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Ablation “The process by which ice and snow waste away as a result of melting,” evaporation and (or) sublimation. (): quote1

Absorption “The taking up, assimilation, or in-corporation of molecules, ions, or energy into the interior of a solid or liquid.” Compare to adsorption. (2):709 quote

Accuracy “Closeness of computations, estimates or measurements to the exact or true values.” (3):6 quote

Acidosis “A condition in which body fluids become more acidic, i.e. the pH is less than 7.4, and the ca-pacity of the body to buffer hydrogen ions is dimin-ished.” Compare to alkalosis. (35) quote

Active Floodplain Lowlands bordering a river, which are subject to flooding on a periodic basis. Floodplains are composed of alluvium deposited on land during flooding. The active area is character-ized by recently deposited river-borne debris, limited terrestrial vegetation, and recent scarring of trees by material transported by floodwaters. (3):Section A paraphrase

Acute Toxicity “Toxic or poisonous effect that occurs during or soon after exposure to a toxicant. The term usually refers to a lethal effect (death) or to a major sub-lethal effect such as greatly altered behaviour or physiology. Formal acute toxicity tests establish the concentration of a substance that kills a specified fraction of the test organisms (usually 50%) within a specified time (usually 96 hours or less).” Compare to chronic toxicity. (2):709 quote

Adfluvial “Migrating between lakes and rivers or streams.” (2):709 quote

Adsorption “Physical adhesion of molecules of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances to the surfaces of solids or liquids with which they are in contact.” Compare to absorption. (2):709 quote

Advection The transfer of heat, cold, humidity, sol-utes, pollutants, or other properties by the horizontal movement of an air mass or water current. Compare to convection. (28) pers. comm.

Aerodynamic Resistance “The bulk meteorological descriptor of the role of the atmospheric turbulence in the evaporation process.” It depends on wind speed, surface roughness, and atmospheric stability. (34):07 quote, paraphrase

Affluent (Stream) A branch or tributary stream that flows into a larger stream channel. ():5 para-phrase

Aggradation “The geologic process by which streambeds, floodplains and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised in elevation by the deposition of material eroded and transported from other areas. It is the opposite of degradation.” (4):G- quote

Albedo “The ratio of reflected to incident radia-tion.” Albedo depends on surface properties such as colour and texture, which influence the absorp-tion rate and angle of solar incidence, respectively. “Freshly fallen snow, for example, reflects more solar radiation back into the atmosphere than grass or forest,” indicated by its higher albedo. (5):Section A quote; (6):297 paraphrase; (6):297 quote

Alevin “Larval salmonid that has hatched but has not fully absorbed its yolk sac, and generally has not yet emerged from the spawning gravel.” (2):709 quote

Alkalosis “A condition in which the body fluids become more alkaline, i.e., the pH is more than 7.4.” Compare to acidosis. (35) quote

Allochthonous Material “Derived from outside a system, such as leaves of terrestrial plants that fall into a stream.” Compare to autochthonous material. (2):70 quote

APPENDIX 1 Glossary of Hydrologic and Geomorphic Terms

Leisbet J. Beaudry, Jason A. Leach, Jennifer McConnachie, Pierre G. Beaudry, and Robin G. Pike

Citations indicate reference as numbered in list of references following glossary, page number, and whether the definition has been quoted or paraphrased; for example, “(): quote” indicates a quote from page of reference . Pers. comm. indicates definitions generated by the compilers of this glossary.

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Allogenic “Exogenous, caused by external factors, such as a change in habitat or environment caused by flooding.” Compare to autogenic. ():8 quote

Alluvial “Deposited by running water.” (2):70 quote

Alluvial Fan “A relatively flat to gently sloping land-form composed of predominantly coarse grained soils, shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone, deposited by a stream where it flows from a nar-row mountain valley onto a plain or broad valley, or wherever the stream gradient suddenly decreases.” (7):D. quote

Alluvium Sediment transported and deposited by flowing water. Particle size distribution of deposits depends on water energy, which varies with channel gradient, lateral distance from stream, or presence of flow obstacles, resulting in deposits that tend to be sorted or stratified into components (e.g., gravels, sands, silts, clays). ():8 paraphrase; (6):297 para-phrase; (8):0, paraphrase

Anabranch “A channel that branches off from a river, re-joining it further downstream.” (9):Glossary terms quote

Anadromous “Fish that breed in freshwater but live their adult life in the sea. On the Pacific coast, anad-romous fish include all the Pacific salmon, steelhead trout, some cutthroat trout and Dolly Varden char, lampreys and eulachons.” (4):G- quote

Anaerobic “Characterizing organisms able to live and grow only where there is no air or free oxygen, and/or conditions that exist only in the absence of air or free oxygen.” ():0 quote

Anastomosing “The branching and rejoining of channels to form a netlike pattern.” (): quote

Anisotropic Medium “Denoting a medium in which certain physical properties are different in different directions. An example would be hydraulic conductivity that differs between the vertical and lateral directions due to layering and alignment of soil grains.” (2) quote

Annual Flood “The highest peak discharge of a stream in a water year.” See flood. (): quote

Antecedent Moisture “The amount of moisture already present in the soil before a specified rain-storm.” (38) quote

Aquifer A saturated permeable subsurface layer such as sand, gravel, sandstone, or limestone that stores or transmits groundwater. “Use of the term is usually restricted to those water-bearing structures capable of yielding water in sufficient quantity to constitute a usable supply.” (2):70 paraphrase; ():4 quote

Aquitard A poorly permeable subsurface layer that impedes groundwater movement and does not yield water freely to wells. ():5 paraphrase

Armour To protect erodible areas by covering with erosion-resistance materials such as rock or concrete. ():6 paraphrase

Assart Period The period during which land is cleared of trees and forest understorey. (36) para-phrase

Autochthonous Material Material derived within a system, such as organic matter produced instream. Includes primary producers as well as aquatic biota such as invertebrates and fishes. Compare to alloch-thonous material. (2):70 paraphrase

Autogenic “Relating to or caused by a change in the environment or an individual organism due to some endogenous factor, i.e., one that comes from within the environment or organism.” Compare to allogenic. (35) quote

Avulsion “An abrupt change in the course of a stream whereby the stream leaves its old channel for a new one.” (7):D. quote

Backscarp See escarpment.

Backwater Effect Upstream increase in water level produced when a barrier such as a dam or down-stream flooding obstructs flow. (7):D. paraphrase

Bankfull (Stage) Water surface elevation at which a stream first overflows its natural banks, spilling water onto the floodplain. (0):7 paraphrase

Basal Area “The area of the circle formed by the cross-section of a tree taken .3 m above the ground.” (3):6 quote

Basal Till “The till that is transported at, or depos-ited from, the bottom of a glacier.” (37) quote

Base Flow Streamflow coming from sustained subsurface sources, not directly from surface runoff. ():24 paraphrase

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Basin “A geographic area drained by a single major stream; consists of a drainage system comprised of streams and often natural or man-made lakes.” Also referred to as Drainage Basin; see catchment area, watershed. ():25 quote

Basin-lag A characteristic of a basin that describes the interval between a precipitation event and the time when the peak flow occurs at the basin outlet. (38) paraphrase

Bedload Sediment particles transported on or near the streambed by rolling and bouncing. (3):Section B paraphrase

Benthic “Occurring at the base of bodies of water: lakes, oceans, and seas.” (38) quote

Benthos “Animals and plants living on or within the substrate of a water body.” (2):7 quote

Bifurcation The division of a stream channel into two branches or a fork in the stream channel. () pers. comm.

Bioassay Assessment of a substance (e.g., water sample) by testing its effect on the growth of an or-ganism under controlled conditions and comparing the result with an agreed standard. (2):712 para-phrase; (5):Section B paraphrase

Biofilm “A colony of bacteria and other micro-organisms that adheres to a substrate and is en-closed and protected by secreted slime . . . They are important components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, typically providing nutrients for small organisms at the base of food chains.” (35) quote

Biological Oxygen Demand “Amount of molecu-lar oxygen that can be taken up by nonliving organic matter as it decomposes by aerobic biochemical ac-tion.” (2):72 quote

Bioturbation “The disruption of sediment by organisms, seen either as a complete churning of the sediment that has destroyed depositional sedimen-tary structures, or in the form of discrete and clearly recognizable burrows, trails, and traces.” (39) quote

Bog A peat landform characterized by: a dense layer of peat; acidic conditions; low nutrient content; water table at or near the surface; usually covered with mosses, shrubs, and sedges; and trees possibly pres-ent. Compare to fen, marsh, swamp, shallow waters. (32) paraphrase

Boundary Layer “The layer of reduced velocity in fluids, such as air and water, that is immediately adjacent to the surface of a solid past which the fluid is flowing.” ():37 quote

Braided Stream Stream that forms a “network of branching and recombining channels separated by … islands or channel bars.” (2):72 quote

Bryophyte “A nonvascular plant belonging to the division Bryophyta. Some include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts in this division, but most scientists now only include mosses, consigning the liverworts to the division Hepatophyta and hornworts to the division Anthocerotophyta.” (36) quote

Buffer Strip Riparian area adjacent to streams or lakes left intact as a protective barrier. (2):72 para-phrase

Bulk Density “Mass of an oven-dry soil sample per unit gross volume (including pore space).” (3):23 quote

Canopy “The more or less continuous cover of branches and foliage formed collectively by the crowns of adjacent trees.” (3): quote

Capillary Fringe (Zone) “The part of the vadose zone that lies just above the water table, where water can be drawn upward by capillary forces.” (30):553 quote

Cascade “A short, steep drop in stream bed eleva-tion often marked by boulders and agitated white water.” ():45 quote

Catchment Area “The area draining into a river, reservoir, or other body of water.” See basin or water-shed. ():45 quote

Channel Density The ratio of the total length of stream channels in a given area to the total area. Also termed “stream density.” ():48 paraphrase; (2):75 paraphrase

Channelization Straightening and (or) deepening a pre-existing channel, or constructing a new channel, for the purpose of runoff control or navigation. (4):G-2 paraphrase

Chronic Toxicity “Toxic effect caused by long-term exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of a toxicant; sometimes refers to an effect manifested long after an exposure.” Compare to acute toxicity. (2):73 quote

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water. “Debris floods have sediment concentrations of 20–47% by volume and characteristically have significant sediment deposits beyond the channel.” (3):79, 09 quotes; (44):62 quote

Debris Flow “Rapid downstream movement of liquefied sediment and woody debris” as a coherent mass with “a plastic or semi-fluid motion similar to a viscous fluid.” Includes channelized “debris flows, debris torrents and mudflows.” See slide. (3):79 quote; (7):D.5, D.3 quotes

Debris Flow Fan “A relatively steep sloping land-form shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone, deposited by a debris flow where it exits from a nar-row mountain valley onto a plain or broad valley, or wherever the channel gradient suddenly decreases. Sometimes referred to as colluvial fan.” (7):D.3 quote

Debris Slide “A shallow landslide within rock debris, characterized by a displacement along one or several surfaces within a relatively narrow zone. It may take place as a largely unbroken mass, or may be disrupted into several units, each consisting of rock debris.” (39) quote

Debris Torrent A term no longer used in British Columbia. See debris flow.

Degradation Removal of materials from one place to another via erosion, causing lowering of the eleva-tion of streambeds and floodplains over time. The opposite of aggradation. Also used to describe the decrease of biological productivity or diversity. See aggradation. () pers. comm.

Dendochronology “The technique of dating events, determining climatic conditions, growth patterns, etc. through the use of tree rings.” ():77 quote

Depth Hoar “Large-grained, faceted, cup-shaped crystals near the ground in a snowpack. Depth hoar forms because of large temperature gradients within the snowpack.” (40) quote

Dew “The droplets of water condensed from air, usually at night, onto cool surfaces.” ():83 quote

Dewater Removal of water from a streambed or waste product. ():83 paraphrase

Dewatering “Condition in stream channel when all the water flow occurs within the permeable stream-bed sediments, so no surface water is left; common in small streams with considerable accumulations of” bedload. Commonly occurs in severely aggraded channels. (3):Section D quote

Chronostratigraphic Unit “A body of rock estab-lished to serve as the material reference for all rocks formed during the same span of time. Each of its boundaries is synchronous.” (9) quote

Chinook Wind “A downslope wind in which the air is warmed by adiabatic heating.” ():50 quote

Cirque “A smallish, rounded depression with steeply sloping sides carved into the rock at the top of a ridge where a glacier has its head.” ():5 quote

Colluvium “Loose, weathered material brought to the foot of a cliff or some other slope by gravity.” (6):298 quote

Conduction “The transmission of heat, electricity, or sound” through direct contact between molecules of the conducting material. (5):Section C: quote, paraphrase

Confluence “The meeting or junction of two or more streams.” ():6 quote

Convection The transfer of energy in a fluid me-dium (water or air) “by the circulation of currents from one region to another.” ():64 quote

Corrasion “The wearing away of earth materials through the cutting, scarping, scratching, and scour-ing effects of solid material carried by water or air.” ():65 quote

Craton “A part of the Earth’s crust that has at-tained stability, and has been little deformed for a prolonged period. The term is now restricted to the extensive central areas of continents.” (9) quote

Creep “Slow mass movement of soil and soil mat-erial down relatively steep slopes, primarily under the influence of gravity but facilitated by saturation with water and by alternate freezing and thawing.” ():67 quote

Crown Closure “The stand condition resulting in the crowns of trees touching and effectively block-ing sunlight from reaching the forest floor. Crown closure is expressed as a percentage.” (3):8 quote

Debris An accumulation of unsorted fragments of soil, rock, and sometimes large organic material (e.g., tree limbs). Also used to describe organic material transported within streams. (7):D.2 paraphrase

Debris Flood “Transport of large volumes of sediment and woody debris down gully systems by large volumes of water.” “Debris floods do not behave as coherent flows” as the main constituent is

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Diffusion “The process whereby particles of liquids, gases, or solids intermingle as the result of their spontaneous movement caused by thermal agitation and in dissolved substances move from a region of higher to one of lower concentration.” (4):38 quote

Dimictic Lake A temperature “stratified lake or reservoir that experiences two periods of full mixing or (fall and spring) overturns annually” replenish-ing the oxygen-poor bottom water. Compare to monomictic lake. ():84 quote

Discharge “Volume of water” (or other liquid, e.g., effluent) “flowing past a reference point per unit time (usually expressed as m3/s).” (2):75 quote

Distal “Applied to a depositional environment sited at the furthest position from the source area, and generally characterized by fine-grained sediments.” (39) quote

Distributary “A diverging stream that does not re-turn to the main stream, but discharges into another stream or ocean.” ():87 quote

Ditch Block “A blockage that is located directly downgrade of a cross-drain culvert or cross-ditch and designed to deflect water flow from a ditch into a cross-drain culvert.” (3):Section D quote

Drainage Basin “Total land area draining to any point in a stream, as measured on a map, aerial photo, or other horizontal, two-dimensional projec-tion.” Also termed catchment area or watershed. See basin and watershed. (2):75 quote

Drift “To be carried along by currents of air or wa-ter.” Often specifically refers to stream invertebrates and organic material transported in water currents. Also used to describe sediments transported by gla-ciers and deposited directly from the ice or by glacial meltwater. ():92 quote; (2):75 paraphrase; (5):76 paraphrase

Drought “Periods of less than average or normal precipitation over a certain period of time sufficient-ly prolonged to cause a serious hydrological imbal-ance resulting in biological losses (impact flora and fauna ecosystems) and/or economic losses (affecting man).” ():94 quote

Drunken Trees “A group of trees leaning in all directions. Drunken trees can occur on flat perma-frost-rich terrain as well as on steep terrain influ-enced by landslides. Also referred to as jackstrawed trees.” (7):D.3 quote

Dry Valley “Linear depression that lacks a perma-nent stream but that shows signs of past water ero-sion.” (39) quote

Dystrophic “Characterized by having brownish acidic waters, a high concentration of humic mat-ter, and a small plant population. Typically used to describe a lake or pond.” ():97 quote

Ecotone “A habitat created by the juxtaposition of distinctly different habitats; an edge habitat; or an ecological zone or boundary where two or more ecosystems meet.” ():99 quote

Effluent (Stream) A stream that flows out of an-other stream or water body, or a stream or reach fed by groundwater; also “complex fluid waste material such as sewage or industrial refuse that is released into the environment” (especially into surface wa-ters). See gaining stream. ():0 paraphrase: (2):76 quote

Emissivity “The ratio of exitance of a body to the exitance of a black body at the same temperature.” (39) quote

Ephemeral Stream A stream, whose channel is always above the water table, which flows briefly in direct response to precipitation, receiving no continued supply of water from snowmelt or springs. Compare to intermittent stream. (2):76 paraphrase; (8):32 paraphrase

Epilimnion The upper layer of warm water (above the thermocline) circulated by wind in a thermally stratified lake. ():08 paraphrase

Erosion The loosening, dissolution, or wearing away, and subsequent transportation of rock and soil material by natural agents, such as water, wind and ice. (6):300 paraphrase; (7):D.4 paraphrase

Escarpment “A cliff or steep rock face of great length” formed by fault displacement, erosion, or mass movement. (8):322 quote

Esker “A narrow ridge of gravelly or sandy glacial outwash material deposited by a stream in an ice tunnel within a glacier.” ():0 quote

Estuary “Semi-enclosed body of water that has a free connection with the open ocean and within which seawater is measurably diluted with fresh wa-ter derived from land drainage.” (2):76, 77 quote

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changes, forming the transition stage to glacial ice.” ():20 quote

First-Order Stream Headwater streams with no tributaries originating from seepage zones or springs; the most headward channels in the drainage network. See stream order. (3):Section F paraphrase; (4):G-8 paraphrase

Flocculation Aggregation of suspended inorganic and organic particles through the complex interac-tion of physical (e.g., shear force), chemical (e.g., electrostatic forces), and biological (e.g., extracel-lular polymeric substances) processes into composite particles or flocs. (6):55 paraphrase

Flood Temporary covering of normally dry land or floodplain with rapidly accumulating surface water from flow that exceeds the bankfull capacity of a stream, channel, or reservoir (e.g., lake or ocean). See annual flood. ():22 paraphrase

Flood Frequency Analysis A statistical technique that uses historical discharge records for a hydro-metric station to express or measure the average time periods between floods equalling or exceeding a given magnitude. ():23 paraphrase

Floodplain “A level, low-lying area adjacent to streams that is periodically flooded by stream water. It includes lands at the same elevation as areas with evidence of moving water, such as active or inactive flood channels, recent fluvial soils, sediment on the ground surface or in tree bark, rafted debris, and tree scarring.” (3):Section F quote

Flow Duration Curve “A cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that speci-fied discharges are equalled or exceeded.” ():28, 29 quote

Flow Path “The subsurface course a water molecule or solute would follow in a given groundwater veloc-ity field.” ():28 quote

Flume “An open artificial channel or chute carrying a stream of water, as for furnishing power, conveying logs or as a measuring device.” ():29 quote

Fluvial “Pertaining to rivers or streams. Fluvial sediments are those deposited by streams.” Also “migrating between main rivers and tributaries.” See alluvial and adfluvial. (2):709 quote; (6):30 quote

Fog “Condensed water vapour in cloud-like masses lying close to the ground.” ():30 quote

Eutrophic “Rich in dissolved nutrients, photosyn-thetically productive, and often deficient in oxygen during warm periods.” Although this condition occurs naturally, it can also be induced or acceler-ated by human activities (e.g., use of fertilizers and inputs of sewage effluent); the process by which this condition develops is eutrophication. Compare to dystrophic, oligotrophic. (2):77 quote

Evaporation “The physical process by which a liquid (or a solid) is transformed to the gaseous state.” In hydrology, evaporation usually refers to the change in state of water from liquid to gas. Compare to sublimation. (): quote

Evapotranspiration Loss of water to the at-mosphere by the combined processes of surface evaporation (e.g., from soil or vegetation) and tran-spiration from metabolic use of water by plants. See evaporation, transpiration. (2):77 paraphrase

Fall (Earth, Rock, etc.) Extremely rapid downward movement of soil or rock material by free fall or roll-ing off very steep slopes. (7):D.4 paraphrase

Falling Limb The portion of the hydrograph trace immediately following the peak and reflecting the decreasing production of streamflow. Compare to rising limb. ():5 paraphrase

Fault “Approximately plane surface of fracture in a rock body, caused by brittle failure, and along which observable relative displacement has occurred between adjacent blocks.” (39) quote

Fen A wetland class that is covered with peat, with the water table at or near the surface, and higher nutrient content than bogs. Vegetation is character-ized by sedges and grasses, and trees and shrubs may or may not be present. Fens receive both surface and subsurface water and tend to reflect the chemistry of the underlying geology, often resulting in more alka-line conditions than bogs. Compare to bog, swamp, marsh, shallow waters. (32) paraphrase

Fetch “The distance the wind blows over water or another homogeneous surface without appreciable change in direction.” ():9 quote

Field Capacity The amount of water held in a vol-ume of soil after the excess water has drained away by gravity. ():9 paraphrase

Firn “Old snow on the top of glaciers that has become granular and compact through temperature

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Fog Drip “Water that is collected on the surface of vegetation and falls to the ground, as warm, moist air is advected over the vegetation.” (7):424 quote

Freshet “High stream flow, usually confined to the stream channel and caused by a regularly recur-ring hydrological phenomenon (e.g., the snowmelt freshet) (regional term).” (3):Section F quote

Frost Heave “Ruptured soil, rock, or pavement caused by the expansion of freezing water immedi-ately beneath the surface.” Compare to ground heave. ():33 quote

Froude Number “A dimensionless parameter mea-suring the ratio of the inertia force on an element of fluid to the weight of the fluid element—the inertial force divided by gravitational force.” (8):Fluid me-chanics section quote

Fry “The life stage of fish between full absorption of the yolk sac and less than -year old.” (3):43 quote

Gaining Stream A stream or reach that receives water from the water table (i.e., groundwater seep-age). See effluent stream. ():35 paraphrase

Glaciofluvial “The processes, sediments, and land-forms associated with glacial meltwater streams.” (6):30 quote

Glaciolacustrine “Pertaining to, or characterized by, glacial and lacustrine processes or conditions applied especially to deposits made in lakes.” ():4 quote

Glide “A slow-moving, relatively shallow type of run. Calm water flowing smoothly and gently with” moderate velocities “and little or no surface turbu-lence.” (4):G-3 quote

Graded Stream A stream characterized by a smooth, concave profile, flattening downstream, that appears to exist at a steady-state equilibrium be-tween the rate of sediment transport and the rate of sediment supply (i.e., no net erosion or deposition of material) throughout long reaches. Lithological vari-ations in the streambed that cause features such as waterfalls or cascades may retard or prevent stream gradation for many thousands of years. (8):486–488 paraphrase

Graupel “A snow or ice crystal heavily coated in rime.” ():4 quote

Greenhouse Gas “Carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane or any atmospheric gas that contributes the

phenomenon whereby the earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation.” ():43 quote

Grike “A joint fracture in limestone, widened by solution.” (9) quote

Ground Heave “Lifting of earth due to frost, over-loading, swelling clay, etc.” (39) quote

Groundwater Subsurface water in the zone of satu-ration below the level of the water table, where the hydrostatic pressure is equal to or greater than the atmospheric pressure. (3):Section G paraphrase

Gully “A channel or miniature valley cut by concen-trated runoff but through which water commonly flows only during and immediately after heavy rains or during the melting of snow.” ():46 quote

Hail “Solid ice precipitation that has resulted from repeated cycling through the freezing level within a cumulonimbus cloud.” ():47 quote

Headland “A point of land, usually high with a sheer drop extending out into a body of water.” ():49 quote

Headwater “The source and upper reaches of a stream; also the upper reaches of a reservoir.” Also, headwater streams are defined as having no perenni-ally flowing tributaries. ():49 quote; (43) paraphrase

Heat Capacity “Ratio of heat absorbed (or released) by a system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall).” See specific heat capacity. (3):74 quote

Heteroscedasticity “In statistics, the degree to which the variances of two or more variables differ. Many distribution-dependent statistical tests, such as analysis of variance and the t-test assume ho-moscedasticity.” (4) quote

Hoar Frost “Deposits of patterned (‘feathered’, ‘needles’, ‘spines’, etc.) ice crystals on surfaces chilled by radiation cooling. The feature is seen particularly well on vegetation. The ice is derived from the depo-sition of water vapour on surfaces, as well as from frozen dew.” (39) quote

Humidity “Expression of the moisture content of the atmosphere. Measures of humidity include statements of the total mass of water in one cubic metre of air (absolute humidity), the mass of vapour in a given mass of air (specific humidity), relative humidity, vapour pressure, and the mixing ratio.” (39) quote

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Hydraulic Conductivity “In general, the ability of a rock, sediment, or soil to permit fluids to flow through it. More precisely, the hydraulic conductiv-ity is the volume flow rate of water through a unit cross-sectional area of a porous medium under the influence of a hydraulic gradient of unity, at a specified temperature. The magnitude of hydraulic conductivity depends on the properties of both the fluid and the medium.” (39) quote

Hydraulic Head “In general, the elevation of a wa-ter body above a particular datum level. Specifically, the energy possessed by a unit weight of water at any particular point, and measured by the level of water in a manometer at the laboratory scale, or by water level in a well, borehole, or piezometer in the field.” (36) quote

Hydric Sites where water is “removed so slowly that the water table is at or above the soil surface all year; gleyed mineral or organic soils” are present. See hygric, mesic, and xeric. (20):35 quote

Hydrograph “A graphic representation or plot of changes in the flow of water or in the elevation of water level plotted against time.” ():56 quote

Hydrological Regime See streamflow regime.

