Lesson D-5

Ybor City’s Diversity By T.L. Fishburn, McKeel Academy

I. Lesson Summary Summary Political correctness, racial and gender equality are terms coined in the 20th century, yet they had humble beginnings as early as 1885 in the United States when Vincente Martinez Ybor, a Spanish immigrant, purchased 40 acres of land near Tampa. He built a company town enticing over 4,000 people to come to the area for affordable housing, and long term job stability in the cigar manufacturing industry. Objectives Students will:

1) Understand why Tampa was an ideal location for Ybor to set up a cigar industry and company town;

2) Understand how at a time when minorities and women basically had no rights, Ybor’s company provided affordable housing and job security to these downtrodden individuals;

3) Understand how Cuban immigrants sought opportunities in the U.S. not afforded them in their homeland. Freedom from poor economic conditions and freedom from

religious and political persecution; 4) Students will describe how one person can make a difference in live lives of many,

using Vincente M. Ybor as an example; 5.) Students will understand the effects of how using any tobacco product may cause

serious or even deadly results. U.S. History Event or Era This lesson can be used with the Spanish American War (1898), the Women’s Suffrage Movement (late 1800’s to 1920), Civil Rights Act (1964), and Affirmative Action (1970’s –early 1980’s), which fell by the wayside until new arguments emerged in the debates of the 1990’s. Grade Level This lesson is designed for use in middle school or high school American History classes. Materials Overhead projector and transparencies, or SmartBoard, projector and computer; PowerPoint pictures to be used as a whole presentation or for individual use; American History or American Government textbooks for discussion of the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th Amendments; Statement by Justice Bradley; Articles “Never Before So Free” and “Smoke and Mirrors”; assessment questions, answer grids, and answers; crossword puzzle; pencils and pens; reading text on the Spanish American War; Internet reading on the Ybor City Museum (http://www.ybormuseum.org/); and a brief biography of Vincente Martinez Ybor found at http://www.flusa.com/interests/multicultural/cubanbio.php , Lesson Time This lesson can be completed in two to three class periods depending on how much or little of the reading used in class.

II. Lesson Procedures

Procedures 1) Display Picture D-5-1 (cigar workers laboring in a factory) as students enter the class. Ask them to list as

many points as possible that they see in the picture.

Example:

1. The photo looks old. 2. They are all wearing light or white colored shirts. 3. They are bent over tables working with their hands. 4. The man in the front row should just cut his hair …he’s bald or just wear a hat.

2) After giving students about five minutes to share their thoughts with their group mates or the class explain that this was a photo taken in 1925 of a cigar factory and these people are rolling cigars.

3) Display Pictures D-5-2 through D-5-9 showing how a Master Cigar Roller produces a cigar and explain how

the workers made the hand-rolled cigars, thereby earning good wages by the number of cigars they turned out each day, rather than by the hour (otherwise known as a “quota system”). In doing this, the workers set their own rate of production.

4) After this activity, allow the students to look closer to see if they can see women and people of African

ancestry sitting alongside the other workers in this factory picture. Tell students that women and people of African ancestry did not have many rights in the late 19th century to the early 20th century, yet Vincente Martinez Ybor gave them opportunities for long term work and affordable housing. Briefly discuss the 13th – 15th amendments (which can be found in any American History or American Government textbook) and how they didn’t really protect women until 1920 with the 19th amendment, and didn’t protect African-Americans until 1964 with the Civil Rights Act signed by President Johnson. Read the basic lines of the amendments and ask the students if they felt the law truly protected women and people of color when they were first ratified. Pass out the reading of “Never So Free Before” along with the answer sheets. Allow for 15 – 20 minutes for students to finish reading the text and answer the questions for comprehension.

5) Ask students to respond with a quick write on the following topic “ How has the government changed since

the late 19th century in treating women and people of color with equality?” Quick writes are just that…they are written quickly. Do not count off for spelling, grammar, or punctuation. Direct the students to write as much as they can from their head for three full minutes. Collect the papers for a review of their comprehension.

6) Pass out the reading passage,”A Brief History of Ybor City (taken from http://www.ybormuseum.org/).” Point

out Picture D-5-12 and discuss how Ybor offered affordable housing for his workers. Casitas were built around 1895 and rented for $1.50 per week to $2.50 a week or they could be purchased for $400 to $900 depending on their size. Also point out Pictures D-5-13 through D-5-20, which depict Ybor City’s social clubs that are mentioned in the Museum reading.

