sobre a revisão e complementa-ção dos procedimentos e critérios utili-zados para o licenciamento ambiental. Diário Oficial da União, 22 de dezem-bro. Brasília-DF.

MMA. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2010. Portaria MMA no 68/2010. Dispõe sobre os requisitos de 2010 para que os municí-pios listados pelas portarias no 28/2008, 102/2009 e 66/2010, todas do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, passem a integrar a lista de municípios com desmatamento monitorado e sob controle. Diário Ofi-cial da União, 25 de março. Brasília-DF.

MMA. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2009. Portaria no 102/2009. Dispõe sobre a lista de municípios situados no bioma Ama-zônia onde incidem ações prioritárias de prevenção, monitoramento e controle do desmatamento ilegal. Diário Oficial da União, 25 de março. Brasília-DF.

MMA. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2008. Portaria no 28/2008. Dispõe sobre os municípios situados no bioma Ama-zônia onde incidirão ações prioritárias de prevenção, monitoramento e controle do desmatamento ilegal. Diário Oficial da União, 25 de janeiro. Brasília-DF.

Nepstad, DC; Stickler, CM; Almeida, OT. 2006. Globalization of the Amazon soy and beef industries: opportunities for conservation. Conservation Biology 20(6):1595-1603.

Pará. Decreto Estadual no 54/2011.

Pará. 2012. Plano ABC Agricultura de Bai-xo Carbono Pará. Belém: Sagri-Pará, novembro.

Rodrigues, A S. L., Ewers, M.R., P, L., Sou-za Jr, C., Balmford, A. & Veríssimo, A. 2009. Boom-and-Bust Development Patterns Across the Amazon Defores-tation Frontier. Science.

Salomon, M. PIB da Amazônia Legal cres-ce mais que o do país. Folha de S. Pau-lo, 01 de junho 2008.

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Silva, D; Barreto, P. 2011. A viabilidade da regularização socioambiental da pecu-ária no Pará. Série: O Estado da Ama-zônia - Imazon 18.

Sema. Secretaria de Estado de Meio Am-biente - Pará. 2010. Instrução normati-va no 39/2010. Disciplina a regulamen-tação do Cadastro Ambiental Rural - CAR nos imóveis rurais no Estado do Pará e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial do Estado do Pará, 4 de feverei-ro. Belém-PA.

Sema. Secretaria de Estado de Meio Am-biente - Pará. 2010. Instrução normati-va no 37/2010. Disciplina a regulamen-tação do Cadastro Ambiental Rural - CAR-PA de imóveis rurais com área não superior a 300 (trezentos) hectares no Estado do Pará e dá outras provi-dências. Diário Oficial do Estado do Pará, 4 de fevereiro. Belém- PA.

Veríssimo, A., Souza Jr., C., Celentano, D., Salomão, R., Pereira, D. & Balieiro, C. 2006. Áreas para Produção Florestal Manejada: Detalhamento do Macro-zoneamento Ecológico Econômico do Estado do Pará. Relatório para o Go-verno do Estado do Pará.

Bibliography

Aerial view of the Almerim region.PHOTOGRAPH: DIEGO ANDRADE/PMV.

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