Hydrologic Budget “An accounting of all water inflows to, water outflows from, and changes in water storage within a hydrologic unit over a speci-fied period of time.” Also referred to as water budget ():57 quote

Hydrologic Recovery Process in a forest where regeneration restores the hydrology of an area to ap-proximate pre-logging conditions. (2):25 paraphrase

Hydrologic Response Manner in which a stream or watershed reacts to a meteorological event or sequence of events. (3):9 paraphrase

Hydrology The science that describes and analyzes water, its properties, its circulation, and its distribu-tion over the Earth’s surface in natural and dis-turbed environments. ():60 paraphrase; (3):Section H paraphrase

Hydrophilic Having a strong affinity for water, including the tendency to dissolve in and mix with water. Compare to hydrophobic. ():60 paraphrase

Hydrophobic Lacking an affinity for water, in-cluding the tendency not to dissolve in or mix with water. Compare to hydrophilic. ():60 paraphrase

Hydrostatic Pressure The pressure generated at a given depth within a liquid at rest, a function of the weight of overlying liquid. (2):79 paraphrase; (6):302 paraphrase

Hyetograph Graph or chart of precipitation inten-sity versus time. (28) pers. comm.

Hygric Sites where water is “removed slowly enough to keep the soil wet for most of the growing season; permanent seepage and mottling” and possible weak gleying are present. See hydric, mesic, and xeric. (20):35 quote

Hygrometer An instrument used to measure atmo-spheric humidity. ():62 paraphrase

Hypolimnion “Lowermost, non-circulating layer of cold water in a thermally stratified lake, usually deficient in oxygen.” (2):79 quote

Hyporheic Zone Zone beneath and adjacent to streams where water and dissolved chemicals move easily between surface and subsurface. ():62 para-phrase; (22): paraphrase

Illuvial “Describing soil material, usually minerals and colloidal particles, that is removed from the up-per soil horizon to a lower soil horizon” and “depos-ited from suspension or precipitated from solution.” ():64 quote; (6):302 quote

Incised Channel A channel cut into the bed of a valley floor through accelerated erosion (degrada-tion) by flowing water of a stream or river. ():65 paraphrase

Infiltration “The flow of fluid into a substance through pores or small openings. The word is com-monly used to denote the flow of water into the soil.” ():67 quote

Infiltration Capacity The maximum rate at which water can enter a soil in a given condition. ():67 paraphrase

Influent “Water, wastewater, or other liquid flow-ing into a reservoir, basin or treatment plant.” Also, a stream or reach that loses water by seepage into the ground. See losing stream. ():68 quote; ():92 paraphrase

Interception “Retention of precipitation on vegeta-tion, from which it is subsequently evaporated with-out reaching the ground.” Interception is calculated as precipitation minus stemflow and throughfall. (2):720 quote

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Intermittent Stream A stream that flows for an extended portion of the year and may support popu-lations of some benthic invertebrates with adapta-tions to those environments. Compare to ephemeral stream. ():7 paraphrase

Interstitial “Referring to the interstices or pore spaces in rock, soil, or other material subject to fill-ing by water.” ():72 quote

Isohyet “A line drawn on a map connecting points that receive equal amounts of precipitation.” ():76 quote

Isostatic Rebound The upward movement of the earth’s crust that follows large-scale depression of the earth because of an increase in weight. Often associated with continental glaciation where the crust was depressed by the weight of the ice. (45) paraphrase

Joint “A divisional plane or surface that divides a rock and along which there has been no visible movement parallel to the plane or surface.” (9) quote

Kame “A conical hill or short irregular ridge of gravel or sand deposited in contact with glacial ice.” ():78 quote

Karst Topography Type of landforms created by the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, gypsum, and dolomite, resulting in underground drainage, depressions, sinkholes, and caves. ():78 paraphrase

Kettle “A depression left in a mass of glacial drift, formed by the melting of an isolated block of glacial ice.” ():78 quote

Kinetic Energy The energy an object has as a result of its motion. ():78 paraphrase

Lacustrine The processes, sediments, and land-forms associated with lakes. () pers. comm.

Laminar Flow “A flow in which fluid moves smoothly in streamlines of parallel layers or sheets”; non-turbulent flow. ():82 quote

Landslide Sudden mass movement of soil, debris, and rock down a slope under the influence of gravity. (7):D.6 paraphrase

Lapse Rate “The rate of change of temperature with height in the free atmosphere.” ():84 quote

Large Woody Debris Coarse woody material (con-ventionally greater than 0 cm in diameter and m long), such as twigs, branches, logs, trees, and roots, that falls into a stream. (4):G-4 paraphrase

Latent Heat of Condensation The amount of heat energy released to the environment by a unit mass of substance when a gas changes its state to a liquid, without a change in temperature. ():85 paraphrase

Latent Heat of Vapourization “The amount of heat absorbed by a unit mass of substance while [changing] from a liquid to a vapour state,” without a change in temperature. ():85 quote

Leaf Area Index “The total surface area of the leaves of plants in a given area divided by the area of ground covered by the plants.” (35) quote

Lentic Relating to or living in standing waters such as lakes or ponds. ():87 paraphrase

Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) “Concentration of toxicant lethal to 50% of test organisms during a defined time period and under defined conditions.” (2):720 quote

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) “Dose of a chemical lethal to 50% of test organisms (rarely used with aquatic organisms because LD50 indicates the quantity of material injected or ingested).” (2):720 quote

Levee A natural or human-made earthen bank along the edge of a stream, lake, river, or ocean that restricts flooding. ():87 paraphrase

Lichenometry “A technique for dating rock sur-faces from measurements of the diameter of lichens growing on them.” (39) quote

Limnology The scientific study of biological, physi-cal, and geological properties of freshwater bodies. ():89 paraphrase

Liquefaction Process by which water-saturated sediment loses strength and becomes a liquid. ():90 paraphrase

Littoral “The region along the shore of a non-flow-ing body of water; corresponds to riparian for a flow-ing body of water. More specifically, the zone of the sea flood lying between the tide levels.” ():90 quote

Losing Stream A stream or reach that loses water by seepage into the ground. Also termed an “influ-ent” stream. See influent. ():93 paraphrase

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Lotic Relating to or living in moving water such as streams or rivers. (2):72 paraphrase

Low Flow “Minimum flow or absence of flow in a stream during the dry season.” Compare to drought. (23):5 quote

Lysimeter “A device for evaluating the water budget by enclosing a block of soil, often on a scale, with equipment for monitoring inputs and outputs.” See snowmelt lysimeter. (7):424 quote

Macroinvertebrate “An animal without a back-bone that is large enough to see without magnifi-cation” … “(e.g., most aquatic insects, snails, and amphipods).” ():93 quote; (2):72 quote

Macrophyte Plants large enough to see without magnification, usually in reference to aquatic plants. (2):72 paraphrase

Macropore “Pore too large to hold water by capil-lary action.” (2):72 quote

Main Stem The principal channel of a drainage system, excluding any tributaries. (2):72 paraphrase

Manning’s n “Empirical coefficient for computing stream bottom roughness,” or the “irregularity of streambed materials as they contribute to resistance to flow,” which is often “used to determine water velocity in stream discharge calculations.” (2):72 quote; (4):G-6 quote

Marsh A wetland landform that can be periodically or permanently flooded, is absent of trees, and usu-ally has high nutrient content. Compare to bog, fen, swamp, shallow waters. (32) paraphrase

Mass Wasting “The slow or rapid gravitational movement of large masses of earth material” includ-ing creep, debris flows, and landslides, also termed mass movement. (6):303 quote, paraphrase

Matric Potential “The work per unit quantity of pure water that has to be done to overcome the attractive forces of water molecules and the attrac-tion of water to solid surfaces. The matric potential is negative above a water table and zero below a free water table.” ():95 quote

Mean Annual Precipitation The average annual precipitation (rain and water equivalent of snow) derived from all known precipitation values, or an estimated equivalent value derived using methods such as regional indices or isohyetal maps. ():96 paraphrase

Meander “A sinuous channel form in flatter river grades formed by the erosion on one side of the channel (pools) and deposition on the other side (point bars).” See sinuosity. ():97 quote

Meandering Stream “A clearly defined channel characterized by a regular and repeated pattern of bends” formed by continued erosion on one side of the channel and deposition on the other. (5):46 quote

Mechanical Site Preparation “Any activity that involves the use of mechanical machinery to prepare a site for reforestation.” (3):63 quote

Mesic Sites where water is “removed somewhat slowly in relation to supply; soil may remain moist for a significant, but sometimes short period of the year. Available soil moisture reflects climatic inputs.” See hydric, hygric, and xeric. (20):35 quote

Monomictic Lake “Lakes or reservoirs which are relatively deep, do not freeze over during the winter, and undergo a single stratification and mixing cycle during the year (usually in the fall).” Compare to dimictic lake. ():206 quote

Moraine A heterogeneous mixture of rock and soil transported and deposited by a glacier. Moraines ap-pear as hills or ridges marking original glacial limits. (8):70, 7 paraphrase

Neoglacial “A time of increased glacial activity dur-ing the Holocene.” (38) quote

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit “Measure of the concentration or size of suspended particles (cloudi-ness) based on the scattering of light transmitted or reflected by the medium.” See turbidity. (2):722 quote

Nitrification “A chemical process in which nitro-gen (mostly in the form of ammonia) in plant and animal wastes and dead remains is oxidized first to nitrites and then to nitrates.” (2) quote

Nival Pertaining to snow. () pers. comm.

Nivation “Complex of surface erosional processes acting under a snow cover. It includes gelifraction, and the removal of shattered debris by solifluction and the movement of melted snow. It is an initial process in cirque development.” (39) quote

Nudation “The creation of an area of bare land, either by natural events or by humans, which is the first stage in vegetation succession.” (37) quote

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Obligate “Without option; of a species, restricted to specific environmental conditions and thus unable to change its mode of feeding or ecological relation-ships.” (37) quote

Off Channel “Bodies of water adjacent to the main channel that have surface water connections to the main river channel at summer discharge levels.” (24):26 quote

Oligotrophic Pertaining to a lake or other body of water that is relatively low in nutrients and photo-synthetic productivity, and rich in dissolved oxygen at all depths. See dystrophic and eutrophic. (2):723 paraphrase

Orographic Precipitation “Precipitation which re-sults from the lifting of moist air over a topographic barrier such as a mountain range. The precipitation may occur some distance upwind and a short dis-tance downwind, as well as on the barrier feature.” ():227 quote

Outflow Channel “A natural stream channel that transports reservoir releases.” ():228 quote

Overland Flow “The flow of rainwater or snow-melt over the land surface toward stream channels.” ():229 quote

Paraglacial Processes “The non-glacial Earth-sur-face processes, sediment accumulations, landforms, landsystems, and landscapes that are directly con-ditioned by glaciation and deglaciation. This distin-guishes it from the term ‘periglacial’ which is defined as ‘cold, non-glacial’ and is applied to environments in which frost-related processes and/or permafrost are either dominant or characteristic.” Compare to periglacial. (38) quote

Peak Flow “Greatest stream discharge recorded over a specified period of time, usually a year but of-ten a season” or even a single event (as in storm peak flows). (2):724 quote

Percolation The movement of water through the pores or spaces of a rock or soil. ():236 paraphrase

Perennial Stream Stream that flows all year round, regardless of weather conditions. (8):952 paraphrase

Periglacial “Applied strictly to an area adjacent to a contemporary or Pleistocene glacier or ice sheet, but more generally to any environment where the action of freezing and thawing is currently, or was during

the Pleistocene, the dominant surface processes.” Compare to paraglacial processes. (39) quote

Periphyton Assemblage of micro-organisms (e.g., algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoa) firmly attached to submerged surfaces in a stream or other water body. ():237 paraphrase

Permafrost The thermal condition, irrespective of the state of moisture present, of any soil or rock layer where temperatures persist “below 0°C for at least two consecutive winters” without thawing in the summer. (8):833 paraphrase

Permeability A measure of the ability of soil, sedi-ments, and rock to transmit fluids, that depends on substrate composition, compaction, and porosity. (2):724 paraphrase

Phototaxis “A change in direction of locomotion in a motile organism or cell which is made in response to a change in light intensity. The response is related to the direction of the light source.” (36) quote

Phreatic “Of or relating to groundwater.” ():240 quote

Phreatic Zone “The soil or rock zone below the level of the water-table, where all voids are saturat-ed.” See vadose zone. (39) quote

Phreatophyte “A water-loving plant, one that thrives in wet sites and/or has the ability to” send roots to the saturated zone to use groundwater. ():240 quote, paraphrase

Piping “The process by which water forces an opening around or through a supposedly sealed structure, such as a check dam or levee. As water flows through, the opening usually grows larger and the water carries away sediment or levee material.” ():24 quote

Plateau “An extensive, relatively flat upland.” (38) quote

Pluvial Pertaining to rain; “Formed or caused by the action of rain, as a pluvial deposit” or pluvial lake. Associated with the Quaternary geological period. ():243 quote; (8):873 paraphrase

Pool A portion of an active stream channel with reduced current velocity, typically characterized by deeper water than surrounding areas, or “a small body of standing water.” (4):G-5 paraphrase, quote

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Pool–Riffle Ratio “The ratio of the surface area or length of pools to the surface area or length of riffles in a given stream reach.” (4):G-6 quote

Pore Water Pressure “Pressure exerted by water in the void space of soil or rock.” ():246 quote

Porosity “The property of containing openings or interstices. In rock or soil, it is the ratio (usually ex-pressed as a percentage) of the volume of openings in the material to the bulk volume of the material. With respect to water, porosity is a measure of the water-bearing capacity of a formation. However, with re-spect to water extraction and movement, it is not just the total magnitude of porosity that is important, but the size of the voids and the extent to which they are interconnected, as the pores in a formation may be open, or interconnected, or closed and isolated.” ():246 quote

Postglacial “Relating to or occurring during the time following a glacial period.” ():247 quote

Precipitation Water that falls to the Earth’s surface “from the atmosphere as rain, snow, hail, or sleet” following condensation caused by the cooling of air below the dew point, “measured as liquid-water equivalent regardless of the form in which it falls.” (7):D.8 quote; ():248 paraphrase

Proglacial “Applied to the area between a glacier and adjacent high ground.” (39) quote

Pyranometer “An instrument which is used to measure diffuse and direct solar radiation.” (37) quote

Pyrgeometer “An instrument for measuring the amount of nocturnal radiation, i.e., the amount of heat being radiated away from the Earth’s surface into space.” (37) quote

Rainfall Intensity–Duration Curve A curve show-ing the relationship between rainfall depth (or rate) and storm duration in a given area. ():260 para-phrase

Rain-on-Snow Event Rainstorms that result in large streamflows due to the combined effects of heavy rainfall and snowmelt runoff. “Rapid snow-melt is caused by heat supplied from the warm air that is characteristic of intense rainstorms and by heat released during condensation of moisture from the air onto the snow surface.” (3):Section R para-phrase, quote

Rain Shadow “A dry region on the lee side of a top-ographic barrier, usually a mountain range, where the rainfall is noticeably less than on the windward side.” ():26 quote

Rate-of-cut “The proportion of the watershed area allowed to be cut each year.” (3):82 quote

Rating Curve A curve on a graph showing the rela-tion between the discharge of a stream and stage at a given gauge station. ():262 paraphrase

Rational Method A mathematical formula used to estimate “peak runoff rates from data on rainfall intensity and drainage basin characteristics.” Q = 0.278×CIA, where Q is the peak runoff rate (m3/s), C is the rational runoff coefficient, I is the rainfall intensity (mm/hr), and A is the drainage area (km2). (26):298–299 quote, paraphrase

Reach A relatively homogeneous segment of a stream channel, lake, or inlet “characterized by uniform channel pattern, gradient, substrate, and channel confinement.” (4):G-8 paraphrase, quote

Redd “Nest made in gravel, consisting of a depres-sion hydraulically dug by a fish for egg deposition (and then filled) and associated gravel mounds.” (2):725 quote

Repeatability “The quality of a test whereby repeti-tion of the same protocol and procedures yields the same or closely similar results or responses each time. This is an important criterion of tests used in clinical diagnosis. The distinction between repeat-ability and reliability is that the latter is a property of the measuring instrument, whereas repeatability is determined by interaction of the observer, the subject, and the instrument.” (42) quote

Resolution “() In remote sensing: ability of an en-tire remote sensor system, including lens, antennae, display, exposure, processing and other factors, to render a sharply defined image. It may be expressed in line pairs per millimetre or metre, or in many other manners. (2) Of instruments: smallest change in a physical variable which causes a variation in the response of a measuring system.” (3):26 quote

Restoration The return of an ecosystem or habitat back to its original community structure, species diversity, and natural functions. (3):Section R para-phrase

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Retrogression “A characteristic of a landslide, in which the upper portion of the landslide continues to fail resulting in the top of the landslide moving up slope.” (7):D.9 quote

Return Flow A source of saturation-excess overland flow which occurs if the rate of interflow entering a saturated area from upslope exceeds the capacity for interflow to leave the area by flowing downhill through the soil. The excess interflow thus returns to the surface as runoff. (46) paraphrase

Return Period The time to the recurrence of a hydrological event, from statistical analysis of hy-drologic data, based on the assumption that obser-vations are equally spaced in time. A return period of 00 years means that, on average, an event of this magnitude or greater is not expected to occur more often than once in 00 years. It is calculated as the inverse of the probability of occurrence (R = /p). ():273 paraphrase; (7):D.9 paraphrase

Revetment A facing of material used to armour a bank to protect it from erosion. See riprap. (4):G-6 paraphrase

Reynold’s Number A dimensionless number representing the ratio of inertial and viscous forces, used to characterize the level of turbulence in fluid flow in a pipe or duct, or around an obstacle. ():274 paraphrase

Rheotaxis “Movement of an organism in response to a current of water or air.” ():274 quote

Riffle A shallow section of a stream or river char-acterized by rapid current and a surface broken by completely or partially submerged obstructions such as gravel or boulders. (2):726 paraphrase; (4):G-6 paraphrase

Rill Erosion “Removal of soil particles by surface runoff moving through relatively small channels.” ():275 quote

Rime “A coating of ice, as on grass and trees, formed when extremely cold water droplets freeze almost instantly on a cold surface.” ():275 quote

Riparian (Area) “An area of land adjacent to a stream, river, lake or wetland that contains vegeta-tion that, due to the presence of water, is distinctly different from the vegetation of adjacent upland areas.” The riparian area is influenced by and influ-ences the adjacent body of water. (3):Section R quote; (4):G-6 paraphrase

Riprap A layer of large, durable material such as coarse rock used to protect exposed surfaces and slopes susceptible to erosion such as fills and stream-banks. See revetment. (2):726 paraphrase

Rising Limb The increasing portion of a hydro-graph. Compare to falling limb. ():276 paraphrase

Rock Fall The relatively free falling or precipitous movement of a newly detached segment of bedrock of any size from a cliff or other steep slope; it is the fastest form of mass movement and is most frequent in mountain areas and during spring when there is repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks in the rock. (9) paraphrase

Rotational Failure A mass movement that occurs “on a well defined, curved shear surface,” … “pro-ducing a backward rotation in the displaced mass.” (7):D.9 quote

Run An area of a stream or river characterized by fast-moving water without surface agitation, where the water surface is approximately parallel to the overall gradient of the stream reach. Also, a group of fish migrating in a river that may include one of many stocks. (2):726 paraphrase; (4):G-6 paraphrase

Runoff “The portion of the precipitation that moves from the land to surface water bodies” either as sur-face or subsurface flow. ():279 quote, paraphrase

Sag Pond “A small body of water occupying an enclosed depression or sag formed where active or recent fault movement has impounded drainage.” ():28 quote

Salmonid “Refers to a member of the fish family … Salmonidae, including the salmons, trouts, chars, whitefishes and grayling.” (4):G-6 quote

Saltation “Particle movement in water or wind where particles skip or bounce along the streambed or soil surface.” ():282 quote

Saturated Flow “The liquid flow of water in soils that occurs when the soil pores in the wettest part of the soil are completely filled with water and the direction of flow is from the wettest zone of higher potential to one of lower potential.” ():284 quote

Saturation Zone The part of the soil or rock in which all pore spaces are filled with water, includes the capillary zone. See unsaturated zone. ():284 paraphrase

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Scarp See escarpment.

Scouring “The erosion action of running water in streams, which excavates and carries away material from the bed and banks. Scour may occur in both earth and solid rock material.” ():286 quote

Sea Surface Temperature “The temperature of the surface layer of sea or oceanic water.” (29) quote

Secchi Disk “Black and white disk lowered into the water to measure water transparency; an average is taken of the depth at which the disk disappears when lowered and reappears when raised.” “Its primary use is in the study of lakes.” ():288 quote; (2):727 quote

Sedimentation “Deposition of material suspended in water or air, usually when the velocity of the transporting medium drops below the level at which the material can be supported.” (2):727 quote

Sediment Budget An accounting of the erosion, storage, and transport processes of soil and sediment in drainage basins or smaller landscape units. () pers. comm.