7) Display the map of Florida and Cuba (Picture D-5-21). Ask students to discuss in their small groups the

following question: “Tell me why do you think Vincente Ybor may have chosen Florida as a location to produce cigars.” Discuss the similar weather conditions, proximity of growing and shipping tobacco from Cuba to Tampa, FL., the short distance of travel for immigration due to the Spanish-American War, etc.

8) Discuss with students how the cigar industry helped build Ybor City and Tampa into what it is today, and the

great history of the area, but remind them of the deadly hazards of tobacco use. Pass out the reading

selection of “Smoke and Mirrors” along with the questions and answer sheets. Give students 15 to 20 minutes to complete the activity based on their ability. Allow students to share stories of loved ones and friends who they know use tobacco products. Be sensitive to their sharing as some students may have had tragedies in their lives due to tobacco use.

9) Pass out the crossword puzzle that covers all of the above steps. This can be used as an additional

enjoyable assessment to be completed by individual students or in small groups.

10) Discuss how women and people of color were treated in the late 19th century. Read Justice Bradley’s statement and have the class discuss why Ybor hired women and Afro-Cubans to work in his factories.

III. Activities

Picture D-5-1

Picture D-5-2: This is Carlos, a master cigar roller from the Key West Cigar Factory

Picture D-5-3: Carlos carefully selects a dried piece of tobacco to begin crafting a cigar.

Picture D-5-4: Carlos uses a chaveta, a knife used in a cigar factory for cutting the wrapper leaf.

Picture D-5-5: Carlos begins the process of rolling a premium cigar.

Pictures D-5-6 (top) & D-5-7: Carlos uses his chaveta and his hands to cut the tip of the cigar. Note the number of cigars that Carlos has already produced this morning.

Picture D-5-8: Carlos prepares a cigar for shipment by pressing it and cutting off the end.

Picture D-5-9: Voila! The finished product

“Never So Free Before” By Randy Krehbiel for Cobblestone, Feb. 1999, Vol. 20, Issue 2

After the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson sent politician and social reformer Carl Schurz to the South. Johnson wanted to know how the emancipated African Americans and former white slave holders were getting along. The report was discouraging. According to Schurz, it seemed as though "the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness."

Four million black Americans were now legally free people. They wanted the right to live as free citizens and own their own land. Bayley Wyat, a Virginia freedman, said, "We has a right to the land .... Our wives, our children, our husbands, has been sold over and over again to purchase the lands we now locates upon...didn't we clear the land, and raise the crops...?" But as Schurz discovered, most white southerners resisted any change. Landowners needed a lot of cheap labor to operate the South's plantations. But they did not believe the relationship between white landowners and African Americans should be different from pre-Civil War days. When some black workers protested or refused to work, white landowners grudgingly accepted that black laborers would have to be paid. The landowners, however, envisioned an arrangement in which laborers were still tied to former slaveholders by long-term contracts and pitifully low wages. "The field," wrote historian Eric Foner, "became an arena of confrontation between former master and former slave."

Picture D-5-10: In what ways does this post-Civil War mural show the realities of life for an African-American leading up to emancipation and beyond?

Southern legislatures quickly passed the Black Codes. These laws tried to deny African Americans full rights. In many cases, the codes forced African Americans to take jobs they did not want at whatever pay was offered. Moreover, in some states, black workers again were required to call their employers "master." And yet, some African Americans managed to persuade landowners to at least provide for some type of formal education for their children in their work contracts. During the period following the Civil War -- the Reconstruction Era --the U.S. government forced southern states to repeal the worst of the Black Codes. And the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution were adopted. These amendments outlawed slavery and guaranteed African Americans equal rights, including the right to vote. In the late 1860s and early 1870s, more than six hundred black legislators, congressmen, and senators were elected in the South.

Picture D-5-11: How does this cartoon illustrate the ideal of the post-Civil War South, and the reality?