Sediment Yield “The amount of sediment trans-ported by a stream system that may be measurable at a particular location. Usually expressed in volume or weight per unit of time.” ():29 quote

Seepage “The passage of water or other fluid through a porous medium, such as an earth em-bankment or masonry wall.” ():29 quote

Sensible Heat “Heat that causes a change in tem-perature by changing the speed at which molecules move.” (37) quote

Seral Species “Plant species of early, middle, and late successional plant communities. The term is often used in a narrower sense in forest management to describe the dominant conifer vegetation that fol-lows major disturbance episodes.” (3):93 quote

Settlement Pond A basin with low water velocity that enables “suspended sediment to settle before the flow is discharged into a creek.” (3):Section S quote

Shallow Waters A wetland class that encompasses basins, pools, and ponds, as well as wetlands found beside rivers, coastlines, and shorelines. Consists of submerged vegetation and floating leaved plants. Compare to bog, fen, swamp, marsh. (32) paraphrase

Shear Stress Stress caused by forces operating par-allel to one another but in opposite directions. () pers. comm.

Sheet Erosion “The removal of thin layers of sur-face material more or less evenly from an extensive area of gently sloping land, by broad continuous sheets of running water rather than by streams flow-ing in well-defined channels.” (7):D.0 quote

Sinkhole “A depression in the earth’s surface caused by dissolving of underlying limestone, salt, or gypsum. Drainage is provided through underground channels which may be enlarged by the collapse of a cavern roof.” Usually associated with karst land-scapes. ():298 quote

Sinuosity “The ratio of channel length between two points on a channel to the straight line distance between those same two points.” (4):G-7 quote

Sinuous Characterized by a serpentine or wind-ing form, typically referring to stream channels. See meander. () pers. comm.

Sleet “A form of precipitation consisting of fro-zen raindrops cooled to the ice stage while falling through air at subfreezing temperatures.” ():299 quote

Slide “A mass movement process in which slope failure occurs along one or more slip surfaces and in which the unit generally disintegrates into a jumbled mass en route to its depositional site.” See debris flow. (3):Section S quote

Slough “A place of deep mud or mire; a wet or marshy place as a swamp or marshland creek. Also a side channel or inlet as from river; ordinarily found on or at the edge of the flood plain or a river.” ():300 quote

Slump “A mass movement process in which slope failure occurs on a usually curved slip surface and the unit moves downslope as an intact block, fre-quently rotating outward. Slumps appear as discrete block movements, often in place, whereas slides usually break up and travel downslope.” (3):Section S quote

Smolt The stage in the life of salmon and similar fish in which the sub-adult individuals become physiologically adapted to saltwater and migrate down the river to begin adult life in the open sea. (36) paraphrase

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Snow Density “The ratio of the volume of melt-water derived from a sample of snow and the initial volume of the sample,” in mass of snow per unit volume. ():30 quote

Snowfield “An area, usually at high elevation or in polar latitudes, where snow accumulates and remains on the ground throughout the entire year.” ():30 quote

Snow Line “The general altitude to which the continuous snow cover of high mountains retreats in summer,” controlled by the depth of the winter snowpack and summer temperatures. Can also be used to identify the general altitude of the continu-ous snow cover at any one point in time. ():30 quote; ():302 paraphrase

Snowmelt Lysimeter An instrument used to “col-lect and measure the melt water that is released from the snow pack” during the snowmelt season. See lysimeter. (27):29 quote

Snow Pillow “A large rubber/neoprene bladder containing anti-freeze laid on the ground prior to snowfall. The pressure of the fluid in the bladder is measured and this enables the determination of the snow water equivalent at that location.” (33) quote

Snow Water Equivalent The depth of water, usu-ally expressed in millimetres, that would result from melting a given depth of snow. A function of the snow density. () pers. comm.

Soil Moisture Content “Percentage of water in soil, expressed on a dry-weight basis or by volume.” (3):42 quote

Solifluction “The slow downslope viscous flow of water saturated soil and other unsorted surficial material.” (7):D.0 quote

Specific Conductance “A measure of the ability of water to conduct electrical current.… related to the type and concentration of ions in solution and can be used for approximating the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of water … used in groundwater monitoring as an indication of the presence of ions of chemical substances that may have been released … by waste storage.” ():308–309 quote

Specific Heat Capacity “The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.” See heat capacity. ():309 quote

Spring Breakup “The breaking of a frozen river, etc. into blocks of ice at the spring thaw.” (25) quote

Spume “Foam or froth on a liquid.” ():3 quote

Stage The height of the water surface of a river or lake above an arbitrarily established zero point. (4):3 paraphrase

Stem Flow Precipitation temporarily intercepted by vegetative surfaces that eventually runs to the ground down the trunks or stems of plants. (2):728 paraphrase

Stevenson Screen “An instrument shelter with double-louvred sides that allow a free flow of air while protecting the instruments from direct sun-light and precipitation.” (29) quote

Stomatal Conductance “The rate at which water vapour passes through the stomata of a plant per unit leaf area, typically measured in millimoles per square metre per second. It varies between plants, depending on the distribution density, size, and pore thickness of the stomata, and in the same plant over time according to the difference in vapour pressure between the inside of the plant and the external en-vironment and the degree of opening of the stomatal pores.” (35) quote

Stream A body of water, generally flowing in a natural surface channel. There is no formal classifi-cation to distinguish streams from rivers, creeks, etc. (3):5 paraphrase

Stream Density See channel density.

Streamflow The discharge of water from a surface stream course. ():39 paraphrase

Streamflow Regime The characterization of yearly streamflow timing and volume in a watershed based on the dominant flow generation process (e.g., snow, rain, glacial, mixed). (37) paraphrase

Stream Order “A scale-dependent property of drainage networks that describes the position and approximate size of a stream segment in the net-work. First order streams are headwater streams that have no tributaries. A second order stream is formed where two first order streams join, a third order stream is formed where two second order streams join, etc. Note that the confluence of a second order stream with a first order stream remains a second order stream.” See first order stream. (4):G-8 quote

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Subaerial Erosion Erosion that exists or operates in the open air on or immediately adjacent to the land surface. The term is sometimes considered to include fluvial. (9) paraphrase

Sublimation The process of a solid transforming directly into gaseous form without going through the intermediate liquid stage. Compare to evapora-tion. (6):306 paraphrase

Substrate The basic surface on which material adheres, typically mineral and (or) organic material that forms the bed of a stream. (4):G-8 paraphrase

Surface Tension “A phenomenon caused by a strong attraction towards the interior of the liquid action on liquid molecules in or near the surface in such a way to reduce the surface area.” ():325 quote

Surficial Geology “Geology of surficial deposits, including soils; the term is sometimes applied to the study of bedrock at or near the Earth’s surface.” (9) quote

Surge A sudden forceful flow like that of a wave or series of waves. (4):72 paraphrase

Suspended Sediment The part of a stream’s (or other water body’s) total sediment load that is car-ried in the water column through turbulence, cur-rents, or colloidal suspension. ():326 paraphrase

Swallet A place where a stream disappears under-ground, such as a cave entrance in karst regions. (3):54 paraphrase

Swamp A wetland class consisting of stagnant or slow-flowing pools with high nutrient content, usu-ally covered with trees and shrubs. Compare to bog, fen, marsh, shallow waters. (32) paraphrase

Sympatry “The occurrence of species together in the same area. The differences between closely related species usually increase (diverge) when they occur together, in a process called character dis-placement, which may be morphological or ecologi-cal.” (39) quote

Talus “Rock fragments of any size and shape, usu-ally coarse and angular, derived from and lying at the base of a very steep, rocky slope.” (7):D. quote

Terracettes “A series of very long and narrow terraces” or lines of steps in soil and grass, that are often discontinuous and “run parallel to the con-tour of the slope.” “Usually produced by very local

surficial slumping” on moderate to steep slopes in cool, humid climates. (7):D. quote; (8):43–45 paraphrase

Terrain A region of the Earth’s surface consid-ered as a physical feature, which can be described by relief, roughness, and surface material. (8):45 paraphrase

Terrain Stability “Slope stability from a regional perspective as opposed to the study of the stability of an individual slope.” (7):D. quote

Thalweg Line of deepest water in a stream chan-nel as seen from above. Normally associated with the zone of greatest velocity in the stream. If there is no stream, it is the line of lowest points of a valley. (8):49 paraphrase

Thermal Conductivity “A measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.” (9) quote

Thermokarst “Periglacial land-form assemblage characterized by enclosed depression (some with standing water) and so presenting a karst appear-ance. It is caused by the selective thaw of ground ice associated with thermal erosion by stream and lake water and may reflect climatic changes or human activity.” (39) quote

Thiessen Polygons “Polygons formed by the perpendicular bisectors of the straight lines joining adjacent rainfall stations.” (3):56 quote

Throughfall Precipitation that falls through the vegetative cover and eventually reaches the ground. Indirect throughfall is intercepted by foliage but eventually drips and falls to the ground, whereas direct throughfall through canopy gaps is not inter-cepted. See interception. (, 2) pers. comm.

Time of Concentration “The time required for wa-ter to flow from the farthest point on the watershed to” an identified point in the stream. ():334 quote

Toe “The break in slope at the bottom of a stream bank where the bank meets the bed”; or the line of a cut or fill slope where it intersects the ground or roadbed. ():335 quote, paraphrase

Topple In British Columbia, a type of mass “move-ment that involves the forward rotation of a mass of soil or rock about a central point below the displaced mass.” (7):D. quote

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Total Dissolved Solids “A measure of the amount of material dissolved in water (mostly inorganic salts).” One use is to determine the quality of drink-ing water. ():336 quote, paraphrase

Total Hardness The total dissolved salts in water, expressed as the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate. Primarily due, but not limited, to calcium and magnesium in solution. (5):Section T paraphrase

Total Maximum Daily Load “The maximum quantity of a particular water pollutant that can be discharged into a body of water without violating a water quality standard.” ():337 quote

Total Suspended Solids The total amount of filter-able solids found in waste or natural waters. ():337 paraphrase

Transpiration “Passage of water vapour and other gases from a living body through membranes or pores; usually used to mean loss of water from leaves and other plant surfaces.” (2):730 quote

Tree Throw See windthrow.

Tributary A stream that flows into another, usually larger, stream or body of water. (2):730 paraphrase

Trim Line “A line along the stream or channel below which evidence of erosion by water and/or by a debris flow is readily apparent by the erosion of soil and rock and/or by the removal of vegetation, including moss.” (7):D. quote

Troglobite “An animal that lives its entire life within a cave and is specifically adapted to life in total darkness.” (37) quote

Turbidity An optical measure of the reduced trans-parency of water due to suspended material, which causes incident light to be scattered, reflected, and attenuated. See nephelometric turbidity unit. ():346 paraphrase

Unsaturated Zone The subsurface zone in the soil between the water table and the soil surface where the pores contain both air and water, not including the capillary zone. Also termed the zone of aeration. See saturation zone. ():349 paraphrase

Vadose Zone “The zone between the land surface and the water table … The pore spaces contain water at less than atmospheric pressure, as well as air and other gases. Saturated bodies, such as perched

groundwater, may also exist in the vadose zone.” See phreatic zone. (30):560 quote

Variable Source Area Saturated zone, adjacent to a stream channel, which varies in size seasonally and during individual storm events, and contributes run-off to the channel during a runoff-producing event. () pers. comm.

Varve “A layer or series of layers of sediment depos-ited in a body of still water in one year.” ():353 quote

Vernal Pool “Wetlands that occur in shallow ba-sins that are generally underlain by an impervious subsoil layer or bedrock outcrop, which produces a seasonally perched water table.” ():353 quote

Water Balance An accounting of the balance be-tween the amount of water entering (inputs) and the amount of water leaving a system (outputs), at the watershed level. ():358 paraphrase

Waterbar A shallow channel or raised barrier, laid diagonally across the surface of a road to guide water off the road, preventing “excessive flow down the road surface and” subsequent “erosion of road surface materials.” (2):73 paraphrase; (3):Section W quote

Water Content “The amount of water that is pres-ent in the air, or in a material such as wood or soil, where it is usually expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight of that material.” (37) quote

Water Cycle The cyclic process of water travelling in a sequence from the air (condensation) to the earth (precipitation) and returning to the atmo-sphere (evaporation). See hydrological cycle. ():359 paraphrase

Water Quality The physical, chemical, and biologi-cal properties of water related to a particular use. ():364 paraphrase

Water Retention Curve “Graph representing the suction pressure versus the moisture or water con-tent in an unsaturated soil.” (3):27 quote

Watershed Also referred to as a drainage basin or catchment area. “Watersheds are the natural landscape units from which hierarchical drainage networks are formed.” Watershed boundaries typi-cally are the height of “land dividing two areas that are drained by different river systems.” ():367 quote; (4):G-8 quote

766

Watershed Assessment A process for evaluating the cumulative impacts, over time and space, of all land use activities within a given watershed on vari-ables such as streamflows, sediment regime, riparian health, and landscape and stream channel stability. The process can also be used to assess the potential impacts of proposed future land use activities. () pers. comm.

Water Table “The level in the ground below which all pore spaces are saturated with water.” The surface along which water pressure equals atmospheric pres-sure. (6):307 quote

Water Yield The volume of water produced by all or part of a drainage basin through either surface channels or subsurface flow for a defined period of time. ():370 paraphrase; (5):Section W paraphrase

Weathering “The physical disintegration or chemi-cal decomposition of rock due to wind, rain, heat, freezing, thawing, etc.” ():370 quote

Weir “Notch or depression in a dam or other water barrier through which the flow of water is measured or regulated. Also, a barrier constructed across a stream to divert fish into a trap or to raise the water level or divert water flow.” (2):73 quote

Wetted Perimeter “The length of the wetted contact between a stream of flowing water and its containing conduit or channel, measured in a plane at right angles to the direction of flow.” ():378 quote

Windfirm “Of trees, able to withstand strong winds (i.e., to resist windthrow, windrocking, and major breakage).” (3):7 quote

Windthrow “Tree or trees felled or broken by the wind.” Also called blowdown, tree throw. (3):7 quote

Woody Debris “Coarse wood material such as twigs, branches, logs, trees, and roots that fall into streams.” ():383 quote

Xeric Site where “water is removed very rapidly in relation to supply; soil is moist for brief periods following precipitation.” See hydric, hygric, mesic. (20):35 quote

Zonal Flow “The winds that blow in a mainly west-to-east or east-to-west direction, and particularly to the main, broad airstreams of the general or large-scale atmospheric circulation.” (39) quote

References

() Horton, G.A. (compiler). 2000. Water words dictionary. Dep. Conserv. Nat. Resour., Nevada Div. Water Resour., Carson City, Nev. http://water.nv.gov/WaterPlanning/dict-/ww-index.cfm. (Cited material from pp. , 5, 8, 0, , 4, 5, 6, 24, 25, 37, 45, 48, 50, 5, 6, 64, 65, 67, 77, 83, 84, 87, 92, 94, 97, 99, 0, 08, , 5, 9, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 4, 43, 46, 47, 49, 56, 57, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 7, 72, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 206, 227, 228, 229, 236, 237, 240, 24, 246, 247, 248, 260, 26, 262, 273, 274, 275, 276, 279, 28, 282, 284, 286, 288, 29, 298, 30, 302, 308, 309, 3, 39, 325, 326, 334−337, 346, 349, 353, 358, 359, 364, 367, 370, 378, 383.)

(2) Meehan, W. (editor). 99. Influences of for-est and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Bethesda, Md. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 9, pp. 709−732. (Cited material from pp. 709−73, 75−77, 79−728, 730, 73.)

(3) B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range. 2008. Glos-sary of forestry terms. Victoria, B.C. www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/glossary/. (Cited material from Sections A, B, C, D, F, G, H, R, S, W.)

(4) Slaney, P. and D. Zaldokas. 997. Fish habitat rehabilitation procedures. B.C. Min. Envi-ron., Lands Parks, Vancouver, B.C. Watershed Restoration Tech. Circ. No. 9. Glossary, pp. G-−G-8. www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/wrp/wrtc_9.pdf. (Cited material from pp. G-−G-8.)

(5) Webnox Corp. 2004. HyperDictionary.com. http://searchbox.hyperdictionary.com. (Cited material from Sections A, B, C, T, W.)

(6) Trenhaile, A. 998. Geomorphology: a Canadian perspective. Oxford Univ. Press, Don Mills, Ont. Glossary, pp. 297−307. (Cited material from pp. 297, 298, 300−304, 306, 307.)

(7) B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways. 996. Natural hazards in British Columbia. B.C. Min. Transp. Hwy., Geotech. Materials Eng. Br., in assoc. with VanDine Geological

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Engineering Ltd., Victoria, B.C. Glossary, pp. D.−D.2. (Cited material from pp. D.−D.).

(8) Fairbridge, R. (editor). 968. The encyclopedia of geomorphology. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsberg, Pa. Encycl. Earth Sci. Ser., Vol. 3. (Cited material from pp. 0, , 32−34, 322, 38, 486−488, 70−77, 833−839, 873−883, 952−963, 43−46, 48, 49.)

(9) Schwenkler, J. 2004. Sacramento River: a guide to recreation and public access. Geogr. Info. Cent., California State Univ., Chico, Calif. www.sacramentoriver.org/glossary.php?glossary_id=4. (Cited material from Home/issues and education/glossary terms.)

(0) Hogan, D., S. Bird, and D. Wilford. 996. Chan-nel conditions and prescriptions assessment (Interim methods). Draft . B.C. Min. Envi-ron., Lands Parks, and B.C. Min. For. Wa-tershed Restoration Tech. Circ. No. 7. (Cited material from p. 7.)

() P. Beaudry and Associates Ltd. 2005. Prince George, B.C. February 2005.

(2) Daintith, J. (editor). 2008. A dictionary of chem-istry. Oxford Univ. Press., Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(3) Atkins, R., M. Leslie, D. Polster, M. Wise, and R. Wong. 200. Best management practices hand-book: hillslope restoration in British Colum-bia. B.C. Min. For., Resour. Tenures Eng. Br., Watershed Restoration Program. Glossary, pp. 78−8. www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Mr096.htm. (Cited material from pp. 09, 79.)

(4) Woolf, H. (editor). 977. Webster’s New Colle-giate dictionary. G. & C. Merriam Co., Spring-field, Mass. (Cited material from pp. 38, 3, 72.)

(5) Howes, D. and E. Kenk (editors). 988. Terrain classification system for British Columbia. Revised. B.C. Min. Environ., Recreational Fish. Br. and Surveys Resour. Mapping Br., and B.C. Min. Crown Lands, Victoria, B.C. Min. Environ. Manu. No. 0. (Cited material from pp. 46, 76.)

(6) Droppo, I.G. 200. Rethinking what consti-tutes suspended sediment. Hydrol. Process. 5(9):55.

(7) Black, P. 996. Watershed hydrology. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor Press, Inc., Chelsea, Mich. Glossary, pp. 423−426. (Cited material from pp. 424–425.)

(8) Page, L. and S. Brin (founders). 2004. Google engineering toolbox. www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fluid-mechanics-t_2.html. (Cited mate-rial from section: fluid mechanics.)

(9) U.S. Department of the Interior. 996. Dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms. www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr/dmmrt/. (Accessed January 200.)

(20) Luttmerding, H., D. Demarchi, E. Lea, D. Mei-dinger, and T. Vold (editors). 990. Describing ecosystems in the field. 2nd ed. B.C. Min. Envi-ron., Lands Parks, Victoria, B.C. Min. Environ. Manu. No. . (Cited material from p. 35.)

(2) B.C. Ministry of Forests. 999. Coastal water-shed assessment procedure guidebook (CWAP). Interior watershed assessment procedure guidebook (IWAP). 2nd ed. Ver. 2.. Victoria, B.C. For. Pract. Code B.C. Guideb. www.for.gov.bc.ca/tasb/legsregs/fpc/FPCGUIDE/wap/WAPGdbk-Web.pdf. (Cited material from p. 25.)

(22) Reidy, C. and S. Clinton. 2004. Delinea-tion of the hyporheic zone. Center for wa-ter and watershed studies fact sheet. Univ. Washington, Seattle, Wash. http://depts.washington.edu/cwws/Outreach/FactSheets/hypo%20delination.pdf. (Cited material from p. .)

(23) Scherer, R. and R. Pike. 2003. Effects of forest management activities on streamflow in the Okanagan basin: outcomes of a literature re-view and a workshop. FORREX, Kamloops, B.C. FORREX Rep. No. 9. www.forrex.org/ publications/FORREXSeries/FS9.pdf. (Cited material from p. 5.)

(24) Landers, D., A. Fernald, and C. Andrus. 2002. Off-channel habitats in Web atlas. In: Willa-mette River Basin planning atlas: trajectories of environmental and ecological change. 2nd ed. D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker (editors). Pac. N.W. Ecosyst. Res. Consort., Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis, Oreg. www.fsl.orst.edu/pnwerc/wrb/Atlas_web_compressed/3.Water_Resources/3d.off-channel%20habs_web.

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pdfsearch=’off%20channel. (Cited material from p. 26.)

(25) Barber, K. (editor). 2004. The Canadian Oxford dictionary. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(26) Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold. 978. Water in en-vironmental planning. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif. (Cited material from pp. 298, 299, 329.)

(27) Tekeli, E., A. Sorman, A. Sensoy, U. Sorman, J. Bonta, and G. Schaefer. 2005. Snowmelt lysimeters for real-time snowmelt studies in Turkey. Turkish J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 29:29−40. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/engineering/ issues/muh-05-29-/muh-29--4-0407-.pdf. (Cited material from p. 29.)

(28) Pike, R.G. 2005. FORREX Watershed Manage-ment Extension Specialist. Victoria, B.C., Oct. 2005.

(29) Dunlop. S. (editors). 2008. A dictionary of weather. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(30) Fetter, C.W. 200. Applied hydrogeology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. (Cited material from p. 553, 560.)

(3) UNESCO and World Meterological Association. International Hydrology Programme. 992. International glossary of hydrology. 2nd ed. UNESCO, Paris, and World Meterol. Assoc., Geneva. http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/glossary/glu/aglo.htm. (Accessed March 200.)

(32) Environment Canada. The Canadian wetland classification system. www.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/atlasterreshumides/html/classification_e.html. (Accessed January 200.)

(33) B.C. Ministry of Environment, River Forecast Centre. Glossary of terms. http://bcrfc.env.gov.bc.ca/glossary.htm. (Accessed May 200.)

(34) Oke, T.R. 978. Boundary layer climates. Methuen Ltd.

(35) Martin, E. and R. Hine (editors). 2008. A dic-tionary of biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(36) Allaby, M. (editor). 2006. A dictionary of ecol-ogy. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(37) Park, C. (editor). 2007. A dictionary of environ-ment and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(38) Mayhew, S. (editor). 2009. A dictionary of geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(39) Allaby, M. (editor). 2008. A dictionary of earth sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(40) National Avalanche Center. The avalanche encyclopedia. www.avalanche.org/~uac/ encyclopedia/. (Accessed February 200.)

(4) Colman, A.M. (editor). 2009. A dictionary of psychology. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(42) Last, J.M. (editor). 2007. A dictionary of pub-lic health. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. www.oxfordreference.com. (Access restricted to subscribers.)