In practice, however, African Americans' civil rights generally were ignored. Groups of whites with names such as Regulators, Knights of the White Camellia, and Ku Klux Klan terrorized black communities. African Americans gradually were forced to give up voting. The simple act of voting could get a black person killed. As the North's interest in Reconstruction ended during the 1870s, conditions for southern African Americans grew worse. For the most part, Reconstruction failed the former slaves. The freedmen's hopes of land ownership and economic independence of any kind remained a dream. African Americans wanted to enjoy the fruits of their own labor. They believed that was the key to their eventual happiness and security. Instead, many African Americans became sharecroppers, working all year for as little as fifty dollars. Some tried going into southern cities, where they could find only the lowest paying, most menial jobs.

One former slave, Reverend E.P. Holmes, said, "Most anyone ought to know that a man is better off free than as a slave...." But despite the Thirteenth Amendment, freedom was difficult to obtain for former slaves in the post-Civil War South. African Americans were denied the property and independence they craved. They were harassed and killed for daring to express their opinions. African Americans began to look beyond the South and even past the shores of the United States. Some emigrated, most traveling to the African nation of Liberia. The majority of African Americans, though, decided to stay in the United States. Many moved west. Actually, black Americans had been going west as long as white Americans. A black man named York accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition, and African Americans were among the earliest mountain men. They also participated in the California gold rush of the mid-1800s. With the passage of the Homestead Act of 1862, southern African Americans began to move to the West in large numbers. Former slave John Solomon Lewis recalled setting foot in Kansas: "I looked on the ground and I says, `This is free ground.' Then I looked on the heavens and I says, `Them is free and beautiful heavens.' Then I looked within my heart and I says to myself, `I wonder why I was never so free before.'" Vocabulary A freedman is someone who has been freed from slavery. Sharecroppers are farmers who work for a share of the crops they raise on land owned by others. Menial means work suitable for a slave or servant. Discussion Questions 1.) Who was President just after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction Period?

a. Abraham Lincoln b. Herbert Hoover c. Andrew Johnson d. Woodrow Wilson 2.) What does the term "emancipated" mean, in relation to African Americans?

a. freed b. destitute c. indentured d. bitter 3.) Why did some former Southern slaves feel they had a right to take over Southern land?

a. because that was part of the peace treaty; b. because their families had been sold over and over to purchase that land; c. because the Northern soldiers had led them to believe the land was theirs; d. because they knew they could farm it themselves, whereas the Southern gentlemen could not do it

without their help.

4.) What were the Black Codes? a. codes that the former slaves promised to live by; b. part of the Civil War peace treaty; c. southern laws that tried to deny African Americans full rights; d. the laws of African Americans' native lands in Africa.

5.) What good came out of the Reconstruction era?

a. The federal government passed a law guaranteeing a minimum wage; b. Former slaves were given small tracts of land on which to start their own farms; c. African Americans were guaranteed equal rights including the right to vote; d. All children were given equal rights to education in a state-supported school.

6.) If someone was a "Regulator," what might he be doing? a. checking to see that all children under 16 were in school; b. terrorizing a black community; c. checking voting booths on federal election days to make sure all voters were legal; d. burning down a plantation.

7.) Based on the article, what was the biggest disadvantage of working as sharecroppers?

a. It was very hard work; b. The sharecroppers did not own the land they farmed; c. Work kept them in the South; d. They were slaves again.

8.) If an African American "emigrated," what did he do? a. moved West b. left the United States c. went back to his former master d. moved North

9.) How did the Homestead Act of 1862 help many African Americans?

a. It gave free education to their children; b. They were able to leave the South and move west for free land; c. They were given the land on which they had been sharecropping; d. Large plantations were subdivided for former slaves.

10.) What is the main purpose of this article?

a. to tell about the horrors of the Reconstruction Era in the South; b. to tell about the movement of black Americans to the West; c. to look at the lives of African Americans following the Civil War; d. to discuss the prosperity of African Americans after the Civil War

A Brief History of Ybor City

Tampa was little more than a village when Spanish-born Vicente Martínez Ybor arrived in 1886 and established a center for cigar manufacturing. Only two years before, Henry B. Plant had completed railroad connections to Tampa and was in the process of improving the port facilities at Port Tampa. These two factors made the area an ideal location for the development of the cigar industry since Cuban leaf tobacco, the best in the world, could easily be imported; the finished product in the form of cigars could be exported with equal ease. Attracting experienced cigar workers from Spain, Cuba and Italy, Ybor's enterprise quickly established Tampa as “the Cigar Capital of the World.” “Ybor City”, Vicente M. Ybor's "factory town", began with his purchase of 40 acres two miles north of Tampa. The 68-year-old Ybor wished to move his operations to Florida's west coast from Key West to escape labor unrest and limitations on space for expansion of the industry. Later in life he indicated that he founded Ybor City with the hope of providing a good living and working environment so that cigar workers would have fewer grievances against owners. Ybor City quickly attracted thousands of immigrant workers: Spaniards, Cubans, Italians, Germans, and Jews. Moving into boarding houses and casitas (cottages built for cigar workers by the manufacturers and sold or rented by a paycheck deduction system), this immigrant population produced a unique socio-cultural environment. Prominent in that environment were the social clubs, whose subscription services included cradle-to-grave health care, death benefits,

recreational facilities, and a busy yearly calendar of social events. Organized to serve specific ethnic groups (L'unione Italiana for Italians, El Circulo Cubano for Cubans, Club Marti-Maceo for Afro-Cubans, and so on), the clubs preserved and transmitted the cultural heritage of their members to generation after generation. As impressive architecturally as they were socially, the club buildings testified to the grand ambitions of a rising worker class. In addition to the social clubs, Ybor City was home to theaters presenting opera, vaudeville, ethnic comedy and drama. This busy neighborhood also supported verbenas del tabaco (community festivals produced by the cigar manufacturers), labor and political organizations, dozens of newspapers, and a wide array of mercantile, artistic, and occupational venues. The city Ybor founded was, in many respects, an idyllic environment, but in defiance of Ybor's hopes it was not short on labor strife. Despite periodic strikes (and production setbacks caused by the Cuban War of Independence), the young Ybor City grew rapidly and added greatly to the economic prosperity of Tampa. In population, Ybor City quickly outstripped Tampa, increasing the area's prosperity through import duties and the sale of tobacco products. For many years the cigar industry was the only large-scale

manufacturing activity in Tampa. It represented a very important financial resource to the region, one that flourished until the early 1960s, when embargos against Cuban tobacco, combined with declining cigar consumption, finally made "the Cigar City" a thing of the past. Vicente Martínez Ybor, Founder of Ybor City

Picture D-5-12: When Vicente Ybor built this three-story cigar factory in 1886, it was the tallest building in the Tampa area.

Picture D-5-13: These casitas, or “little houses,” were built around 1895. Many still stand today. They were built from pine, with cypress or cedar shingles. The architectural style—three rooms in a row down a long hallway to a kitchen—was popular throughout the South. Casitas rented for $1.50-$2.50 a week, but could also be purchased for $400-$900. By allowing workers to deduct house payments from their wages, Ybor and his peers contributed to the stability and security of the work force in Ybor City.

Vicente Martínez Ybor was born in Valencia, Spain in 1818. When he was just 14, he immigrated to Cuba, where he lived for 15 years before developed a successful cigar factory in Havana. By 1856, his brand "El Principe de Gales" ("Prince of Wales") was the most popular cigar label in the world. During CWar" (one of the many revolts or threatened revolts that rocked Cuba throughout the mid- tlate 19th century), Ybor's questionable loyalty to Spain came under scrutiny, and his busineenterprises were threatened. Ybor decided to open a factory in Key West, Florida, in 1869. While the climate and proximity to Cuban tobacco sources were excellent in Key West, launrest followed the industry to Florida. High emotions, fueled by the political rivalry between Cuban and Spanish workers, produced a stormy 15 years' sojourn for Ybor and his younger partner, Eduardo Manrara. The two began looking for other sites in Florida that might be moreproductive -- and peaceful -- for locating the cigar trade.

uba's "Ten Years' o ss

bor

By 1884, transportation magnate Henry Bradford Plant had completed rail service to Tampa, Florida. This was to be the determining factor in V.M. Ybor's decision to relocate his cigar-manufacturing enterprise to the area. With the help of Plant's rail and steamship lines, Ybor could import high-quality tobacco leaf from Cuba, then manufacture and ship cigars to points North, East, and West. In 1885, Ybor purchased 40 acres of land near Tampa for $9,000. A year later, at the age of 68, Ybor (with Manrara) set up operations in a scrub area east of Tampa and, by offering affordable housing and long-term employment, quickly attracted over 4,000 skilled cigar workers to relocate.