(43) Gomi, T., R.C. Sidle, and J.S. Richardson. 2002. Headwater and channel network: understand-ing processes and downstream linkages of headwater systems. BioScience 52:905-96.

(44) Wilford, D.J., M.E. Sakals, J.L. Innes, R.C. Sidle, and W.A. Bergerud. 2004. Recognition of debris flow, debris flood and flood hazard through watershed morphometrics. Landslides :6–66.

(45) Pidwirny, M. 2006. Glossary of terms: I. Funda-mentals of physical geography. 2nd ed. www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/i.html. (Accessed February 200.)

(46) Soil and Water Laboratory. 2005. Variable source area hydrology: processes. Cornell Uni-versity. http://soilandwater.bee.cornell.edu/ research/VSA/index.html. (Accessed February 200.)

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ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS

AAC allowable annual cutABCFP Association of British Columbia Forest

ProfessionalsADCP acoustic Doppler current profilerAMS accelerator mass spectrometryAPEGBC Association of Professional Engineers

and Geoscientists of British ColumbiaAO Arctic oscillationASCE American Society of Civil EngineersAVHHR advanced very high resolution radiometerBACI before-after control-impactBEC biogeoclimatic ecosystem classificationBMP best management practiceBOD biological oxygen demand or biochemical

oxygen demandbp before presentCAP channel assessment procedureCC clearcut or climate changeCCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the

EnvironmentCEC cation exchange capacityCFFG coastal fisheries/forestry guidelinesCMD climatic moisture deficitCMZ channel migration zoneCP cutting permitCPOM coarse particulate organic matterCRHM cold region hydrological modelCWAP coastal watershed assessment procedureCWD coarse woody debrisCWE cumulative watershed effectCWG community watershed guidelinesCWH Coastal Western HemlockD50 size for which 50% of the sampled

material is finer; also D84 and D95dbh diameter at breast heightDDM delegated decision makerDEM digital elevation mapDFAM defined forest area managementDFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans,

CanadaDHSVM Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation

Model

DLM digital landform modelDM District Manager or Deputy MinisterDO dissolved oxygenDOC dissolved organic carbonDOM dissolved organic matterDTM digital terrain map or modellingDTSM detailed terrain stability mappingEBM ecosystem-based managementEC electrical conductivityECA equivalent clearcut areaELJ engineered logjamENSO El Niño southern oscillationEPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) ERA equivalent roaded areaESA environmentally sensitive areaESCM earth system climate modelET evapotranspirationFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFDP forest development planFDR frequency-domain reflectometerFEMAT forest ecosystem management assessment

teamFFG functional feeding groupFFIP Fish–Forestry Interaction ProgramFIA Forest Investment AccountFIZ forest inventory zoneFOC Fisheries and Oceans CanadaFPA Fish Protection ActFPB Forest Practices BoardFPC Forest Practices CodeFPOM fine particulate organic matterFPPR Forest Planning and Practices RegulationFRBC Forest Renewal British ColumbiaFRPA Forest Range and Practices ActFSC Forest Stewardship Council of CanadaFSP forest stewardship planFSR forest service roadFSW fisheries sensitive watershedFSZ fisheries sensitive zoneFWA Federal Watershed AnalysisGAP gully assessment procedureGCM global climate model

APPENDIX 2 Acronyms, Initialisms, Symbols, and Conversion Factors

Leisbet J. Beaudry, Jason A. Leach, Jennifer McConnachie, R.D. (Dan) Moore, Robin G. Pike, and Pierre G. Beaudry

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GIS geographic information systemGPS global positioning systemGRACE gravity recovery and climate experimentHADD harmful alteration, destruction, or

disruptionHSPF hydrological simulation program-

FORTRANICWEP Idaho cumulative watershed effects

procedureIFFWG interior fish, forestry, and wildlife

guidelinesIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeIPP independent power project (or producer)IRM integrated resource managementIWAP interior watershed assessment procedureIWMP integrated watershed management planKFA karst field assessmentLAI leaf area indexLC50 lethal concentration to 50% of the

organismsLD50 lethal dose to 50% of the organismsLMU landscape management unitLMZ lakeshore management zoneLOD large organic debrisLRMP land and resource management planLWD large woody debrisLWM large woody materialMAL Ministry of Agriculture and Lands,

British ColumbiaMODIS moderate resolution imaging spectro-

radiometerMOE Ministry of Environment, British

Columbia MOELP Ministry of Environment, Lands and

Parks, British ColumbiaMOF Ministry of Forests, British ColumbiaMFR Ministry of Forests and Range, British

ColumbiaMOT Ministry of Transportation, British

ColumbiaMOTH Ministry of Transportation and

Highways, British ColumbiaMPB mountain pine beetleMSC Meteorological Service of CanadaMSRM Ministry of Sustainable Resource

Management, British ColumbiaMSZ marine-sensitive zoneMWLAP Ministry of Water, Land and Air

Protection, British ColumbiaNADXX North American Datum XX= year

(i.e., NAD83 = 983 datum)

NCWAP North Coast Watershed Assessment Program

NFR non-filterable residueNOEL no observed effect levelNPF not properly functioningNTDB national topographic databaseNTS national topographic systemNTU nephelometric turbidity unitOWAP Oregon Watershed Assessment ProcessPAR photosynthetically active radiationPC partial cutPDO Pacific decadal oscillationPFC proper functioning conditionPFZ pesticide-free zonePHSP pre-harvest silviculture prescriptionPNA Pacific North American patternPNW Pacific NorthwestPOC point of commencementPOI point of intersectionPOT point of terminationppm parts per millionPPT precipitationPSP permanent sample plotQCI Queen Charlotte Islands (now Haida

Gwaii)RAR Riparian Area RegulationRCC river continuum conceptRFID radio frequency identificationRHA riparian habitat areaRISC Resource Information Standards

Committee, British Columbia (formerly Resources Inventory Committee)

RMA riparian management area or resource management agreement

RMZ riparian management zone or resource management zone

RPM riverine productivity modelRRZ riparian reserve zoneRTD resistance temperature detectorRTSM reconnaissance terrain stability mappingSAR snow accumulation recoverySC specific conductanceSCQI stream crossing quality indexSF stemflowSLP sea-level pressureSOP standard operation proceduresSP silviculture prescription or site planSRP soluble reactive phosphorusSST sea surface temperatureSWE snow water equivalentTDN total dissolved nitrogenTDP total dissolved phosphorus

77

TDR time-domain reflectometerTDS total dissolved solidsTERP terrestrial ecosystem restoration programTF throughfallTFL tree farm licenceTMDL total maximum daily loadTOC total organic carbonTRIM terrain resource information

managementTSA timber supply areaTSIL terrain survey intensity levelTSM terrain stability mappingTSS total suspended solids or temperature

sensitive streamUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUV ultravioletVIC variable infiltration capacity

WAP watershed assessment procedureWGS 84 world geodetic system 984WMO World Meteorological OrganizationWP working planWRENSS water resource evaluation of non-point

silvicultural sourcesWRP watershed restoration programWSC Water Survey of CanadaWWA Washington Watershed Analysis

Reference

B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range. 2007. Forestry acronyms and initialisms. Victoria, B.C. www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/ acronyms/

SYMBOLS

A areaa annumC carbon° C degrees CelsiusCa calciumcal caloriesCd cadmiumcfd cubic feet per daycfs cubic feet per secondCI confidence intervalCl chlorinecm centimetrecmd cubic metres per daycms cubic metres per secondCu copperCV coefficient of variationd depth or daydam decametreE easte.g. (exempli gratia) for exampleet al. (et alia) and othersFe ironFr Froude numberft foot g gramgal gallonH hydrogenha hectareHCN hydrogen cyanide

Hg mercuryibid. (ibidem) in the same placei.e. (id est) that isin inchJ jouleK potassiumka kiloannumkg kilogramkm kilometrekPa kilopascalL litrelb poundm metreM massmb millibarmg milligramMg magnesiummi milemin minuteMJ megajoulemm millimetreMn manganesemol moleMPa megapascaln Manning’s roughness coefficientN Newton or north or nitrogenNa sodiumNa4Fe(CN)6 sodium ferrocyanideNH3 ammoniaNH4

+ ammonium

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NH4NO3 ammonium nitrateNO2

- nitriteNO3

- nitrateφ angle of reposeρ densityoz ounceP probabilityP perimeter or phosphorusPa PascalpH negative log of hydrogen ion activityPO4

3- phosphateQ discharge rateRe Reynolds numberr2 coefficient of determinations secondS sulphur or Siemens or southSD standard deviationSE standard error

CONVERSION FACTORS

Distance1 mm = 0.0393701 in 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 cm = 0.3937008 in 1 in = 2.54 cm1 m = 3.2808399 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m1 m = 1.0936133 yd 1 yd = 0.9144 m

1 km = 0.6213712 mile 1 mi = 1.609344 km

Area1 cm2 = 0.1550003 in2 1 in2 = 6.4516 cm2

1 m2 = 10.7639104 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2

1 m2 = 1.19599 yd2 1 yd2 = 0.8361274 m2

1 ha = 2.4710538 acre 1 acre = 0.4046873 ha1 km2 = 247.1053815 acres 1 acre = 0.0040469 km2

1 km2 = 0.3861006 mile2 1 mi2 = 2.5899831 km2

Volume1 cm3 = 0.0610237 in3 1 in3 = 16.3870641 cm3

1 L = 0.2641721 U.S. gal 1 U.S. gal = 3.7854118 L1 L = 0.2199692 imp gal 1 imp gal = 4.54609 L1 L = 0.001 m3 1 m3 = 1000 L

1 U.S. gal = 0.8326742 imp gal 1 imp gal = 1.2009499 U.S. gal1 m3 = 219.9692483 imp gal 1 imp gal = 0.0045461 m3

1 m3 = 35.3146666 ft3 1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3

1 m3 = 264.1720512 U.S. gal 1 acre-ft = 325 851.43326 U.S. gal1 acre-ft = 271 328.0765053 imp gal1 acre ft = 1 233.4818553 m3

1 m3= 0.0001 ha-m1 ha-m = 8.1071318 acre-ft 1 acre-ft = 0.1233482 ha-m

1 km3 = 0.2399128 mile3 1 mile3 = 4.1681818 km3

Si siliconSO4

2- sulphateθ water content∆t time intervalt metric tonτ shear stressλ wavelengthµ micron or mean of populationµS Micro Siemensv velocityV volume or voltw widthW watt or westWb channel bankfull widthyd yardyr yearZn zinc

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Mass1 g = 0.035274 oz 1 oz = 28.3495231 g

1 kg = 2.2046226 lb 1 lb = 0.4535924 kg1 kg = 0.001 t 1 t = 1000 kg

1 t = 1.1023113 U.S. tons 1 ton = 0.9071847 t

Pressure1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 (1 kg × m/s2)

1 kPa (1000 Pa) = 0.01 bars 1 bar = 1 × 105 Pa1 lb/in2 (psi) = 6.89 × 103 Pa 1 Pa = 1.45 × 10-4 psi

1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.01325 × 105 Pa 1 Pa = 9.86926 × 10-6 atm1 mm Hg = 133.32 Pa 1 Pa = 0.00750062 mm Hg1 mm Hg = 0.00133322 bars 1 bar = 750.062 mm Hg

Discharge equivalents1 m3/s = 35.3146662 ft3/s 1 ft3/s = 0.0283168 m3/s

1 ft3/day = 0.0283168 m3/day 1 m3/day = 35.3146662 ft3/day1 acre-ft/s= 1 233.48184 m3/s 1 m3/s = 0.0008107 acre-ft/s

Unit discharge conversion to mmDepth of runoff (m) = discharge (m3/s) × ∆t (s)/basin area (m2)andDepth of runoff (mm) = depth of runoff (m) × 000 mm/m

For example, if annual mean flow = m3/s from a 00 km2 catchment, then:Depth of runoff (m) = ( m3/s)(365.25 d)(86 400 s/d)/[(00 km2)(000 m/km)2] = 0.35576 mandDepth of runoff (mm) = 0.35576 m × 000 mm/m = 35.576 mm

EXPRESSION OF QUANTITIES

Generally, quantities of substances can be expressed as either mass or volume, depending on the form of the substance (i.e., typically aqueous substances are reported volumetrically and solids are expressed as mass). Mass and volume are related by the density of the particular substance:

ρ = MV

()

where: M is the mass (kg), V is volume (m3), and ρ is the density (kg/m3). Liquid water has a relatively constant density over the normal range of tempera-tures and pressures encountered in hydrology, and for hydrologic purposes can be set equal to 000 kg/m3. Because of the relatively constant density, the volume of liquid water represents a reliable measure of quantity, which is often more convenient to use

than mass. In fact, the volume of water is especially important when considering a liquid occupying a specified area:

V = d × A (2)

where: d is the depth (m) and A is the area (m2).In hydrology, it is often necessary to determine

the rate of exchange of water (or other substance such as pollutant) as the total or the average amount transferred in a specific time interval. The general expression is:

Rate = quantity∆t (3)

where: ∆t is the time interval (s, min, hr) and the quantity could be expressed as a mass, volume, or

774

factor by the same number of times as the exponent number to maintain the correct dimensions. For example, to convert an area of 4 ft2 to m2:

(4 ft2) ( m3.28 ft ) ( m

3.28 ft ) = (4 ft2) ( m3.28 ft )2

(6)

= 0.376 m2

Noting that some quantities are expressed in compound units will simplify the conversion proc-ess. For example, force is expressed in Newtons (N), where:

N = kg × m/s2 (7)

Pressure is force per unit area, with an SI unit of Pascal (Pa), such that:

Pa = N/m2 = kg

(m × s2) (8)

depth. For example, the total volume (V) of water (m3) leaving a catchment in a time interval ∆t (s) at a discharge rate of Q (m3/s) is:

V = Q × ∆t (4)

Working with units of measurementHydrologic calculations frequently require working with and converting units of measurement. The key principle is that the rules of algebra for multiplica-tion and division apply to units in the form of di-mensional analysis. For example, suppose we want to convert a depth measurement of 5 feet to its equiva-lent in metres. We would multiply the measurement in feet by a ratio formed from the conversion m ≈ 3.28 ft, with the desired unit in the numerator and the current unit in the denominator:

(5 ft) ( m3.28 ft ) = .524 m (5)

Note that if we have units to a power (such as area), then we need to multiply by the conversion

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inist

ry o

f For

ests

an

d R

ange

, Wild

-fir

e M

anag

emen

t Br

anch

App

roxi

mat

ely

260

hour

ly re

port

ing

auto

mat

ed w

eath

er st

atio

ns o

pera

ted

Apr

il 15

to O

ctob

er 15

by

the

B.C

. Fi

re W

eath

er N

etw

ork,

with

som

e ye

ar-r

ound

. Web

site

has l

ocat

ions

of

stat

ions

and

dat

a at

14:0

0 an

d 16

:00

hr d

urin

g fir

e se

ason

.

Com

plet

e da

ta se

t kep

t by

Prot

ectio

n Pr

ogra

m. O

ne c

an

subs

crib

e to

rece

ive

curr

ent

data

, or h

istor

ic d

ata

set c

an b

e pu

rcha

sed

on C

D.

Fire

wea

ther

:ht

tp://

bcw

ildfir

e.ca

/Wea

ther

/

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts a

nd R

ange

PO B

ox 9

502,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

C1

Tel:

250-

387-

5965

Clim

ate

Tem

pera

ture

, re

lativ

e hu

mid

ity,

prec

ipita

tion,

win

d sp

eed,

and

win

d di

rect

ion

Unk

now

nBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts

and

Ran

ge, F

ores

t D

istri

ct o

ffice

s

Man

ual,

daily

fire

wea

ther

dat

a fo

r fie

ld o

pera

tions

, num

ber o

f sta

tions

an

d tim

e op

erat

ed v

arie

s ann

ually

.

No

web

site,

dat

a ke

pt a

t For

est

Dist

rict

offi

ces,

som

e tr

ansf

erre

d to

Fire

Pro

tect

ion

Prog

ram

.

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts a

nd R

ange

D

istri

ct O

ffice

s

Tel:

250-

387-

5965

Clim

ate,

Sn

owPr

ecip

itatio

n, te

m-

pera

ture

, win

d, a

ir

pres

sure

, hum

idity

, sn

owpa

ck c

ondi

-tio

ns, a

nd fr

ost

Som

e sin

ce

1974

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f Tra

ns-

port

atio

n, S

now

Av

alan

che

and

Wea

ther

Pro

gram

Hist

oric

ally

man

ual s

tatio

ns, n

ow

auto

mat

ed (h

ourly

) wea

ther

stat

ions

us

ed.

• 46

RAW

S st

atio

ns fo

r ava

lanc

hes

at h

igh

elev

atio

ns•

54 R

WS

stat

ions

for r

oad

cond

i-tio

ns•

50 fr

ost p

robe

stat

ions

on

road

s

Dat

a ke

pt a

t hea

dqua

rter

s.C

onst

ruct

ion

Mai

nten

ance

Br

anch

, Ava

lanc

he a

nd

Wea

ther

Pro

gram

s: w

ww.

th.g

ov.b

c.ca/

mot

_org

/co

nst_

mai

nt/a

vala

nche

_wea

ther

/

Aval

anch

e an

d W

eath

er P

ro-

gram

sM

inist

ry o

f Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

PO B

ox 9

850,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

T5

Tel:

250-

387-

6931

Clim

ate,

W

ater

Rai

nfal

l, sn

ow

accu

mul

atio

ns,

wat

er in

flow

to

rese

rvoi

rs,

sedi

men

t inp

ut

from

sub-

drai

n-ag

es, a

nd p

erio

dic

wat

er sa

mpl

es fo

r w

ater

qua

lity

of

city

dri

nkin

g w

ater

, in

clud

ing

mic

ro-

orga

nism

s

~196

0sBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Met

ro V

anco

uver

Wat

er m

onito

ring

and

fore

cast

ing:

m

onito

ring

ove

r 20

met

eoro

logi

cal

stat

ions

in M

etro

Van

couv

er w

ater

-sh

eds a

nd sa

mpl

ing

over

20

rese

r -vo

irs.

Dat

a ke

pt a

t Wat

ersh

ed M

anag

e -m

ent D

epar

tmen

t. D

aily

val

ues

upda

ted

onlin

e.

Wat

er tu

rbid

ity in

fo:

ww

w.m

etro

vanc

ouve

r.org

/ se

rvic

es/w

ater

/Pag

es/

defa

ult.a

spx

Met

ro V

anco

uver

hom

e pa

ge:

ww

w.m

etro

vanc

ouve

r.org

/Pag

es/

defa

ult.a

spx

Met

ro V

anco

uver

Hea

d

Offi

ce43

30 K

ings

way

Burn

aby,

BC V

5H 4

G8

Tel:

604-

432-

6200

APPENDIX 3 Watershed Data and Information Resources

Leisbet J. Beaudry, Jason A. Leach, Jennifer McConnachie, Pierre G. Beaudry, and Robin G. Pike

776

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Clim

ate,

W

ater

qu

ality

Rese

rvoi

r dep

ths,

rain

fall,

and

wat

er

qual

ity, i

nclu

ding

ph

ysic

al, c

hem

i-ca

l, an

d bi

olog

ical

pa

ram

eter

s

~196

0s;

onlin

e sin

ce

2000

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aC

apita

l Reg

iona

l D

istri

ct, I

nteg

rate

d W

ater

Ser

vice

s

Dat

a re

cord

s fro

m a

bove

and

bel

ow

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s.W

ater

qua

lity

data

(sin

ce 2

000)

: w

ww.

crd.

bc.c

a/w

ater

/ w

ater

qual

ity/r

epor

ts.h

t m

Sook

e R

eser

voir

his

tori

cal

stor

age

(sin

ce 2

000)

: ww

w.cr

d.bc

.ca/

wat

er/w

ater

supp

lyar

ea/

sum

mar

y.htm

Old

er d

ata

avai

labl

e fr

om In

te-

grat

ed W

ater

Ser

vice

s.

Cap

ital R

egio

nal D

istr

ict W

ater

Se

rvic

es: w

ww.

crd.

bc.c

a/w

ater

/in

dex.

htm

Cap

ital R

egio

nal D

istri

ct

Wat

er S

ervi

ces

479

Isla

nd H

ighw

ayV

icto

ria,

BC

V9B

1H7

Tel:

250-

474-

9600

Clim

ate,

Sn

ow,

Wat

er

Repo

rts a

nd d

ata

on d

aily

snow

w

ater

equ

ival

ent,

max

imum

and

m

inim

um te

mpe

ra-

ture

, and

cum

ula -

tive

prec

ipita

tion

by st

atio

n

Snow

surv

eys

1935

–pre

sent

; sn

ow p

illow

m

id-1

980s

–pr

esen

t

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En-

viro

nmen

t, Ri

ver

Fore

cast

Cen

tre

Prov

ides

repo

rts o

n sn

owpa

ck.

Snow

Dat

a A

rchi

ves i

nclu

de h

istor

i -ca

l sno

w su

rvey

dat

a an

d sn

ow p

il -lo

w d

ata

for o

ver 1

50 st

atio

ns.

Nea

r rea

l-tim

e au

tom

atic

snow

pil-

low

dat

a fr

om re

mot

e m

onito

ring

st

atio

ns (s

ubje

ct to

err

ors)

.

Snow

-and

-riv

er le

vel d

ata:

w

ww.

env.g

ov.b

c.ca

/rfc

/dat

a /

Riv

er F

orec

ast C

entr

e:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/r

fc/

Rive

r For

ecas

t Cen

tre

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

t PO

Box

936

2 St

n Pr

ov G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M1

Tel:

250-

387-

9472

Clim

ate

Dai

ly te

mpe

ratu

res,

mon

thly

pre

cipi

ta-

tion,

surf

ace

pres

-su

re, s

urfa

ce w

ind

1874

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Envi

ronm

ent

Can

ada,

Sci

ence

an

d Te

chno

logy

Br

anch

, Clim

ate

Rese

arch

Div

ision

Reha

bilit

ated

pre

cipi

tatio

n an

d ho

-m

ogen

ized

tem

pera

ture

dat

a se

ts:

• da

ily te

mpe

ratu

res 1

895–

pres

ent

for 2

10 lo

catio

ns•

mon

thly

pre

cipi

tatio

n (s

now

and

ra

in) f

or 4

62 si

tes 1

900–

pres

ent

• su

rfac

e pr

essu

re d

ata

for 6

30 st

a-tio

ns fr

om 19

53•

surf

ace

win

d sp

eeds

for 1

17 st

a-tio

ns fr

om 19

53•

sites

in th

e C

anad

ian

Art

ic si

nce

the

1940

s.