Picture D-5-14: Señor Ybor, the founder of Ybor City

By October of 1886, Ybor and Manrara owned at least 111 acres in Ybor City, and a 1,000 acre tract east of the town. The partners formed the Ybor City Land and Improvement Company to organize the growing settlement and provide such necessary services as firefighters, sanitary arrangements, and peace keeping. Ybor City very quickly attracted many thousands of immigrant workers -- Cubans, Spaniards, Germans, Italians, Jews -- and other cigar manufacturers as well. The City eventually boasted 200 cigar factories. Vicente Martínez Ybor was an enlightened employer. He strove to avoid the crippling labor unrest and strikes that had plagued the cigar industry by providing good wages and many benefits to employees. His home, "La Quinta," was frequently open to workers for parties and picnics, and he tried in many other ways to alleviate the hardships of the needy. V. M. Ybor can be portrayed as a citizen of three countries: Spain (the land of his birth), Cuba (which he saw as his political and spiritual homeland), and the United States (his adopted nation and the place where he achieved his greatest professional achievements). Ybor died an American citizen in 1896, and is buried in Oak Lawn Cemetery in downtown Tampa. The Road to Cuban Independence Led Through Ybor City and Tampa: Due to the large number of Cubans living in Ybor City, the area was involved in the struggle for Cubaís independence from Spanish rule. In fact, the very reason that Vicente Martinez Ybor left Cuba was due to his sympathies for the cause of Cuban independence, which brought on the wrath of Spanish authorities. Cuban patriots, most famously Jose Marti, came to Tampa frequently to inspire enthusiasm and generate funds for the movement. Ybor City residents formed revolutionary clubs and encouraged cigar workers to donate one dayís salary each week to the cause. As revolutionary fervor grew in 1895, plans to invade Cuba from U.S. shores were formed and Marti gave the order to invade by smuggling a message into Tampa rolled up in a cigar. Some of the most active revolutionary supporters were to be found among the women of Ybor City. One of the most notable was Paulina Pedroso, an Afro-Cuban who had moved to the community from Cuba with her husband Ruperto in the late 1880ís. Marti stayed with the Pedrosos when he came to Tampa and they went to great lengths to protect him from would-be assassins. Unfortunately, Marti was killed in a battle in Cuba in 1895 and the success of the cause was postponed until 1898. The precipitating event in 1898, which culminated in war, was the destruction of the USS Battleship Maine in Havana harbor in February of 1898. The explosion caught the attention of the American press, most particularly that of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, rivals vying with each other as to who could sell the most newspapers. Known as “yellow journalism,” these newspapers wrote lurid and often untrue descriptions of Spanish atrocities and aroused the American public to demand that the U.S. enter the war to support Cuban independence against Spanish rule. The U.S. Congress declared war in April of 1898. One of the immediate threats to Ybor City was the potential loss of the supply of Cuban tobacco used to produce the cigars. Forward thinking citizens solved the problem by sending a flotilla of ships to Havana, loading the vessels to the gunwales and bringing the cargo back to Tampa, thus ensuring the economic well-being of Ybor City and Tampa.

Another problem that arose was mutual suspicion among the various combatants. The U.S. army posted a spy in Port Tampa to monitor the behavior and mail of Spanish officers. Soldiers were also posted around the Centro Español and seized a Cuban meeting hall in West Tampa. As plans for the war progressed, Tampa was chosen as the major port of embarkation for the Army. The Navy was based in Key West and Tampa was the closest city in possession of both rail and port facilities. Soon thirty thousand soldiers and hundreds of mules descended on Tampa, clogging the rail lines and causing untold confusion. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders arrived, creating havoc and mayhem. While the officers stayed at the luxurious Tampa Bay Hotel, the enlisted men camped out in Tampa Heights, Palmetto Beach, Desoto Park, Port Tampa and West Tampa. This situation continued for six weeks until the order came from Washington, D.C. for the troops to sail. They finally departed on June 13, 1898. Ybor City’s Social Clubs

Picture D-5-16: the Cuban Club on Republica de Cuba

Picture D-5-15: Club Asturiano, circa 1920s

Picture D-5-17: The Cuban Club

Picture D-5-18: The Centro Español (Spanish Club) on 7th Avenue in Tampa

Picture D-5-20: The Centro Asturiano today

Picture D-5-19: L’Unione Italiana (The Italian Club)

Lesson D-5 Map Activity

Picture D-5-21

In your small group, answer the following question: “Why do you think Vincente M. Ybor chose Florida as a location to produce cigars?” Write down your ideas in the space provided.

“Smoke and Mirrors” By Walter Roessing for Boys’ Life, Aug. 1998, Vol. 88, Issue 8

“Cigarettes will choke the life out of you, but other tobacco products are just as dangerous.” Former Philadelphia Phillie Lenny Dykstra lost his teeth. Former baseball player Bill Tuttle lost his jaw. And 19-year-old Sean Marsee lost his life. All to tobacco. If you think smoking cigarettes caused these tragedies, you'd be wrong. Sure, smoking can kill you -- more than 400,000 American smokers die from a smoking-related disease each year. But don't think you can breathe easy if you stay away from cigarettes. Other tobacco products, like "spit" tobacco and cigars, can kill you too. Chew on This: Maybe you've seen a major-league slugger intently chewing a wad of tobacco at the plate, or a pitcher spitting brown juice from the mound. Spit tobacco (also called "chewing tobacco" and "snuff") can't be all that bad for you if professional athletes dip, right? Wrong. Dead wrong. It can cause cancer, gum disease and mouth sores. Snuff contains nicotine -- a poisonous substance found in tobacco -- in amounts up to four times greater than cigarettes. The National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP) isn't so much concerned with the major-league ballplayers who use spit tobacco. It's the kids who admire them they're worried about. Spitting Mad: That's why NSTEP's chairman, former major-league catcher Joe Garagiola, goes on tour every spring training asking players to quit using spit tobacco. He convinced Lenny Dykstra, who had all his teeth pulled after spit tobacco ruined them, to go on TV to encourage kids to imitate his playing style, not his tobacco habit. "Some people think chewing tobacco or snuff is part of baseball," says Houston Astro Jeff Bagwell, who quit using spit tobacco. "It's not. It's a terrible and sometimes deadly addiction." If you don't believe Bagwell, just ask former big leaguer Bill Tuttle. He and the American Cancer Society can tell you that spit tobacco users are up to 50 times more likely to get oral cancer than nonusers. Tuttle should know. After years of using spit tobacco, he lost his jaw to cancer.

Picture D-5-22: Joe Garagiola (right) warns ballplayers like Jose Canseco (left) that nearly half of all major-league chewers have mouth sores.

Blowing Smoke: Here's another scary image: smoking a large cigar can be equal to smoking a pack of 20 cigarettes. That doesn't stop 6 million teen-agers a year from trying cigars, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Just because it has become "cool" for athletes and movie stars to puff on stogies doesn't mean cigars are safe. "The biggest myth about cigar smoking is that if you don't inhale, there's no health risk," says Karen Gerlach, a disease researcher. "But cigars contain large amounts of nicotine." What's that mean? For one, that cigar smokers have four to 10 times the risk of nonsmokers of dying from cancer of the mouth, throat and esophagus. They're also twice as likely to die from heart disease. Cigars and spit tobacco might seem like cool trends -- and less dangerous than smoking. That's what Sean Marsee, an athlete who stayed away from cigarettes, thought when he took up spit tobacco. One year later, at 19, he was dead. Up in Smoke: Cigars and spit tobacco may be the most recent deadly trends, but cigarettes are still killers. Some facts that will clear the air: • Number of kids who become smokers each day: 3,000 • U.S. 8th-graders in 1996 who said they had smoked in the past month: 21% (1 out of 5) • Number of deaths in the United States each year from smoking-related diseases: 400,000 (more than alcohol,

crack, heroin, murders, suicide, car accidents and AIDS combined) • Average age kids start smoking: 13 years old • Number of U.S. kids today expected to eventually die from smoking-related diseases: 5 million

SOURCES: CAMPAIGN FOR TOBACCO-FREE KIDS, AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY, CDC, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.