Envi

ronm

ent C

anad

a, a

djus

ted

hist

oric

al C

anad

ian

clim

ate

data

: w

ww.

cccm

a.bc

.ec.

gc.c

a/hc

cd/

Clim

ate

Rese

arch

Div

ision

, Sci

-en

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y Br

anch

Envi

ronm

ent C

anad

a49

05 D

uffer

in S

tree

tD

owns

view

, ON

M3H

6H

9

777

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Clim

ate

Tem

pera

ture

, pr

ecip

itatio

n,

rela

tive

hum

idity

, at

mos

pher

ic p

res-

sure

, win

d sp

eed,

w

ind

dire

ctio

n,

visib

ility

, clo

ud

type

s, cl

oud

heig

hts

and

amou

nts,

soil

tem

pera

ture

, ev

apor

atio

n, so

lar

radi

atio

n, su

nshi

ne,

and

wea

ther

phe

-no

men

a

Som

e 19

00s–

pres

ent

Can

ada

Envi

ronm

ent

Can

ada,

Met

eoro

-lo

gica

l Ser

vice

of

Can

ada

Nat

iona

l Clim

ate

Dat

a (C

D) a

nd

Info

rmat

ion

Arc

hive

: hou

rly d

ata

for

spec

ific

loca

tions

and

dat

es; i

nclu

des

clim

ate

aver

ages

and

ext

rem

es; w

ill

resp

ond

to c

usto

miz

ed re

ques

ts.

Nat

iona

l clim

ate

data

and

in

form

atio

n ar

chiv

e:

http

://cl

imat

e.w

eath

eroffi

ce.

gc.c

a/W

elco

me_

e.ht

ml

Envi

ronm

ent C

anad

a Pa

cific

and

Yuk

on R

egio

nM

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

of

Can

ada

120–

1200

Wes

t 73r

d Av

enue

Vanc

ouve

r, BC

V6P

6H

9

Clim

ate

Serv

ices

Tel:

604-

664-

9067

Clim

ateP

YR@

ec.g

c.ca

Clim

ate,

Snow

, W

ater

su

pply,

G

IS p

rod-

ucts

Prec

ipita

tion,

te

mpe

ratu

re, s

now

w

ater

equ

ival

ent,

and

dept

h of

snow

1997

–pre

sent

Uni

ted

Stat

es

(som

e st

ates

)

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent

of A

gric

ultu

re,

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es

Con

serv

atio

n Se

rvic

e, N

atio

nal

Wat

er a

nd C

limat

e C

ente

r

Ove

r 200

stat

ions

loca

ted

in th

e w

este

rn U

nite

d St

ates

. N

atio

nal W

ater

and

Clim

ate

Cen

ter:

ww

w.w

cc.n

rcs.u

sda.

gov/

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Agr

icul

ture

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

onse

rva-

tion

Serv

ice

Nat

iona

l Wat

er

and

Clim

ate

Serv

ices

1201

NE

Lloy

d Bl

vd, S

uite

802

Port

land

, OR

97

232-

1274

USA

Clim

ate

chan

geD

owns

cale

d re

fer-

ence

and

pro

ject

ed

tem

pera

ture

and

pr

ecip

itatio

n

Nor

mal

s for

19

61–1

990,

G

CM

pro

jec-

tions

for 2

020s

, 20

50s,

2080

s

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

a,

Yuko

n,

part

s of

Alb

erta

and

A

lask

a

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts

and

Ran

ge, R

e-se

arch

Bra

nch

Dow

nsca

led

PRIS

M d

ata

for w

este

rn

Can

ada.

Clim

ateB

C:

ww

w.ge

netic

s.for

estr

y.ubc

.ca/

cf

cg/c

limat

e-m

odel

s.htm

l

D.L

. Spi

ttleh

ouse

B.C

. Min

istry

of F

ores

ts a

nd

Ran

geRe

sear

ch B

ranc

hV

icto

ria,

BC

Tel:

250-

387-

3453

dave

.spitt

leho

use@

gov.b

c.ca

Fish

Salm

on e

scap

e-m

ents

, fish

stoc

k -in

g re

cord

s for

st

ream

s and

lake

s, de

pth

map

s for

ov

er 2

500

lake

s, an

d re

port

s

1950

s–pr

esen

tBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Fres

hwat

er

Fish

erie

s Soc

iety

of

BC

, Min

istry

of

Env

ironm

ent,

and

Fish

erie

s and

O

cean

s Can

ada

Cur

rent

info

rmat

ion

on fi

sh in

pr

ovin

cial

lake

s and

stre

ams.

• Fi

shW

izar

d qu

erie

s an

inte

ract

ive

map

•

Fish

erie

s Inf

orm

atio

n Su

mm

ary

Syst

em q

ueri

es th

e da

taba

se a

nd

docu

men

ts•

New

dat

a ar

e re

cord

ed a

t Fie

ld

Dat

a In

form

atio

n Sy

stem

for

uplo

adin

g of

fiel

d da

ta c

olle

cted

to

RIS

C st

anda

rds

Fish

erie

s Inv

ento

ry:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/fi

sh/fi

dq/

inde

x.ht

ml

Gov

ernm

ent o

f Brit

ish C

olum

-bi

a Fi

sher

ies I

nven

tory

: fis

h.iss

ues@

gov.b

c.c a

778

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Fish

Fish

erie

s rep

orts

Unk

now

nC

anad

aLi

brar

ies o

f Fish

er-

ies a

nd O

cean

s C

anad

a (W

AVES

)

Libr

ary

netw

ork

in F

isher

ies a

nd

Oce

ans C

anad

a co

ntai

ning

bib

lio-

grap

hic

info

rmat

ion

abou

t lite

ratu

re

rela

ting

to fi

sher

ies.

WAV

ES:

http

://in

ter0

.dfo

-mpo

.gc.

ca/

wav

es2/

inde

x2.h

tml

Libr

arie

s of F

isher

ies a

nd

Oce

ans C

anad

aoo

fi@df

o-m

po.g

c.ca

Fish

erie

s and

Oce

ans C

anad

a Li

brar

y

200–

401 B

urra

rd S

tree

tVa

ncou

ver,

BC V

6C 3

S4

Tel:

(604

) 666

-385

1pa

clib

rary

@pa

c.df

o-m

po.g

c.ca

Fish

Repo

rts o

n fis

h ha

bita

t, fis

h, w

et-

land

s, rip

aria

n, a

nd

stre

ams

1987

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En

viro

nmen

t, En

viro

nmen

tal

Stew

ards

hip

Div

i-sio

n, E

cosy

stem

s Br

anch

Fish

hab

itat i

nfor

mat

ion,

incl

udin

g fis

h fa

ct sh

eets

, bes

t man

agem

ent

prac

tices

for w

orks

in a

nd a

djac

ent

to st

ream

s, an

d w

etla

nd e

valu

atio

ns.

Fish

and

hab

itats

: w

ww.

env.g

ov.b

c.ca

/wld

/ fis

hhab

itats

/inde

x.ht

ml

Fish

fact

shee

ts:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/w

ld/

fishh

abita

ts/fi

shfa

ctsh

eets

.htm

l

Gui

delin

es a

nd b

est

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

:w

ww.

env.g

ov.b

c.ca

/wld

/BM

P/bm

pint

ro.h

tml

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tEc

osys

tem

s Bra

nch

Envi

ronm

enta

l Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on

PO B

ox 9

338,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt,

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M1

wild

life@

vict

oria

.gov

.bc.

ca

Fish

Fish

spec

ies p

res -

ence

and

dist

ribu

-tio

n, m

arin

e ha

bi-

tat,

adm

inist

rativ

e bo

unda

ries

, Can

a-di

an H

ydro

grap

hic

Serv

ice

char

ts,

and

orth

opho

to

imag

ery

Unk

now

nBr

itish

C

olum

bia,

Yu

kon

Fish

erie

s and

O

cean

s Can

ada

Acc

ess t

o fis

h an

d fis

h ha

bita

t inf

or-

mat

ion

(ove

r 200

dat

a se

ts) q

ueri

ed

thro

ugh

an in

tera

ctiv

e m

ap in

terf

ace.

Map

ster

: w

ww.

canb

cdw.

pac.

dfo-

mpo

.gc

.ca/

ows/

imf.j

sp?s

ite=m

apst

er

Fish

erie

s and

Oce

ans C

anad

a B.

C. a

nd Y

ukon

Reg

iona

l H

eadq

uart

ers

200–

401 B

urra

rd S

tree

tVa

ncou

ver,

BC V

6C 3

S4

hebg

is@pa

c.df

o-m

po.g

c.ca

Fish

,A

nim

als

Spec

ies a

t risk

, lo

catio

n m

aps,

and

leve

l of p

rote

ctio

n

1991

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En

viro

nmen

t, C

onse

rvat

ion

Dat

a C

entr

e

Info

rmat

ion

on a

nim

als,

plan

ts, a

nd

plan

t com

mun

ities

at r

isk in

pro

v -in

ce. C

ompu

teri

zed

data

base

with

st

atus

list

, map

of k

now

n lo

catio

ns,

and

list o

f lev

els o

f pro

tect

ion.

Con

serv

atio

n D

ata

Cen

tre

hom

e:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/c

dc/

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tEc

osys

tem

s Bra

nch

Con

serv

atio

n D

ata

Cen

tre

PO B

ox 9

358,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M2

Tel:

250-

356-

0928

cdcd

ata@

gov.b

c.ca

779

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Fish

,G

eo-

grap

hy

Ort

hoph

otos

, bas

e m

aps,

fishe

ries

re

sour

ces,

fish

dis-

trib

utio

n, a

nd le

gal

boun

dari

es

Som

e fr

om

1992

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

a,

Yuko

n

Fish

erie

s and

O

cean

s Can

ada

Spat

ial d

ata

hold

ings

: ort

hoph

otos

, ba

se m

aps,

and

data

sets

(fro

m m

any

sour

ces)

on

fishe

ries

regi

ons.

Spat

ial d

ata

hold

ings

:w

ww.

pac.

dfo-

mpo

.gc.

ca/g

is-sig

/ho

ldin

gs-a

rchi

ves-

eng.

htm

Fish

erie

s and

Oce

ans C

anad

aB.

C. a

nd Y

ukon

Reg

iona

l H

eadq

uart

ers

200–

401 B

urra

rd S

tree

tVa

ncou

ver,

BC V

6C 3

S4

Fish

,A

nim

als

Spec

ies a

t risk

, and

sp

ecie

s occ

urre

nce

and

rang

es

Unk

now

nC

anad

aEn

viro

nmen

t C

anad

a, C

anad

ian

Wild

life

Serv

ice,

Sp

ecie

s at R

isk

Bran

ch

Spec

ies a

t Risk

Act

map

s and

list

s of

spec

ies a

t risk

, pro

duce

d fr

om sp

e-ci

es o

ccur

renc

e an

d ot

her d

ata.

Spec

ies a

t ris

k ho

me:

w

ww.

sara

regi

stry

.gc.

ca/

defa

ult_

e.cf

m

Spec

ies a

t Risk

Reg

istry

Offi

ce

351 S

t. Jo

seph

Bou

leva

rd,

21st

Flo

orG

atin

eau,

QC

K1A

0H

3

SARA

regi

stry

@ec

.gc.

ca

Geo

-gr

aphy

, W

ater

bo

dies

Uni

que

wat

er b

ody

iden

tifica

tion

Unk

now

nBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Min

istry

of E

nvi-

ronm

ent,

Envi

ron -

men

tal E

cosy

stem

s Br

anch

,

Wat

ersh

ed A

tlas 1

:50

000

digi

tal

map

s of p

rovi

ncia

l str

eam

net

wor

ks

with

wat

ersh

ed b

ound

arie

s of t

hird

-or

der a

nd la

rger

stre

ams p

rovi

ded

in

dow

nloa

dabl

e fil

es. P

rovi

des u

niqu

e id

entifi

catio

n of

all

wat

er b

odie

s; 1:2

0 00

0 m

appi

ng is

cur

rent

ly b

eing

co

mpi

led.

1:50

000

wat

ersh

ed a

tlas m

aps

(and

link

s):

ww

w.el

p.go

v.bc.

ca/fi

sh/

wat

ersh

ed_a

tlas_

map

s/

inde

x.ht

ml

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tEc

osys

tem

s Bra

nch

PO B

ox 9

358,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M2

Tel:

250-

387-

2735

Geo

-gr

aphy

,La

nd u

se

Hist

oric

al m

aps,

plan

s, ar

chite

c-tu

ral d

raw

ings

, and

ch

arts

1848

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aRo

yal B

ritish

C

olum

bia

Mus

eum

C

orpo

ratio

n, B

C

Arc

hive

s

BC A

rchi

ves p

rovi

des o

nlin

e ac

cess

to

car

togr

aphi

c re

cord

s.C

arto

grap

hic

reco

rds:

w

ww.

bcar

chiv

es.g

ov.b

c.ca

/ ca

rtog

r/ge

nera

l/map

s.ht m

Roya

l Brit

ish C

olum

bia

M

useu

m67

5 Be

llevi

lle S

tree

tV

icto

ria,

BC

V8W

9W

2

Tel:

250-

387-

2072

acce

ss@

ww

w.bc

arch

ives

.gov

.bc

.ca

Geo

-gr

aphy

, M

appi

ng,

Imag

ing

Map

s, or

thop

hoto

s, di

gita

l map

-pi

ng re

fere

nces

, ai

r pho

to in

dex,

an

d ge

ogra

phic

al

nam

es

Air

pho

tos

1936

–pre

sent

Br

itish

C

olum

bia

Geo

BC, p

rovi

ncia

l ge

ogra

phic

info

r-m

atio

n w

areh

ouse

Prov

ides

a ra

nge

of m

appi

ng se

rvic

es

incl

udin

g:•

Prov

inci

al b

asel

ine

atla

s: di

gita

l ro

ad a

tlas (

TRIM

) and

ort

hoph

o-to

s•

Geo

spat

ial r

efer

ence

: loc

atio

n of

co

ntro

l mon

umen

ts•

Air

pho

to in

vent

ory

(197

9–20

03

onlin

e)•

Geo

grap

hica

l nam

es•

Dig

ital m

aps o

f pro

vinc

e•

GPS

cor

rect

ions

—C

DG

PS.

Geo

BC

hom

e:ht

tp://

arch

ive.

ilmb.

gov.b

c.ca

/ge

obc/

inde

x.ht

ml

Geo

BCC

row

n Re

gist

ry a

nd G

eo-

grap

hic

Base

PO B

ox 9

375,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M2

Tel:

250-

952-

5304

crgb

.info

@go

v.bc.

ca

780

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Geo

-gr

aphy

, M

appi

ng

Vari

ous s

patia

l dat

aVa

riou

s, de

pend

ing

on

data

laye

r

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aH

ecta

res B

C,

crea

ted

by th

e Bi

odiv

ersit

y BC

pa

rtne

rshi

p

A w

iki p

rovi

ding

a ra

nge

of sp

atia

l da

ta to

use

rs w

ithou

t the

nee

d fo

r G

IS sk

ills t

o ca

rry

out p

lann

ing,

as

sess

men

t, re

port

ing,

and

dec

ision

-m

akin

g fu

nctio

ns.

Hec

tare

s BC

hom

e:w

ww.

hect

ares

bc.o

rg/a

pp/h

abc/

HaB

C.h

tml

Biod

iver

sity

BC:

info

@bi

odiv

ersit

ybc.

org

Geo

-gr

aphy

, M

etad

ata

Adm

inist

rativ

e bo

unda

ries

, eco

sys-

tem

map

ping

, and

w

ildlif

e ha

bita

t

Unk

now

nBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Min

istry

of

Agr

icul

ture

and

La

nds,

Inte

grat

ed

Land

Man

agem

ent

Bure

au, L

and

and

Reso

urce

Dat

a W

areh

ouse

Publ

ished

ARC

/Inf

o G

IS d

ata

sets

on

an

FTP

site.

La

nd a

nd R

esou

rce

Dat

a W

areh

ouse

:w

ww.

lrdw.

caA

lso se

e G

eoBC

LRD

W@

geob

c.go

v.bc.

c aor

see

Geo

BC

Geo

-gr

aphy

, Ec

osys

-te

ms

Ecos

yste

m m

aps

2003

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f For

ests

an

d R

ange

, Re-

sear

ch B

ranc

h

Dow

nloa

dabl

e di

gita

l and

info

rma-

tion

on o

rder

ing

pape

r cop

ies o

f bi

ogeo

clim

atic

eco

syst

em c

lass

ifica

-tio

n m

aps.

BEC

Web

map

s and

map

ping

: w

ww.

for.g

ov.b

c.ca

/HRE

/bec

web

/M

inist

ry o

f For

ests

and

Ran

geRe

sear

ch B

ranc

h BE

C P

rogr

am

Bag

6000

, 333

3 Ta

tlow

Roa

dSm

ither

s, BC

V0J

2N

0

Geo

-gr

aphy

,Fi

sh

Wat

er b

ody

map

-pi

ng, fi

sh d

istri

bu-

tion

map

s, an

d co

asta

l res

ourc

e m

aps

1993

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

a C

omm

unity

M

appi

ng N

etw

ork

(pro

vinc

ial a

nd

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

and

com

mun

ity

grou

ps)

Prov

ides

map

ping

of c

omm

unity

na

tura

l res

ourc

e th

emes

, inc

lude

s pr

ovin

cial

map

s and

mor

e de

taile

d in

form

atio

n fo

r Geo

rgia

Bas

in a

nd

Cen

tral

Oka

naga

n.

Com

mun

ity M

appi

ng N

etw

ork:

ht

tp://

cmnb

c.ca

/M

inist

ry o

f Env

ironm

ent

Low

er M

ainl

and

Regi

on

1047

0 15

2nd

Stre

et

Surr

ey, B

C V

3R 0

Y3

Geo

-gr

aphy

Map

s, sa

telli

te

phot

os, a

nd a

dmin

-ist

rativ

e bou

ndar

ies

Land

sat

1984

–198

9;

RAD

ARS

AT

1989

–199

9

Can

ada

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es

Can

ada,

Ear

th

Scie

nces

Sec

tor,

Can

ada

Cen

tre

for

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

Geo

spat

ial d

ata

of C

anad

a. D

ata-

base

s inc

lude

: •

Land

sat

• RA

DA

RSAT

• at

las o

f fed

eral

bou

ndar

ies

• C

anad

ian

Land

Inve

ntor

y.D

istri

bute

s sm

all-s

cale

geo

spat

ial

data

for C

anad

a at

no

char

ge.

Geo

Gra

tis:

http

://ge

ogra

tis.c

gdi.g

c.ca

/N

atur

al R

esou

rces

Can

ada

Geo

Gra

tis C

lient

Ser

vice

s 21

44, K

ing

Wes

t Str

eet,

Suite

01

0 Sh

erbr

ooke

, QC

J1J

2E8

geog

info

@nr

can.

gc.c

a

78

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

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ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Geo

-gr

aphy

Map

s, sp

atia

l map

-pi

ng re

fere

nces

, an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

in

form

atio

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~190

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atur

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C

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arth

Sc

ienc

es S

ecto

r, C

anad

a C

entr

e fo

r Re

mot

e Se

nsin

g

Prov

ides

link

s to:

• Th

e A

tlas o

f Can

ada

(gen

eral

C

anad

a-w

ide

map

s)

• Th

e ge

odes

ic su

rvey

div

ision

(s

patia

l ref

eren

cing

info

rmat

ion

and

data

base

s)•

Info

rmat

ion

on c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d no

rthe

rn d

evel

opm

ent.

Atla

s of C

anad

a (h

ome

page

): ht

tp://

atla

s.nrc

an.g

c.ca

/site

/ en

glish

/inde

x.ht

ml

Can

adia

n sp

atia

l ref

eren

ce

syst

em:

ww

w.ge

od.n

rcan

.gc.

ca/

inde

x_e.

php

Can

ada

Cen

tre

for R

emot

e Se

nsin

g:

ww

w.cc

rs.n

rcan

.gc.

ca/

inde

x_e.

php

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

anad

aC

anad

a C

entr

e fo

r Rem

ote

Sens

ing

588

Boot

h St

reet

Otta

wa,

ON

K1A

0Y7

Tel:

613-

995-

0947

Land

use

Com

mun

ity w

ater

-sh

eds a

nd m

aps

1995

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En

viro

nmen

t, W

ater

Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on, S

cien

ce

and

Info

rmat

ion

Bran

ch

Loca

tes c

omm

unity

wat

ersh

eds b

y fo

rest

dist

rict

, loc

atio

n, so

urce

, and

ot

her p

aram

eter

s. M

aps o

f wat

er-

shed

s ava

ilabl

e.

Wat

er S

tew

ards

hip

Div

isio

n ho

me:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/w

sd/

data

_sea

rche

s/in

dex.

htm

l

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tSc

ienc

e an

d In

form

atio

n Br

anch

Wat

er S

tew

ards

hip

Div

ision

PO B

ox 9

358,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M2

Mon

itor-

ing

Mon

itori

ng m

eth-

ods (

fish

habi

tat,

wat

er q

ualit

y, la

ke,

grou

ndw

ater

, est

u-ar

y, ec

osys

tem

s),

mea

sure

men

ts, a

nd

map

ping

stan

dard

s

Vari

ous

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f A

gric

ultu

re a

nd

Land

s, In

tegr

ated

La

nd M

anag

emen

t Bu

reau

, Res

ourc

es

Info

rmat

ion

Stan

-da

rds C

omm

ittee

Prov

inci

ally

app

rove

d st

anda

rds a

nd

met

hods

for m

onito

ring

: •

aqua

tic re

sour

ces (

fish

habi

tat,

wat

er q

ualit

y, se

dim

ent fi

sh sp

e-ci

es k

eys,

biol

ogic

al sa

mpl

ing,

lake

sa

mpl

ing)

• ea

rth

scie

nces

(gro

undw

ater

, ter

-ra

in)

• co

asta

l eco

syst

ems (

estu

ary

map

-pi

ng)

• te

rres

tria

l eco

syst

ems (

amph

ib-

ians

, etc

.)•

othe

r (G

PS st

anda

rds,

map

pro

-je

ctio

ns).

Res

ourc

es In

form

atio

n St

an-

dard

s Com

mitt

ee:

ww

w.ilm

b.go

v.bc.

ca/r

isc/

in

dex.

htm

l

Publ

icat

ions

Co-

ordi

nato

rM

inist

ry o

f Agr

icul

ture

and

La

nds

Cor

pora

te O

pera

tions

Inte

grat

ed L

and

Man

agem

ent

Bure

auPO

Box

936

5, S

tn P

rov

Gov

t V

icto

ria,

BC

V8W

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3

Org

ani-

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n,

Ripa

rian

Repo

rts (

mon

itor-

ing)

and

web

link

s19

96–p

rese

ntBr

itish

C

olum

bia

The

Paci

fic S

trea

m-

keep

ers F

eder

atio

nVo

lunt

eers

com

mitt

ed to

pro

tect

-in

g an

d re

stor

ing

aqua

tic h

abita

ts in

pr

ovin

ce.

The

Paci

fic S

trea

mke

eper

s Fe

dera

tion:

w

ww.

pskf

.ca /

The

Paci

fic S

trea

mke

eper

s Fe

dera

tion

1858

Bea

ulyn

n Pl

ace

Nor

th V

anco

uver

, BC

V7J

2T1

Tel:

604-

986-

5059

pskf

@di

rect

.ca

782

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Org

ani-

zatio

n,

Exte

nsio

n

New

slette

r, w

eb

links

, and

bib

li -og

raph

y (w

ater

qu

ality

)

1998

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aFO

RREX

, Wat

er-

shed

Man

agem

ent

Exte

nsio

n Pr

ogra

m

FORR

EX p

ublis

hes a

new

slette

r (S

trea

mlin

e), o

nlin

e ar

ticle

s, an

d a

fore

st w

ater

qua

lity

bibl

iogr

aphy

co

ntai

ning

ove

r 800

art

icle

s sor

ted

by to

pic.