Discussion Questions 1.) Which one of the following could be considered dangerous tobacco products?

a. cigarettes b. snuff c. chewing tobacco d. cigars e. all of the above

2.) Why is snuff more dangerous than cigarettes?

a. because it contains more menthol; b. because it contains more nicotine; c. because it contains a longer filter; d. because it costs more.

3.) Oral cancer refers to cancer of the...

a. mouth b. arm c. leg d. heart 4.) What is the mission of the organization NSTEP?

a. to show young people that cigarettes are safer than chewing tobacco; b. to convince young people that spit tobacco is dangerous; c. to convince young people that ballplayers are not good role-models; d. to convince young people to play sports rather than smoke cigarettes.

5.) Who is Joe Garagiola?

a. head of Major League Baseball c. owner of the Detroit Tigers b. head of NSTEP d. sportswriter

6.) What was the mistake that young athlete Sean Marsee made about tobacco?

a. He thought cigarettes were less dangerous than spit tobacco; b. He thought spit tobacco was less dangerous than cigarettes; c. He thought it didn't matter what tobacco products a person used; d. He thought second-hand smoke was not deadly.

7.) Which one, or ones, of the following comments about tobacco and health risks are correct?

a. 3,000 young people become smokers each day; b. Over 400,000 people in the United States die each year from smoking-related diseases; c. 13 is the average age when young people start smoking; d. About 1 million of today's youth are expected to die from smoking-related diseases; e. About 2 million of today's youth are expected to die from smoking-related diseases; f. About 5 million of today's youth are expected to die from smoking-related diseases; g. Over 10 million of today's American youth are expected to die of smoking-related diseases.

8.) Which of the following baseball players is NOT mentioned as a tobacco user?

a. Lenny Dykstra b. Cal Ripken, Jr. c. Sean Marsee d. Jeff Bagwell 9.) What is the author's tone in this article?

a. funny b. serious c. confused d. angry 10.) Which of the following people would probably NOT want to read this article?

a. a tobacco company executive b. a young person who plays sports c. a baseball player d. a person who plays tennis

Statement by Supreme Court Justice Bradley Concerning the “Bradwell vs. Illinois” Case of 1872

In 1872 Myra Bradwell wanted to become a lawyer; however, because women could not vote at the time, they also lacked political power and therefore she was denied the opportunity to be a member of the bar. The Supreme Court upheld the law and Justice Bradley is quoted as making the following statement: “It is true that many women are unmarried and not affected by any of the duties, complications, and incapacities of the married state, but these are exceptions to the general rule. The paramount destiny and mission of women are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. This is the law of the Creator. And the rules of civil society must be adapted to the general constitution of things, and cannot be based upon exceptional cases.” Question: In 1886 when Vincente M. Ybor built his first cigar factory, he employed whites, Afro-Cubans, Cubans, Jews, and women working side by side in the factory. Why do you think Ybor employed women and Afro-Cubans at a time in history when women were thought of as domestic property that should remain in the home taking care of children, and African Americans were still being robbed of their Civil Rights?

IV. Assessments

Answer Key to Crossword Puzzle

Other Assessments: *”Never Before So Free:” article and questions *”Smoke and Mirrors:” article and questions *QuickWrite topic: “How has the government changed since the late 19th century in treating

women and people of color with equality?”

V. Resources http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm - National Park Service’s “Teaching with

Historic Places” website

Fishburn, T.L., photos of Carlos the Master Cigar Roller, Permission from the Key West Cigar Factory http://www.ybormuseum.org/ybor.html: “A Brief History of Ybor City”

http://www.upf.com/Spring2003/Ingalls.htm: “Tampa Cigar Workers: A Pictorial History,” Ingalls, Robert P., and Perez Jr., Louis A.

http://www.tampabayhistorycenter.org/cigar.htm, Tampa Bay History Center’s Timeline of the Tampa cigar industry

http://www.ybormuseum.org/ybor.html: the Ybor Museum in Tampa, FL

Krehbiel, Randy. Cobblestone. “Never So Free Before”. February 1999, Vol. 20, Issue 2, p7

Roessing, Walter. Boy’s Life. “Smoke and Mirrors” August 1998, Vol. 88 Issue 8, p9