Stre

amlin

e: w

ww.

forr

ex.o

rg/

stre

amlin

e /

Wat

er q

ualit

y bi

blio

grap

hy:

ww

w.fo

rrex

.org

/pro

gram

/wat

er/

wm

bib.

asp

FOR

REX

wat

ersh

ed

man

agem

ent:

w

ww.

forr

ex.o

rg/p

rogr

am/w

ater

/cl

ust_

wat

ersh

ed.a

sp

FORR

EX H

ead

Offi

ce

Suite

400

, 235

1st A

venu

eK

amlo

ops,

BC V

2C 3

J4

Tel:

250-

371-

3746

soci

ety@

forr

ex.o

rg

Org

ani-

zatio

n,

Sust

ain-

abili

ty

Trad

e sh

ows,

publ

i -ca

tions

(gro

undw

a -te

r, w

ells,

aqu

ifers

), lis

ts o

f sup

plie

rs,

and

legi

slatio

n

1970

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aBC

Gro

und

Wat

er

Ass

ocia

tion

Prov

inci

al a

ssoc

iatio

n to

pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e gr

ound

wat

er g

uide

lines

an

d st

rate

gies

.

BC

Gro

und

Wat

er A

ssoc

iatio

n:

ww

w.bc

gwa.

org /

BC G

roun

d W

ater

Ass

ocia

tion

1708

–197

A S

tree

tLa

ngle

y, BC

V2Z

1K2

Tel:

604-

530-

8934

secr

etar

y@bc

gwa.

org

Org

ani -

zatio

n,

Hyd

ro-

logy

, W

ater

qu

ality

Jour

nal,

publ

ica-

tions

(wat

er su

pply,

w

ater

qua

lity,

hydr

olog

y) c

onfe

r-en

ces,

new

slette

r, an

d bo

okst

ore

1976

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Can

adia

n W

ater

Re

sour

ces A

ssoc

ia-

tion

Nat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

n in

tere

sted

in

man

agem

ent o

f Can

ada’s

wat

er

reso

urce

s. C

o-or

dina

tes c

onfe

renc

es,

publ

ishes

a jo

urna

l (Ca

nadi

an W

ater

Re

sour

ces J

ourn

al) a

nd a

new

slet-

ter (

Wat

er N

ews)

, and

ope

rate

s a

book

stor

e.

Can

adia

n W

ater

Res

ourc

es

Jour

nal (

2004

– on

line)

:ht

tp://

pubs

ervi

ces.n

rc-c

nrc.

ca/r

p-ps

/jour

nalD

etai

l.jsp

?jco

de=c

wrj&

lang

=eng

Can

adia

n W

ater

Res

ourc

es

Ass

ocia

tion:

w

ww.

cwra

.org

/def

ault.

asp x

CW

RA M

embe

rshi

p Se

rvic

es28

0 A

lber

t Str

eet,

Suite

900

Otta

wa,

ON

K1P

5G

8

Tel:

613-

237-

9363

serv

ices

@A

IC.c

a

Org

ani-

zatio

n,

Wat

er

qual

ity

Jour

nal (

pollu

t-an

ts, s

urfa

ce w

ater

, gr

ound

wat

er, o

r-ga

nism

s, co

nser

va-

tion)

, con

fere

nces

, an

d w

eb li

nks

1967

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Can

adia

n A

s-so

ciat

ion

on W

ater

Q

ualit

y

Publ

ishes

a jo

urna

l (W

ater

Qua

l-ity

Res

earc

h Jo

urna

l) w

ith a

cos

t to

acce

ss, a

nd o

rgan

izes

con

fere

nces

fo

cuss

ed o

n w

ater

qua

lity.

Can

adia

n A

ssoc

iatio

n on

W

ater

Qua

lity :

w

ww.

caw

q.ca

/

Can

adia

n A

ssoc

iatio

n on

W

ater

Qua

lity

PO B

ox 5

050

Burli

ngto

n, O

N L

7R 4

A6

Tel:

905-

336-

6291

Org

ani-

zatio

n,

Engi

neer

-in

g

Con

fere

nces

, pr

ocee

ding

s (w

ater

su

pplie

s, flo

ods,

desig

n of

hyd

raul

ic

stru

ctur

es a

nd d

is-tr

ibut

ion

syst

ems)

an

d w

eb li

nks

1988

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Can

adia

n So

ciet

y fo

r Civ

il En

gine

er-

ing,

Hyd

rote

chni

-ca

l Div

ision

Div

ision

of a

nat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

n in

volv

ed in

dev

elop

men

t of w

ater

su

pplie

s. O

rgan

izes

con

fere

nces

, pu

blish

es p

roce

edin

gs, a

nd p

rovi

des

web

link

s to

jour

nals

and

asso

cia-

tions

.

CSC

E ac

tiviti

es a

nd

conf

eren

ces:

ww

w.cs

ce.c

a/M

ain.

aspx

?id=

6&

lang

=

Can

adia

n So

ciet

y fo

r Civ

il En

gine

erin

gH

ydro

tech

nica

l Div

ision

49

20 d

e M

aiso

nneu

ve B

oule

-va

rd, W

. #20

1M

ontr

eal,

QC

H3Z

1N1

Tel:

514-

933-

2634

783

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Org

aniz

a-tio

n, B

iol -

ogy

Con

fere

nces

an

d pu

blic

atio

ns

(rec

lam

atio

n, fi

sh,

impa

cts o

f dev

elop

-m

ent)

1958

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Can

adia

n So

ciet

y of

Env

ironm

enta

l Bi

olog

ists

Nat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

n ad

vanc

ing

the

cons

erva

tion

and

man

agem

ent

of C

anad

a’s n

atur

al re

sour

ces.

Pub-

lishe

s pro

ceed

ings

from

nat

iona

l and

ch

apte

r mee

tings

(som

e av

aila

ble

to

purc

hase

onl

ine)

.

CSE

B ho

me

page

: w

ww.

cseb

-scb

e.or

g/en

glish

.htm

lC

anad

ian

Soci

ety

of E

nviro

n-m

enta

l Bio

logi

sts

Nat

iona

l Offi

cePO

Box

962

, Stn

F

Toro

nto,

ON

M4Y

2N

9

Org

aniz

a-tio

n, G

eo-

grap

hy

New

slette

r and

co

nfer

ence

s19

93–p

rese

ntC

anad

aC

anad

ian

Geo

-ph

ysic

al U

nion

Nat

iona

l org

aniz

atio

n de

dica

ted

to

the

aspe

cts o

f the

phy

sical

stud

y of

Ea

rth

and

its sp

ace

envi

ronm

ent.

Hol

ds m

eetin

gs a

nd h

as a

new

slette

r (E

lem

ents

).

Can

adia

n G

eoph

ysic

al U

nion

ho

me

page

: w

ww.

cgu-

ugc.

ca/

Uni

vers

ity o

f Cal

gary

Dep

artm

ent o

f Geo

logy

and

G

eoph

ysic

s C

GU

Sec

reta

riat

25

00 U

nive

rsity

Driv

e N

WC

alga

ry, A

B T

2N 1N

4

Tel:

403-

220-

2794

cgu@

ucal

gary

.ca

Org

ani -

zatio

n,

Sust

ain-

abili

ty

Trad

e sh

ows,

info

rmat

ion

for

the

gene

ral p

ublic

, lis

ts o

f sup

plie

rs,

conf

eren

ces,

and

legi

slatio

n

Unk

now

nC

anad

aC

anad

ian

Gro

und

Wat

er A

ssoc

iatio

nN

atio

nal a

ssoc

iatio

n to

pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e gr

ound

wat

er g

uide

lines

an

d st

rate

gies

.

Can

adia

n G

roun

d W

ater

A

ssoc

iatio

n:

ww

w.cg

wa.

org/

inde

x.ht

m

Can

adia

n G

roun

d W

ater

A

ssoc

iatio

n 16

00 B

edfo

rd H

ighw

ay,

Suite

100–

409

Bedf

ord,

NS

B4A

1E8

Tel:

902-

845-

1885

info

@cg

wa.

ca

Org

aniz

a -tio

n, W

et-

land

s

Publ

icat

ions

(w

etla

nds,

wild

life,

ha

bita

t), e

duca

tion -

al in

form

atio

n, a

nd

mig

ratio

n m

ap

1938

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Duc

ks U

nlim

ited

Can

ada

A w

etla

nd a

nd w

ildlif

e co

nser

vatio

n or

gani

zatio

n th

at h

as 5

20 p

roje

cts i

n Br

itish

Col

umbi

a. In

volv

ed in

hab

itat

cons

erva

tion

and

publ

ic e

duca

tion,

su

ppor

ting

“the

sust

aina

ble

use

and

harv

est o

f ren

ewab

le re

sour

ces b

ased

on

soun

d sc

ienc

e.”

Duc

ks U

nlim

ited

Can

ada:

w

ww.

duck

s.ca /

Duc

ks U

nlim

ited

Prov

inci

al O

ffice

1337

0–78

th A

ve, U

nit 5

11Su

rrey

, BC

V3W

0H

6

Tel:

604-

592-

0987

du_s

urre

y@du

cks.c

a

Org

ani-

zatio

n,

Rese

arch

Publ

icat

ions

(c

limat

e ch

ange

, hy

drol

ogy)

, sem

i-na

rs, d

ata

sets

2005

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aPa

cific

Clim

ate

Im-

pact

s Con

sort

ium

A

ims t

o qu

antif

y th

e im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd v

aria

bilit

y on

th

e ph

ysic

al e

nviro

nmen

t in

Paci

fic

Nor

th A

mer

ica

and

stim

ulat

e co

l-la

bora

tion

betw

een

gove

rnm

ent,

acad

eme,

and

indu

stry

.

PCIC

:ht

tp://

paci

ficcl

imat

e.or

g/U

nive

rsity

of V

icto

ria

Paci

fic C

limat

e Im

pact

s C

onso

rtiu

mC

177

Sedg

ewic

k Bu

ildin

gPO

Box

1700

Sta

CSC

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 2

Y2

clim

ate@

uvic

.ca

784

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Org

aniz

a-tio

n, B

iol -

ogy

Jour

nals

(inve

rte-

brat

es, fi

sh, r

ipar

-ia

n), e

duca

tiona

l m

ater

ial,

bibl

iogr

a-ph

ies (

since

1959

), an

d w

eb li

nks

1953

–pre

sent

Can

ada,

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Be

ntho

logi

cal

Soci

ety

Scie

ntifi

c so

ciet

y fo

cuss

ed o

n bi

otic

co

mm

uniti

es o

f lak

e an

d st

ream

bo

ttom

s and

thei

r rol

e in

aqu

atic

ec

osys

tem

s. Pu

blish

es tw

o jo

urna

ls (Jo

urna

l of t

he N

ABS

and

Bul

letin

of

the N

ABS

) tha

t req

uire

subs

crip

tion

(pur

chas

e).

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Ben

thol

ogic

al

Soci

ety:

ww

w.be

ntho

s.org

/ in

dex.

asp x

Publ

icat

ions

: w

ww.

bent

hos.o

rg/

Jour

nal-(

JNA

BS).a

spx

w

ww.

bent

hos.o

rg/

othe

r-pu

blic

atio

ns.a

spx

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Ben

thol

ogic

al

Soci

ety

PO B

ox 18

97La

wre

nce,

KS

6604

4-88

97 U

SA

web

mas

ter@

bent

hos.o

rg

Rese

arch

, Fi

sh a

nd

ecol

ogy

Publ

icat

ions

(fish

, fis

h ha

bita

ts, r

ipar

-ia

n, st

ream

s)

Repo

rt

sum

mar

y 19

50s–

pres

ent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f Env

i-ro

nmen

t, Ec

osys

-te

ms B

ranc

h

EcoC

at, t

he E

colo

gica

l Rep

orts

C

atal

ogue

pro

vide

s acc

ess t

o di

gita

l re

port

s and

file

s. Fi

shIn

fo B

C p

rovi

des i

nfor

mat

ion

on fi

sh re

sour

ce a

nd In

tern

et li

nks,

incl

udin

g Fi

shW

izar

d, in

vent

ory,

and

proj

ect d

ocum

enta

tion.

EcoC

at:

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/e

coca

t /

Fish

Info

BC

: ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc

.ca/

fish/

fiss/

inde

x.ht

ml

Fish

Wiz

ard:

ww

w.fis

hwiz

ard.

com

/ de

faul

t.ht m

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tEc

osys

tem

s Bra

nch

PO B

ox 9

358,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M2

Rese

arch

, W

ater

-sh

eds

Repo

rts (

hydr

ol-

ogy,

wat

er su

pply,

w

ater

qua

lity,

fore

stry

pra

ctic

es,

wet

land

s, rip

aria

n),

wat

ersh

eds,

othe

r re

sear

ch to

pics

, and

w

eb li

nks

1930

s–pr

esen

tBr

itish

C

olum

bia

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts

and

Ran

ge, F

or-

est S

tew

ards

hip

Div

ision

, Res

earc

h Br

anch

Vari

ety

of re

sear

ch p

rogr

ams a

t the

br

anch

and

regi

on le

vel i

nclu

ding

a

num

ber o

f res

earc

h w

ater

shed

s (C

arna

tion

Cre

ek, H

aida

Gw

aii,

Stua

rt-T

akla

, Slim

-Tum

uch,

Upp

er

Pent

icto

n C

reek

, Red

fish

Cre

ek).

Regi

onal

web

sites

pro

vide

sum

mar

y pu

blic

atio

ns, c

urre

nt re

sear

ch, a

nd

links

to p

ublic

atio

ns fr

om re

sear

ch

wat

ersh

eds a

nd o

ther

rese

arch

pr

ojec

ts w

ith w

ater

com

pone

nts.

Coa

st R

egio

n re

sear

ch g

roup

pu

blic

atio

ns:

ww

w.fo

r.gov

.bc.

ca/r

co/

rese

arch

/van

publ

icat

.ht m

Nor

ther

n In

teri

or F

ores

t R

egio

n (r

esea

rch

links

):

ww

w.fo

r.gov

.bc.

ca/r

ni/

rese

arch

/inde

x.ht

m

Sout

hern

Inte

rior

For

est R

e-gi

on F

ores

t Sci

ence

Pro

gram

: w

ww.

for.g

ov.b

c.ca

/rsi/

re

sear

ch/in

dex.

htm

Fish

-For

estr

y In

tera

ctio

n R

esea

rch:

w

ww.

for.g

ov.b

c.ca

/hre

/ffip /

Min

istry

of F

ores

ts a

nd R

ange

Re

sear

ch B

ranc

h PO

Box

951

9, S

tn P

rov

Gov

tV

icto

ria,

BC

V8W

9C

2

Tel:

250-

387-

6721

Fore

sts.R

esea

rchB

ranc

hOffi

ce

@go

v.bc.

ca

Also

see

cont

act i

nfor

mat

ion

on in

divi

dual

For

est R

egio

n w

ebsit

es

785

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Rese

arch

Repo

rts (

hydr

olo-

gy, f

ores

t pra

ctic

es,

stre

am e

cosy

stem

s, rip

aria

n, g

eom

or-

phol

ogy,

geot

echn

i -ca

l and

hyd

rote

ch-

nica

l eng

inee

ring

), jo

urna

l art

icle

s, an

d cu

rren

t re-

sear

ch

1908

–pre

sent

; so

me

olde

r re

fere

nces

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aU

nive

rsity

of

Briti

sh C

olum

bia

Fore

st S

cien

ces a

nd

Fore

st R

esou

rce

Man

agem

ent

depa

rtm

ents

, D

epar

tmen

t of

Geo

grap

hy, D

e-pa

rtm

ent o

f Civ

il En

gine

erin

g

Num

erou

s res

earc

hers

and

gra

duat

e st

uden

ts. L

ibra

ry sy

stem

con

tain

s ac

cess

and

link

s to

man

y da

ta-

base

s, ar

ticle

s, jo

urna

ls, a

nd o

ther

re

sour

ces.

Dep

artm

ent o

f For

est R

esou

rce

Man

agem

ent:

ww

w.fo

rest

ry.u

bc.c

a/de

pt/fr

m/

Dep

artm

ent o

f Geo

grap

hy:

ww

w.ge

og.u

bc.c

a/

rese

arch

/inde

x.ht

ml

Civ

il En

gine

erin

g:w

ww.

civi

l.ubc

.ca/

re

sear

ch.h

t m

Uni

vers

ity o

f Brit

ish C

olum

bia

Facu

lty o

f For

estr

y 24

24 M

ain

Mal

lVa

ncou

ver,

BC V

6T 1Z

4

Dep

artm

ent o

f Geo

grap

hy19

84 W

est M

all

Vanc

ouve

r, BC

V6T

1Z2

Dep

t of C

ivil

Engi

neer

ing

6250

App

lied

Scie

nce

Lane

, Ro

om 2

010

Vanc

ouve

r, BC

V6T

1Z4

Rese

arch

Jour

nals

(hy-

drol

ogy,

fore

st

prac

tices

, fish

, fish

ha

bita

t, rip

aria

n,

geom

orph

olog

y, hy

drot

echn

ical

en

gine

erin

g) a

nd

othe

r pub

licat

ions

1901

–pre

sent

; jo

urna

ls on

line

since

1997

Can

ada

Nat

iona

l Res

earc

h C

ounc

il of

Can

ada

Publ

ishes

a se

ries

of j

ourn

als i

nclu

d-in

g:•

Cana

dian

Jour

nal o

f Civ

il En

gi-

neer

ing

(sin

ce 19

73)

• Ca

nadi

an Jo

urna

l of E

arth

Sci

-en

ces (

since

1963

)•

Cana

dian

Jour

nal o

f Fish

erie

s and

Aq

uatic

Sci

ence

s (sin

ce 19

01)

• Ca

nadi

an Jo

urna

l of F

ores

t Re-

sear

ch (s

ince

1971

).O

nlin

e m

ater

ial i

s fre

ely

avai

labl

e.

Also

pub

lishe

s mon

ogra

phs,

conf

er-

ence

pro

ceed

ings

, and

oth

er b

ooks

.

Sele

ct a

jour

nal:

http

://pu

bs.n

rc-c

nrc.

gc.c

a/

cgi-b

in/r

p/rp

2_jo

ur_ e

NR

C R

esea

rch

Pres

s:ht

tp://

pubs

.nrc

-cnr

c.gc

.ca/

Nat

iona

l Res

earc

h C

ounc

il of

C

anad

aN

RC R

esea

rch

Pres

s O

ttaw

a, O

N K

1A 0

R6

Tel:

613-

993-

0362

pubs

@nr

c-cn

rc.g

c.ca

Rese

arch

, Fi

sher

ies

and

fish

habi

tat

Publ

icat

ions

(fish

, fis

h ha

bita

t, fo

rest

pr

actic

es, i

mpa

cts

of d

evel

opm

ent)

an

d ot

her l

itera

ture

(fi

sher

ies,

aqua

tic

scie

nce,

nau

tical

sc

ienc

e)

Onl

ine

1993

–pre

sent

Can

ada

Fish

erie

s and

O

cean

s Can

ada

(form

erly

Dep

art-

men

t of F

isher

ies

and

Oce

ans)

, Sci

-en

ce a

nd R

esea

rch,

Fr

eshw

ater

and

M

arin

e H

abita

ts

Con

duct

s res

earc

h on

ana

drom

ous

fish

and

fish

habi

tat.

Site

incl

udes

su

mm

ary

of o

ngoi

ng re

sear

ch

proj

ects

and

a p

ublic

atio

ns li

st.

Sear

chab

le d

atab

ase

acce

ssin

g th

e 12

regi

onal

libr

arie

s acr

oss C

anad

a fo

r pub

lishe

d an

d un

publ

ished

lit

erat

ure.

Res

earc

h pr

ogra

ms:

ww

w.pa

c.df

o-m

po.g

c.ca

/sci

ence

/ha

bita

ts-e

ng.h

tm

Fish

erie

s and

Oce

ans C

anad

aB.

C. a

nd Y

ukon

Reg

iona

l H

eadq

uart

ers

200–

401 B

urra

rd S

tree

tVa

ncou

ver,

BC V

6C 3

S4

Tel:

604-

666-

0384

info

@df

o-m

po.g

c.ca

786

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Rese

arch

, W

ater

-sh

eds

Publ

icat

ions

(wa-

ters

hed

hydr

olog

y, st

ream

s, rip

ar-

ian,

salm

onid

s, m

onito

ring

, sto

rm

wat

er),

bibl

iog-

raph

ies (

ripar

-ia

n, te

mpe

ratu

re,

salm

on re

cove

ry),

and

conf

eren

ces

Onl

ine

publ

icat

ions

19

98–p

rese

nt;

bibl

iogr

aphi

es

1940

s–pr

esen

t

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

Paci

fic

Nor

thw

est

Uni

vers

ity o

f W

ashi

ngto

n, Th

e W

ater

Cen

ter

(form

erly

Cen

ter

for W

ater

and

Wa-

ters

hed

Stud

ies)

Sear

chab

le b

iblio

grap

hies

incl

udin

g:•

Ripa

rian

• Te

mpe

ratu

re e

ffect

s•

Type

5 st

ream

s•

Enda

nger

ed S

peci

es A

ct sa

lmon

re

cove

ry li

brar

y an

d da

taba

se.

Bibl

iogr

aphi

es:

http

://de

pts.w

ashi

ngto

n.ed

u/cw

ws/

Out

reac

h/Re

sour

ces/

bi

blio

grap

hies

.htm

l

The

Wat

er C

ente

r:

http

://de

pts.w

ashi

ngto

n.ed

u/cw

ws/

Out

reac

h/ou

trea

ch.h

tml

Uni

vers

ity o

f Was

hing

ton

The

Wat

er C

ente

r Bo

x 35

2100

Se

attle

, WA

9819

5–21

00 U

SA

Tel:

206-

543-

6920

cww

s@u.

was

hing

ton.

edu

Rese

arch

, Fo

rest

ryPu

blic

atio

ns (w

a -te

rshe

d hy

drol

ogy,

aqua

tic h

abita

t)

1976

–pre

sent

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

Paci

fic

Nor

thw

est

Ore

gon

Stat

e U

ni-

vers

ity, C

olle

ge o

f Fo

rest

ry, D

epar

t-m

ent o

f For

est

Ecos

yste

ms a

nd

Soci

ety

Ong

oing

rese

arch

on

coas

tal a

nd

inte

rior

are

as. C

olla

bora

tive

rese

arch

w

ith u

nive

rsity

dep

artm

ents

and

the

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Agr

icul

ture

For

-es

t Ser

vice

. Pro

ject

s inc

lude

:•

Wat

ersh

ed p

roce

ss g

roup

focu

ssed

on

stee

p fo

rest

ed la

ndsc

apes

• C

LAM

S –

wat

ersh

ed p

roce

sses

an

d aq

uatic

hab

itat.

Cor

valli

s For

estr

y R

esea

rch

Com

mun

ity, r

esea

rch

proj

ects

: w

ww.

fsl.o

rst.e

d u

Wat

ersh

ed P

roce

sses

Gro

up:

ww

w.fs

l.ors

t.edu

/wpg

/

Coa

stal

Lan

dsca

pe A

naly

sis

and

Mod

elin

g St

udy:

w

ww.

fsl.o

rst.e

du/c

lam

s /

Ore

gon

Stat

e U

nive

rsity

Dep

artm

ent o

f For

est E

cosy

s-te

ms a

nd S

ocie

ty

321 R

icha

rdso

n H

all

Cor

valli

s, O

R97

331 U

SA

Tel:

541-

737-

2244

Rese

arch

, Ri

par-

ian

and

wat

ersh

ed

Repo

rts (

wat

ersh

ed

hydr

olog

y, st

ream

s, w

ater

supp

ly,

wat

er q

ualit

y),

prof

essio

nal a

ids,

and

educ

atio

nal

mat

eria

l

Onl

ine

1995

–pre

sent

Uni

ted

Stat

esU

.S. D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

, For

est

Serv

ice

Stre

am S

yste

ms T

echn

olog

y C

ente

r, fo

cuss

es o

n st

ream

syst

ems a

nd

wat

ersh

ed h

ydro

logy

. Site

incl

udes

re

sear

ch p

ublic

atio

ns, t

rain

ing,

op

erat

iona

l too

ls, a

nd te

chno

logy

tr

ansf

er.

Has

a se

arch

able

dat

abas

e of

re-

sear

ch p

ublic

atio

ns.

Stre

am S

yste

ms T

echn

olog

y C

ente

r:w

ww.

stre

am.fs

.fed.

us/

inde

x.ht

ml

Publ

icat

ions

: w

ww.

fs.fe

d.us

/pub

licat

ions

/

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Agr

icul

ture

Fo

rest

Ser

vice

Rock

y M

ount

ain

Rese

arch

St

atio

n St

ream

Sys

tem

s Tec

hnol

ogy

Cen

ter

2150

Cen

tre

Aven

ue. B

ldg.

A,

Suite

368

Fort

Col

lins,

CO

8052

6, U

SA

Tel:

970-

295-

5983

rmrs

_str

eam

@fs

.fed.

us

Rese

arch

,W

ater

Publ

icat

ions

(g

roun

dwat

er,

river

hyd

raul

ics,

sedi

men

t tra

nspo

rt,

rese

rvoi

rs, w

ater

su

pply

), so

ftwar

e,

and

cour

ses

1964

–pre

sent

Uni

ted

Stat

esU

.S. A

rmy

Cor

ps

of E

ngin

eers

, In

stitu

te fo

r Wat

er

Reso

urce

s

Spec

ialty

are

as in

clud

e:

• H

ydro

logi

c En

gine

erin

g C

ente

r w

ith te

chni

cal e

xper

tise

in su

rfac

e an

d gr

ound

wat

er, r

iver

hyd

raul

ics,

sedi

men

t tra

nspo

rt, r

eser

voirs

, an

d re

al-t

ime

wat

er c

ontr

ol

• W

ater

Use

: for

ecas

ting

and

wat

er

cons

erva

tion.

Hyd

rolo

gic

Engi

neer

ing

Cen

ter:

w

ww.

hec.

usac

e.ar

my.m

il /

Inst

itute

for W

ater

Res

ourc

es:

ww

w.iw

r.usa

ce.a

rmy.m

il /

U.S

. Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Inst

itute

for W

ater

Res

ourc

esH

ydro

logi

c En

gine

erin

g C

ente

r60

9 Se

cond

Str

eet

Dav

is, C

A95

616–

4687

, USA

Tel:

530-

756-

1104

Web

mas

ter-

HEC

@us

ace.

arm

y.m

il

787

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Rese

arch

, C

limat

e,

Wat

er

Info

rmat

ion

on

stre

amflo

w, p

re-

cipi

tatio

n, g

roun

d -w

ater

, pub

licat

ions

(g

roun

dwat

er,

surf

ace

wat

er, w

ater

qu

ality

, wat

er u

se),

softw

are,

map

s, an

d bi

blio

grap

hies

1879

–pre

sent

Uni

ted

Stat

esU

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Su

rvey

, Wat

er R

e-so

urce

s Div

ision

Nat

iona

l res

earc

h pr

ogra

m a

nd

wat

er p

rogr

ams h

ave

1.5 m

illio

n st

atio

ns.

Wat

er re

sour

ces o

f the

Uni

ted

Stat

es:

http

://w

ater

.usg

s.gov

/inde

x.ht

ml

Rea

l-tim

e da

ta:

http

://w

ater

data

.usg

s.gov

/ nw

is/r t

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

yW

ater

Sci

ence

Cen

ter O

ffice

934

Broa

dway

, Sui

te 3

00Ta

com

a, W

A98

402,

USA

Tel:

253-

552-

1600

Rese

arch

Publ

icat

ions

(wat

er

reso

urce

s) a

nd

jour

nals

(hyd

rolo

-gy

, wat

er re

sear

ch)

1963

–pre

sent

Wor

ldEl

sevi

er B

.V.

Publ

isher

of j

ourn

als a

nd sc

ient

ific

book

s inc

ludi

ng:

• Ad

vanc

es in

Wat

er R

esou

rces

(1

979–

)•

Jour

nal o

f Hyd

rolo

gy (1

963–

)•

Wat

er R

esea

rch

(196

7–).

Else

vier

B.V

. (ho

me

page

):w

ww.

else

vier

.co m

Else

vier

Jour

nals

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce D

epar

tmen

t32

51 R

iver

port

Lan

eM

aryl

and

Hei

ghts

, MO

63

043,

USA

Tel:

800-

545-

2522

Wat

er,

Clim

ate

Prec

ipita

tion,

ai

r tem

pera

ture

, ho

urly

lake

leve

ls,

hour

ly st

ream

lev-

els/

flow

s, an

d sn

ow

wat

er e

quiv

alen

ts

Onl

ine

is cu

r-re

nt; h

istor

ical

~1

960s

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aBC

Hyd

ro

Rese

rvoi

r and

Hyd

rom

et d

ata:

aut

o-m

ated

dat

a co

llect

ion

stat

ions

in o

r ne

ar re

serv

oir s

yste

ms:

• ac

ross

pro

vinc

e (o

ver 1

00 st

atio

ns)

• C

olum

bia

Rive

r (se

ven

basin

s)•

Low

er M

ainl

and/

Inte

rior

(nin

e ba

sins)

• Pe

ace

Rive

r (on

e ba

sin)

• Va

ncou

ver I

sland

(fou

r bas

ins)

.

Res

ervo

ir a

nd H

ydro

met

dat

a (c

urre

nt):

ww

w.bc

hydr

o.co

m/a

bout

/ ou

r_sy

stem

/hyd

rom

etri

c_da

ta.

htm

l

Hist

oric

al d

ata

avai

labl

e fr

om

head

quar

ters

.

BC H

ydro

69

11 S

outh

poin

t Driv

eBu

rnab

y, BC

V3N

4X

8

Tel:

604-

224-

9376

Wat

er,

Gro

und-

wat

er

Gro

undw

ater

le

vels,

gro

und-

wat

er q

ualit

y, be

droc

k lit

holo

gy,

educ

atio

nal m

ate-

rial

, pub

licat

ions

(g

roun

dwat

er,

aqui

fers

), an

d w

eb

links

1961

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En

viro

nmen

t, W

ater

Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on

Gro

undw

ater

con

ditio

ns in

56

wel

ls m

onito

ring

bed

rock

aqu

ifers

and

10

9 w

ells

mon

itori

ng u

ncon

solid

ated

sa

nd a

nd g

rave

l. G

roun

dwat

er h

ome

page

pro

vide

s da

taba

se li

nks,

refe

renc

e lib

rary

, list

s of

con

tact

s, le

gisla

tion,

and

issu

es.

Gro

undw

ater

(hom

e pa

ge):

ww

w.en

v.gov

.bc.

ca/w

sd/

plan

_pro

tect

_sus

tain

/ gr

ound

wat

er/in

dex.

htm

l

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tW

ater

Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on

Gro

undw

ater

Sec

tion

PO B

ox 9

362,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M1

Gro

undW

ater

@go

v.bc.

ca

Wat

er,

Aqu

ifers

A

quife

rs a

nd m

aps

(ele

ctro

nic r

esou

rce

only

)

1994

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f En

viro

nmen

t, W

ater

Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on, W

ater

-sh

ed a

nd A

quife

r Sc

ienc

e

Aqu

ifer c

lass

ifica

tion

syst

em a

nd d

a-ta

base

pro

vidi

ng m

appe

d lo

catio

ns,

delin

eatio

n of

ove

r 600

aqu

ifers

, and

da

ta q

uery

opt

ion.

Aqu

ifers

in B

ritis

h C

olum

bia:

w

ww.

env.g

ov.b

c.ca

/wsd

/ pl

an_p

rote

ct_s

usta

in/

grou

ndw

ater

/aqu

ifers

/

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

tW

ater

Ste

war

dshi

p D

ivisi

on

Gro

undw

ater

Sec

tion

PO B

ox 9

362,

Stn

Pro

v G

ovt

Vic

tori

a, B

C V

8W 9

M1

Gro

undW

ater

@go

v.bc.

ca

788

Cat

egor

yTy

pes o

f dat

a Ye

ars

prod

uced

Geo

grap

hic

regi

onA

genc

yD

escr

iptio

nD

ata

loca

tion,

w

ebsi

te ti

tle, c

urre

nt U

RL

Con

tact

Wat

er,

Floo

d -pl

ains

Floo

dpla

in m

aps

and

asso

ciat

ed

desig

n br

iefs

1984

–pre

sent

Briti

sh

Col

umbi

aM

inist

ry o

f Env

i-ro

nmen

t, En

viro

n -m

enta

l Pro

tect

ion

Div

ision

Floo

dpla

in m

appi

ng o

f ove

r 110

riv-

ers a

nd m

ore

than

10 la

kes.

Not

e: th

is pr

ojec

t ter

min

ated

in

2003

, so

ther

e is

no d

irect

con

tact

or

upda

ting

at p

rese

nt.

Can

ada

– Br

itish

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79

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Aablation 200ablation till 3–33absolute humidity 559Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating 264ACD meter 629Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) 589acoustic sensor, and snow depth 568–569acoustic technologies, and streamflow 588active remote sensing systems 634Adams River 9–20aerial photographs, and landslides 256, 265, 278-279aerial photographs, interpretation 306aerial photography 8, 240, 276, 338, 366, 628, 640aerodynamic resistance 46, 47, 58aerovane 560agencies –2. See also by nameaggradation 37, 43agricultural activity 43air temperature, and elevation 58air temperature, measurement 557–559air temperature, trends 68–69, 7–72, 700–702air temperatures 53air temperatures, extreme 66albedo 85, 562, 57albedo, of snow 4, 42, 43alder 46, 669, 688alevin incubation 464, 468alevins 47–472algae 507, 508algae, in streams 450algae, sampling 63alien invasive plant species 686allogenic recharge 384allowable annual cut (AAC) 2alluvial channels 334alluvial fans 39, 227, 230, 303–304alluvial fans, and forest management 32–33alluvial material 333–334alpine periglacial zone 37–39alpine tundra 37Alsea watershed 49, 42ammonia 4–42, 49, 425–427ammonia-N 426–427ammonium 4–42, 49, 42–423, 426ammonium-N 426–427amphibians 449–450anadromous salmonids 462, 469–470, 48, 506anemometer 560–56angular canopy density (ACD) 629

annual cycle, and soil temperature 599annual cycle, and stream temperature 606annual water yield 62Aquatic Conservation Strategy 482aquatic ecosystems 454aquatic habitat 673aquatic hyphomycetes 45aquatic invertebrates, sampling 66–69aquatic life, and channel type 442aquatic life, and sediment 408–409, 46aquatic life, and water temperature 407aquatic life, and hyporheic zones 444aquifers 57, 77–78aquitard 57Arctic grayling 464Arctic Oscillation (AO) 64–65, 700aspen 40, 50, 55, 663assessment-based management 492–495atmospheric circulation patterns 47–49atmospheric evaporative demand, modelling 733autochthonous inputs, to streams 448–449autogenic recharge 384avalanche hazard 4avalanches 26. See also snow avalanches

BB.C. Forest Products Limited 3B.C. Forest Service Fire Weather Network 565backhoe 25–26bacteria, in streams 450–45bankfull discharges 340bank erosion 332, 337, 340, 346, 348, 349, 505bank erosion, and landslides 222–223bars 336, 340, 349, 36, 448basalt flows 9, 23–24basal till 3–33baseline, in monitoring projects 534base flow 58, 6, 62basin lag 60bedload 276, 304, 340, 60bedrock 55, 56, 237, 282, 295, 297, 332, 77–78bedrock channels 334bedrock types 23bed material 336, 340bed material supply 334Belgo Creek 29–293below-canopy evaporation rates 49benthic biomonitoring 66, 68–69best management practices, riparian areas 488, 490Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Non-

point Sources (BASINS) 544

INDEX

792

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biofilms 448, 452, 469, 47biofilms, in streams 450–45biogeoclimatic zones 50–52, 348biological measurement, sampling 63–64biological measures, and water quality 63–65biomass 469, 63biomonitoring tools 68biota, of stream-riparian systems 449–452black spruce 40, 50, 200blowdown 348Blue River Management Plan 496boundary-layer 47boundary-layer resistance 46Bowen ratio/energy balance method 584–585braided channels 336–338, 349bridges and culverts 26–28British Columbia Coastal Fisheries/Forestry

Guidelines 5, 7, 8, 29–30British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Branch 4British Columbia Forest and Range Evaluation Program

(FREP) , 49, 5, 62British Columbia Forest Service , 3, 5, 7British Columbia Ministry of Environment British Columbia Terrain Classification

System 305–306Brunisols 40–42Bull Run watershed 49, 509bull trout 44, 462, 496, 730

Ccalcite 374calibration, in hydrologic models 536Canadian Forest Service 3canopy density 40, 43, 200canopy gap fraction 85canopy interception loss 575canopy photography 630–63canopy resistance 47canopy view factor 630capacitance probes 597carbonate bedrock 374–376, 378, 382Cariboo Mountains, seasonal flow regimes 0–02Carnation Creek 3, 4, 6, 7, 96, 63, 86, 87, 90, 358–36,

45, 49, 505, 506, 507–508, 530, 730, 735cascade-pool morphology 338, 340, 34Cascade Mountains 99cascades 340catastrophic seepage face erosion 293catchment water balance method 583caves 375–379, 38–382, 386–388, 389, 390–395, 397cave sediments 382Centennial Creek 505central British Columbia, seasonal flow regimes 98,

0–02

central Interior plateau, stream survey 490–49channel-forming flows 02channel-migration zones 496channel aggradation 336channel avulsion 337channel bank erosion control measures 675–678channel form 336channel islands 337–338channel measurement 623–626channel measures, limitations 623channel morphology 727channel patterns 334channel pattern changes 336channel phases 334channel stability 336channel structure, and natural disturbance 354channel type classifications 333–342char 442, 46, 462, 48check dams 66chemical loadings 47–48, 730chemical weathering 23, 24chemistry, of surface water 40–404Chernozems 40–42chinook 464, 469chlorophyll a 42circulation types 47–49cirques 27, 237, 238Class-A pans 582–584clays 34–35clearcuts 2–4, 8, 82, 96, 99, 278, 30, 363–366clearcuts, and avalanches 34–36clearcuts, and net precipitation 79, 80clearcuts, and water quality 47, 48, 49, 422clearcut riparian harvest 505climate, and slope stability 220–224climate, and topography 7climate, historical trends 68–73, 700–702climate change climatic change, and streamflow 08climatic change, and watershed processes 72–73climate change projections 74–8, 70–72climate variables 52, 700climatic moisture deficit 54–59climatic moisture regimes 54–58climatic zones 49–53Coastal Watershed Assessment Procedures 02Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) zone 35Coast Mountains 9, 23, 26, 27Coast Mountains and Cascades, seasonal flow

regimes 99, 0Coast Watershed Assessment Procedure (CWAP) 540–

54coho salmon 8, 449, 505–506, 508colluvial fans 39, 303

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colluvial material 332, 453colluvial processes 43, 344colluvium 333, 334, 344, 346Columbia Mountains, seasonal flow regimes 00community watersheds 6, 406, 492compaction effects 54complex landslides 26, 24–242complex slide-flows 26concrete frost 54condensation 34, 44. See also by typeconglomerate 25conifers 82, 663, 665, 669, 670, 688conifer forests, interception loss 39contemporary landscape features 37–42continuous cover system 4control stability, and channel streamflow 587–588convection 46convective flux 43Cordilleran Ice Sheet 29crayfish 447, 448crest stage gauges 590crib abutments 27cross-ditches 654–655cross-ecosystem resource subsidy 449crown closure 628–629Cryosols 40–42culverts 90, 286culverts, and landslides 284, 289, 299, 32cumulative watershed effect (CWE), defined 528current meters 588cut-and-fill slopes 23, 26cutthroat trout 449, 462

DDarcy’s Law 57data loggers 554–556, 599, 60, 629data recording, and accuracy 554–556dating, of landslides 259–267debris avalanches 26, 227, 278debris budgets 349debris floods 250, 303, 36debris flows 39, 26, 227–233, 250, 252, 256, 264, 278debris flows, after rock slide and debris avalanche 242debris flows, and gullies 247–248debris jams 299debris slides 224–226, 250, 278debris slides, and gullies 247debris torrent 227. See also debris flowsdecomposition rates 64deglaciation 3, 34degree-days 557delayed response landslides 222–223delayed runoff 67delta 34

Department of Fisheries and Oceans 2, 3, 5, 8, 735deposits, from landslides 256dew 35dew point temperature 559dewatering 59dielectric permittivity 596diffusion 46digital elevation model (DEM) 306–307, 39digital sensors, remote sensing 633–634dilution methods 588, 589dip slopes 237discharge. See streamflowdischarge areas 58dispersed harvesting 30displacement waves 243dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 448, 450, 452dissolved organic matter (DOM) 448, 507dissolved oxygen (DO) 40, 42, 46, 422dissolved oxygen, after harvesting 420dissolved oxygen, and salmonids 465distributed models, in hydrologic research 537diurnal cycle and soil temperature 599diurnal cycle and stream temperature 606dolomite 374, 378dolostone 374Donna Creek 9, 248, 293–294, 36, 362, 363, 505Douglas-fir 47, 49, 8, 97, 20, 42–422downscaling measures 720downscaling methods for watershed modelling 732drainable porosity 53drainage basins 86–07, 346drainage density 59drinking water supply droughts 66

Eearthquakes, and landslides 29–220earthquakes, and rock avalanches 237–238, 244earth flows 26earth flows from rock slides 24–242ecological damage, and log driving 8–20ecological processes, in streams 453–454ecological restoration 639ecosystem-based management 496eddy covariance 584effective shade 629electrical conductivity (EC) 378, 402–403, 40, 4, 49electrofishing 66, 67El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 6–62, 63–67,

88–89, 90–9, 224, 700, 708emissions scenarios 720–726emissions scenarios, and B.C. projections 70–72emissivity 43endokarst 380, 38

794

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fish habitat, and logjams 8–20fish habitat, and sediment 60fish habitat, streams 452fish habitat, U.S. 498–504fish habitat, water temperature 404, 407, 44–45fish habitat legislation 480–48fish habitat protection 349, 48–482fish tagging 67–68fjords 26, 242FJQHW97 river temperature model 735flashiness 63floods 65, 03, 222–223, 303, 358, 727floods, frequency 64–66floods, meanings of 64Flood Pulse Concept 453, 454flow-dilution relationship 402–403flow-like landslides 26flow-through streams 58flows 26, 233flow duration curves 64flow till 33flumes 8, 20fluorometric dyes 589fluvial fans 303–304fluvial geomorphology 33–367fluvial sediment 60–604foestry roads, deactivation 293fog drip 35, 99folisols 24, 224–226forested watersheds, detecting and predicting

changes 527–545forestry activities, and karst landscapes 388–397forestry operations, effects on streams 504–50forestry roads, and groundwater flow 90forestry roads, and hydrologic changes 29forestry roads, and landslides 284–288, 3–33forestry roads, and peak-flow 97–98Forest Act 29Forest and Range Evaluation Program (FREP) , 49,

5, 62Forest and Range Practices Act , 30Forest and Range Practices Act, and riparian

management 49–492forest canopies 43, 46, 86, 96, 445–446forest cover 79forest cover removal, influences 2–4forest development disturbances, historic 639–642forest disturbances, modelling 735–736forest disturbances, watershed-scale effects 9–98forest ecosystems, and water quality 40–402Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team

(FEMAT) 543forest evaporation rates 48–50forest hydrology measurements 553–627

energy balance equation 42energy balance models, of snowmelt 57energy fluxes, and snowmelt 42–44Engelmann spruce 37, 40, 44, 97, 572engineered logjams (ELJs) 675, 677–678ephemeral streams 59, 442epikarst 380, 38, 383Equivalent Clearcut Area (ECA) 20–202, 540, 543–544Equivalent Roaded Area methods 543–544erodible materials 333, 34erosion 245–253erosion, and log driving 8eskers 33evaporation 33, 44, 58–585evaporation, and disturbance effects 8–83evaporation measurement 582–586evaporation rates. See forest evaporation ratesevaporation rates, in forest canopies 48evaporative demand 54–58, 73evaporative demand, and elevation 58–59evaporimeters 583–584evapotranspiration 58, 733evapotranspiration, prediction 636excavating equipment 2–26exokarst 380, 38expert systems, in watershed assessment 540explosives, and road deactivation 657–658extreme events, streamflow 63–66

Ffalls 24fan-deltas 34, 242–243, 259fans 255, 256fans, and gullies 247fan disturbances 666Federal Watershed Analysis (FWA) 543fertilizer, and water quality 425–428field capacity 53field interpretation, of landslides 256–259filtration method, of sediment analysis 603–624fire-flood erosion sequence 687fires 42. See also wildfirefire retardants, and water quality 422–423fire suppressants 422First Nations 259fish, sampling 66–69Fish-Forestry Interaction Program 5, 8, 506–507fisheries-sensitive zone 486Fisheries Act 2, 5Fishtrap Creek 7, 89, 63, 64, 97fish habitat 6–7, 25, 36, 408, 447, 496, 498, 505–506,

507, 66, 679–680fish habitat, and instream treatments 673fish habitat, and log driving 20

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forest inventory metrics 202forest management, and channels 349–367forest management, and groundwater

resources 90–9forest management activities, and sediment 45–46forest management activities, and water quality 43–422forest management practices, and hydrological

processes –28forest mensuration 628forest overstorey 33forest pests, and water quality 423–424forest policy, history 29–30forest practices, evolution 642–644Forest Practices Board 30Forest Practices Code, and riparian

management 489–49Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act 9, , 30forest regrowth 99–200Forest Renewal BC (FRBC) 9, 643forest road erosion surveys 62–622Forest Stewardship Council of Canada, and riparian

management 48, 488, 492–495forest stewardship plan, for riparian zone 49forest tenure system 23–24fracture lines 240Fraser Glaciation 29–3, 34Fraser River Basin, climate change

projections 79–723, 725Fraser River watershed, and salmonids 469freeze-thaw weathering 37free water evaporation 48frequency-domain reflectometers (FDR) 596, 597frozen precipitation, gauges 563frozen soils 54, 599–600, 734fry 508fry emergence 464, 47–473Fubar Creek 362–365functional feeding group 45–452fungi, in streams 45fungi, sampling 64

GGap Light Analyzer 629gauging site selection, streamflow 587–588Gee traps 66, 67gentle-over-steep landslides 289–296geographic variations, and seasonal regimes 94–02geological mapping 2geology 2–26geomorphic processes, and climate change 726–728glacial deposits 3–36, 39

glacial retreat 240glacial retreat, and geomorphic processes 704glacial till 3–33glacial troughs 27, 37glacial valley floors 39glaciation 87glaciation limit 37glacier-augmented watersheds 79glacierized basins 86, 89–90, 99, 02, 06–07, 08glaciers, and landslides 223, 237–239glaciers, historical trends 26–3, 703glacier mass balance, modelling 734glacier retreat 08, 703, 727, 729glacier retreat, and climate change 76–77glaciofluvial deposits 33–34glaciolacustrine sediments 34–35, 39glaciomarine sediments 34–35Gleysols 40–42global climate, variability and change 67–68global climate models (GCMs) 74, 70global climate model selection 732–733global radiation 56gneiss 25Government Creek 35Graham Island 29, 22–222gravel bars 334, 336gravel bar revegetation 670–673gravel bar staking 670–673gravel deposits, and salmonid spawning 464–468gravimetric water content 52, 596gravitational forces, on water in soil 52Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

(GRACE) 78greenhouse gases 74groundwater 56, 66groundwater, and climate change 77–78groundwater, and disturbance effects 87–9groundwater, in watersheds 58–59groundwater flow 57–59groundwater flow reversal 59groundwater hydrology 56–59groundwater inflows 59groundwater levels, historical trends 704–705groundwater recharge, and harvesting 87–89groundwater recharging 55ground heat flux 42, 43–44guidelines, for harvesting 3–4gullies 247gullies, and forest management 299–302gully erosion 245gully morphology 247

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hydrologic modelling, and watershed changes 536–538hydrologic properties, of soils 5–54hydrologic recovery, post-disturbance 99–202hydrologic response 63, 66–67hydrophobic soils 50, 253–255. See also water-repellent

soilshydroriparian ecosystem 496Hydroriparian Planning Guide 496–497, 498hydroriparian zones 497hygrometers 559hyporheic exchange flow 443–444, 447–448hyporheic substrates, and salmonids 464hyporheic water sources 444hyporheic zone 56–57, 44–442, 444, 464hyporheic zones, and fish habitat 46

Iice crystals 35–36ice jams 245ice storm 35Idaho Cumulative Watershed Effects Procedure

(ICWEP) 543igneous rocks 2, 23–24IKONOS 38, 39–320, 634incident precipitation 575–576incident rainfall 575–576inclination, of trees 26individual sediment sources inventory 620infiltration, of water in soil 54infiltration-excess overland flow 50, 85influence of elevation, and climatic variables 58–59insects. See mountain pine beetleinstream measures, for restoration 678–68instream treatments 675interception 50interception loss 36interception storage capacity 36–37, 39interflow 67Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 74intergravel flow, and salmonids 464–469interior basins 06Interior Plateaus, seasonal flow regimes 86, 00, 0, 03Interior Watershed Assessment Procedure (IWAP) 02,

299, 540–54intermittent streams 59, 442Invasive Plant Council of B.C. 686invertebrates, in streams 45–452, 469, 47, 507, 508isohyetal analysis 564isothermal snowpack 44

Jjack pine 40, 50

HH.J. Andrews Experimental Forest 42–422, 509, 538Haida Gwaii 5, 6, 29, 278, 3, 35, 365. See also Fish-

Forestry Interaction Program; Government Creek; Graham Island; Yakoun River

Haida Gwaii, landslides 29–22Haida Gwaii, seasonal flow regimes 0harvesting, and avalanches 34–35harvesting, and channel disturbances 640–642harvesting, and channel morphology 349–367harvesting, and hydrologic changes 29harvesting, and hydrology 86–9harvesting, and landslides 276–277, 280–283, 30–3harvesting, and low flow 98–99harvesting, and peak flow 98harvesting, and sediment supply 642harvesting, and stream temperature 44–45harvesting in riparian areas 9harvesting methods 2–4, 280, 30harvesting methods, and water quality 49headwater streams, defined 442head scarp 225, 242heat dissipation 584heat field deformation 584heat pulse velocity 584hemlock 39herbicides 47–48, 425herbicides, and water quality 424high hydraulic head 58high relief coastal basins 06hillslope-channel connectivity 343, 452–453hillslope hydrology 50–5, 55hillslope processes 37hillslope rehabilitation measures 659–662hillslope restoration 649–65hillslope runoff, and disturbance effects 85–87hoar frost 35Holocene Epoch 35–42Horizontoscope 629Hortonian overland flow 50, 85human records, of landslides 259humidity 559–560Hummingbird Creek 295–296hybrid-regime 86, 79hydraulic conductivity (K) 4, 53, 55–56, 57–58hydraulic connectivity 246hydraulic excavator 25–26hydraulic head 57hydraulic methods 588hydro-seeding 660, 66, 687hydrographs 60–63hydrological simulation models 8hydrologic cycle 33–34

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Kkames 33karst aquifers 383–386karst catchment 384–385karst drainage linears 395–396karst ecosystems 377–378Karst Field Assessments (KFAs) 390–39karst inventories 389–390karst landscape, and water 383–388karst landscape features 373–382karst management, forestry practices 39–397karst springs 383, 386karst streams 383–384karst units 386–388karst vulnerability ratings 390, 392–393kinetic measurements, of stream temperature 608kokanee salmon 36Kuskonook Creek, debris flow 252k factors, and peak flow 03–04

Llahars 227lakes, and forest management 422lakes, and water quality 404lakes, classification 483–484lake ice, and climate change 76lake ice, modelling 734lake temperature changes, and aquatic life 729–730landscape-level riparian management 495–496landscape interpretation 256–267landslides 24–244, 344, 346, 347, 348landslides, and channel structure 354–356landslides, and climate change 726–728landslides, and temperature 223–224landslides, historical trends 704landslides, in gullies 247–248landslides, modelling 735landslide hazard mapping. See terrain stability mappinglandslide inventory 278–279landslide materials 24landslide rates 278–279, 3landslide risk analysis 309–30landslide risk management 308–30landslide scars 40landslide triggers 29–224Land Ordinance (865) 29lapse rates 558large earth flows 236large rock avalanche 243large rock slides 223large woody debris, defined 347large woody debris (LWD) 332, 340–34, 35–357, 640,

64, 680–68

laser diffraction techniques, and sediment samples 604lateral channel movement 338–339, 34, 358lateral erosion 245lateral flow 55–56lateral transport, into streams 452La Niña 6–62, 89, 708leaf area index (LAI) 47, 577, 630, 733legislation. See by namelegislation, and riparian management 480levees 23, 232levees, and debris flows 227lichenometry 264lidar 560, 634, 635, 636limestone 25, 36, 25, 374, 375, 378, 386limitations, of hydrologic models 537–538line shovel 23liquefaction 233, 242Lithic soils 42lithostratigraphical units 22live bank protection 675live gully breaks 66live pole drains 66local-scale flow systems 58, 89lodgepole pine 4, 36, 39, 40–4, 44, 47, 49–50,

79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 200–20, 573logged watershed, and stream channels 35–358logjams 0, 8, 338, 355, 357, 359, 36, 366, 506.

See also Yakoun Riverlogjams, and channel changes 348–349logjam inventory 366log driving 6–20longitudinal profile, of stream channels 343longwave radiation 42, 43, 84, 446, 56, 562, 630, 728losing streams 58low-flow frequency analysis 66Lower Shuswap River, and salmonids 469low flow 62low flow, and forest disturbance 98–99low flows, and salmonids 467–468low hydraulic head 58low relief coastal basins 04lumped models, in hydrologic research 536–537Luvisols 40–42, 224lysimeters 57–572, 582

MMacMillan Bloedel Limited 3, 5macropores 53macropore flow 96magmas 23–24mainline roads 652–655Malcolm Knapp Research Forest 53marble 26, 374, 378

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marine-sensitive zone 486mass wasting 37, 65, 36master chronologies 260matric forces, on water in soil 52measurement accuracy 554–556measurement scale, in forest hydrology 554–555mechanical thermographs 608mechanical weathering 23, 24Melton ruggedness number 230, 303metamorphic rocks 25–26meteorological conditions, and landslides 222Meteorological Service of Canada 54microclimates, and forests 34–35microwave remote sensing 635mining activity, and channels 366Ministry of Forests Act, of 978 29mixed regime basins 86, 88–89, 99, 0mixing ratio 559model calibration 538model parameters 538model validation 538modified brush layers 66moisture blocks 597monitoring, and watershed changes 532–535monitoring, defined 532monitoring, limitations 535monitoring projects, types of 533–534moosehorn 629moraines 3, 33mountain pine beetle , 2, 66, 4, 79, 8, 82, 9,

97, 687–688, 727mountain whitefish 464mudslides 236mudstone 24–25mud flows 27, 227, 264mulching, and rehabilitation 687

Nnatural disturbances 2natural records, of landslides 259–264natural regeneration 4near-stream zone. See riparian zonenear-stream zones 50neoglacial effects 37nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) 409, 602net precipitation 36net precipitation, and disturbance effects 79–8neutron probes 597Nipher gauges 563nitrate, and water quality 4, 48–49nitrate-N, and water quality 4, 47, 49, 42–422,

426–427nitrification, in soil 42, 424–425

nitrite 4nitrogen (N) 40–42, 48, 422, 426nitrogen fixation 46nival-colluvial zone 39nival regimes 86, 87, 89, 08non-alluvial materials 333–334non-erodible materials 333, 334, 34non-timber resources 24northern British Columbia, seasonal flow

regimes 98, 02Northwest Forest Plan 543North Coast Watershed Assessment Program

(NCWAP) 544nudation 259, 260nutrients, and herbicides 424–425nutrients, in water 40–402nutrient (or particle) spiralling 454nutrient balances, long-term 688–689nutrient cycling 730nutrient loading 48nutrient transformations 46nutrient uptake, and forest

management 46–422, 424–428

Oobservational dating 264–266observation wells 704off-channel measures, for restoration 678–679, 683–684Okanagan Valley 00old-growth forested watershed 35–358Oregon Watershed Assessment Process 542organic matter, in stream-riparian systems 448–452organic soils 40–42organic soils, and debris slides 224–225orographic uplift 03osmotic forces, on water in soil 52overland flow 50–5, 66–67oxygen. See dissolved oxygen (DO)

PPacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 62–67, 88–9,

223–224, 700, 708Pacific North American (PNA) pattern 63–64, 67, 700Pacific salmon 442, 46paired-watershed studies 9, 95, 530–53paraglacial fans 247, 304paraglacial sedimentation 36parameters, in hydrologic models 536partial duration approach, to floods 64–65particle size analysis, and sediment samples 604particulate organic matter, in streams 448–449passive remove sensing systems 634patch cuts 30

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peak flow, and forest disturbance 96–98peak flow, defined 60peak flow, timing and mechanisms 04–07peak flows 02–07, 44peak flow changes 98Penman-Monteith method 582perching layer 58perennial streams 59, 442periglacial processes 23periphyton 469, 47, 507, 508permafrost, and climate change 76permafrost, and slope stability 223permafrost, historical trends 703permafrost, modelling 734permanent road deactivation 655–660permanent wilting point 53pH, and water quality 409–40phosphates 42phosphorus 42, 48, 49, 422, 426, 508phosphorus, and water quality 4, 49phosphorus fertilizers 426photogrammetry 306, 635photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 56phototaxis 472physiographic regions 7–8, 49–50, 53piezometer 57Pineapple Express 65, 66, 46piping 53, 248planform channel types 334plank roads 2Pleistocene epoch 26–35plot-scale studies, in hydrologic research 530plutonic rocks 2, 23Podzols 40–4, 224polymer-based sensors 559ponderosa pine 97pool-riffle types 36pools 340, 349, 442, 506pore pressure 220, 22, 223, 24, 243, 280.

See also hydrostatic pressurepore space, and geologic materials 56, 58post-harvest regeneration 99post-harvest species selection 87post-wildfire debris flows 250potential evaporation 58precipitation 33, 34–46. See also by typeprecipitation, and elevation 58–59precipitation, and hydrologic response 66–67precipitation, and landslides 29–220, 220–223precipitation integration 564–565precipitation measurement 563–565precipitation trends 68, 70, 73, 700–702preferential flow pathways 53prescribed fire, and water quality 420–422

primeval forest 29Prince George District study 507Private Land Forest Practices Regulation 0–process domains 37professional assessment approaches, in watershed

assessment 54proglacial outwash deposits. See glaciofluvial depositsproperly functioning condition, defined 53psychrometers 559PUB (Predictions in Ungauged Basins) 538pyranometers 56–562pyroclastic rock 23, 24pyrradiometer 56P clauses 3

Qqualitative sampling, of aquatic invertebrates 67quantitative sampling, of aquatic invertebrates 67quartzite 26QUICKBIRD 38, 634quick clays 233quickflow 67

Rradar 634RADARSAT I and II 635radar remote sensing 635radiation 56–563radiation, and snowmelt 42–44radiation measurement errors 562radiocarbon dating 259, 260, 264radiocarbon dating, and landslides 264radiometers 629radiometric measurement, of stream temperature 608radiometric resolution 634railroads, and log transport 20–2rain-dominated regimes 86, 88, 96, 99, 08rain-dominated watersheds 95, 96, 98, 79rain-on-snow events 6, 65, 03, 04, 06, 46, 96, 200,

222–223, 340rainbow trout 730rainfall 35rainfall gauges 563–565, 575rainfall interception 36–39, 96rainfall interception, and disturbance effects 8rainfall interception loss 575–578rain splash erosion 245, 246rapid response landslides 220–222reach, defined 483recharge areas 58redds 442, 443, 464–469Redfish Creek 90, 63, 97, 277, 297, 298, 79, 735red alder 665

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reference evaporation (Eref) 54–57reference evaporation rate 50reforestation 643, 658reforestation, and evaporation 82–83regeneration, of forest cover 4, 5, 87regeneration, and rainfall interception 200–20regional-scale flow systems 58, 89regional climate models (RCMs) 732regional climatic variations 47–8regional variations, in peak flows 03Regosols 40–42relative humidity 559relative saturation 52remote sensing 633–637remote sensing applications 37–322replication, in hydrologic research 528–529, 53, 532research methods, and watershed changes 528–532resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) 608restoration measures, and liability 689–690restoration monitoring 685–686restricted infiltration 50restricting layers, and flow 55–56retrogressive rotational landslide 243return flow 50revegetation 260revegetation, of deactivated roads 658–659revetment. See rock armouringrheotaxis 472riffle-pool morphology 338, 340, 34, 343, 349, 350, 442,

444, 505rill erosion 245rime 35riparian and floodplain area function 663–666riparian and floodplain disturbances 666riparian and floodplain rehabilitation 669–67riparian areas, defined 479riparian assessments 5–58riparian associates 449, 450riparian biodiversity 497riparian buffers 47, 49, 424, 445, 447, 486, 505, 5riparian classification system 483–486riparian clearcut 506, 508riparian development, and natural disturbances 357riparian forests 44, 46, 446, 447, 479, 663riparian forests, treatment 669–670riparian groundwater 56riparian harvesting 358–36, 509riparian management areas (RMA) 482–483, 486, 489riparian management objectives 482, 486–488riparian management system, Washington 503riparian obligates 449, 450riparian reserve zones (RRZ) 482–483, 486, 489–490,

497–498, 508

riparian standards, comparison 492–493riparian stream classes 53–54riparian tree retention, U.S. 498riparian values 479–480riparian vegetation 357–358, 663riparian vegetation, and erosion 332riparian vegetation, influences 445–446, 447, 448, 449riparian vegetation removal 354riparian zone 338, 46, 442, 445riparian zones, harvesting 86–87riparian zone hydrology 446–447riprap. See rock armouringrisk 309risk assessment 308–309, 30, 3risk control 308risk management 308–309Riverine Productivity Model (RPM) 453, 454River Continuum Concept 453river driving. See log drivingriver ice, and climate change 76river ice, modelling 734road-fill failures 284–285, 287, 289, 299roads, and landslides 278, 279, 297–299roads, and water management 25–26road construction, and channel disturbance 642road rehabilitation measures 650–658road restoration 649–65Rockies, seasonal flow regimes 00, 0–02Rocky Mountains 36rock armouring 675rock avalanches 27, 236–24rock slides 26, 28rock spread 28rock types 7. See also by typeroot strength 280, 30rotational slides 256, 259Routine Effectiveness Evaluation 5–53Royal Commission on Forest Resources 29runoff. See streamflow

Ssackungen 240–24safety issues 349sag ponds 256salmonid migration, and streamflow 463salmonids 442, 449, 452, 46–473, 508, 729, 730salmonids, influences on streams 469–47salmonids, sampling 66salts, in clay 233salt dilution gauging 7salvage harvesting , 97sample-scale studies, in hydrologic research 530sandstone 25, 237

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sap flow method 584satellite imagery 37–32saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks 54saturated subsurface zones 56saturated vapour pressure 559saturation overland flow 50scarps 239, 240, 256schist 25–26scouring flows, and salmonids 466–467sea-level-pressure patterns 47–49seasonal climatic regimes 54–58seasonal ice cover, historical trends 703seasonal streamflow regimes 86–02sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric

circulation 6–65sedimentary rocks 24–25sediment aggradation 337sediment budget 343–345, 346, 347sediment mobilization 37, 43sediment production 276, 297, 3, 347sediment sources 0, 346, 620sediment sources, and water quality 45–46sediment source features, inventory 620–62sediment source inventories 620–62sediment supply 332, 336, 340, 34, 342, 343, 347, 365,

402, 404sediment supply, and water quality 40sediment textures 344, 346, 349sediment transfers 39sediment trapping 37sediment wedges 299, 357–358sediment yield 37, 39seed tree system 4seepage-face erosion 248, 295seepage exit gradient 248–250seismic activity. See earthquakesselection system 4Selkirk Mountains 30semi-erodible materials 333, 334semi-quantitative sediment source inventory 620sensitive clays, and landslides 233–235serial discontinuity 454shade 629shale 24–25, 237sheetwash 344, 346, 347sheet erosion 245, 246shelterwood system 4Shields number 340shoreline erosion 245shortwave radiation 42, 43, 44, 84, 56silvicultural practices, and evaporation 8–83silvicultural systems 2–4simulation models, in hydrologic research 536–537single-watershed study design 530

sinkholes 386, 392–395, 396–397site preparation, and water quality 47–48skid trails 6, 86, 96, 279, 289, 298, 45slash 299slashburned clearcuts 5slashburning, and water quality 422slickensides 24, 26slides 24–26Slim-Tumuch project 4, 505slope deformation 237–239slope stability 56slumps 26. See rock slidessnow 35–36snow, historical trends 703, 706snow-dominated watersheds 86–89, 96, 99–0, 06,

62, 95, 96, 98, 79snowfall, incident 578–579snowmelt 42–46, 340, 570–572snowmelt-driven peak flows 97snowmelt rates 44snowpack density 4–42snowpack metamorphism 4–42snow ablation 85, 570–572snow ablation, and disturbance effects 84–85snow ablation recovery 200snow accumulation 40–4snow accumulation recovery 99–200snow avalanches 23, 727snow avalanches, and forest management 33–36snow crystals 36, 4snow density 570snow depth measurements 568–570snow distribution 57–572snow grains 4, 44snow hydrology 7snow interception 39–40, 578–579snow loss, in forest canopies 48snow measurement 563–564snow pillow 569–570snow processes, and climate change 73–76, 727snow processes, modelling 734snow sublimation estimation 579snow surveys 568, 572snow tube 569snow water equivalent (SWE) 40, 79–8, 569–570,

572–573, 579, 703sockeye salmon 469, 472SODAR 560sodium chloride (NaCl), as a tracer 589–590soil bioengineering 65, 660–662soil bulk density 52soil burn severity 25soil creep 344, 346, 347soil data limitations 597–598

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soil development 40–42soil development, and landslide dating 264–265soil disturbances 3soil erosion rates 43soil evaporation 46soil freezing, modelling 734soil groups 40–42soil heat flux 599, 600soil hydrology 250–253soil hydrophobicity 735soil matric potential 596–597soil moisture 2, 54, 200soil moisture characteristic curve 52soil moisture deficit 54soil moisture levels, and disturbance effects 8–82soil moisture measurement 596–598soil particle density 52soil porosity 52soil samples, water content 597soil structure 280, 30soil temperature 599soil temperature, modelling 734soil temperature measurement 599soil texture 5–52soil thermal regime 599–600soil water balance method 583soils, physical properties 5–52Solar Pathfinder 629solar radiation 46, 446, 509, 56, 562solar radiation, and climate 53–54, 56solar radiation, and shade 629solar reflectivity 562. See also albedoSolonetz soils 40–42soluble constituents 46sources of error, in measurements 554–555Southern British Columbia, seasonal flow regimes 96–

97, 99–00South Thompson River, and salmonids 469spatial-comparison approaches, in hydrologic

research 53, 532spatial measurement, of vegetation 628–632spatial resolution 635spatial resolution, remote sensors 633spawning “dunes” 469specific conductance 40speleothems 382spherical densiometer 629splash dams 8, 9spreads 26, 233, 256, 259staff gauges 590stage-discharge rating curve 590–596stages, of forestry 29Standard Federal sampler 569statistical methods, in hydrologic research 529

steam shovel 2steelhead 464stemflow (SF) 36, 39, 576, 577step-pool morphology 338, 340, 34, 343stomata, and transpiration 47stomatal resistance 733storage gauges 578stormflow 67stream, defined 44, 483streambed bioturbation, by salmonids 469streamflow, and climate change 78–726, 727–728streamflow, and water quality 40streamflow, defined 59streamflow, historical trends 705–709streamflow, modelling 736streamflow equation 59–60streamflow frequency 64streamflow gauging stations 60streamflow measurement 587–590streamflow recovery 20streamflow regimes 59–67streamflow regimes, and temporal variations 88–02streamflow variations 60–63streams, defined 33streamscape disturbances 454stream channel, and debris flows 227–228, 230, 233stream channels, defined 44stream channel restoration 673–679stream chemistry 48stream classification 483stream crossings 68–683Stream Crossing Quality Index (SCQI) 62stream discharge, and fry 472–473stream discharge, defined 332stream discharge regime 342–343stream disturbance, and riparian harvesting 505–507stream ecology, and salmonids 469–47stream network 59stream network concept 453–454stream reach 443stream reach, defined 33stream restoration design 69stream sensor placement 60–6stream temperature 44–45stream temperature, and forest management 508–50stream temperature, data quality 609stream temperature, monitoring 60–6stream temperatures, modelling 735stream temperature changes, and fish habitat 728, 730stream temperature loggers 60–6stream temperature measurements 608–6stream temperature variability 508, 606–608Stuart-Takla, Gluskie Creek 472, 473Stuart-Takla watersheds 277

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study designs, and biological measures 64subaqueous landslides, and tsunamis 242–244sublimation 33, 48sublimation, from snowpack 44subsurface flow 85, 86subsurface flow interception 90subsurface hydrologic processes 5–59subsurface hydrologic response 86subsurface soil erosion. See pipingsubsurface storm flow 55surface climate anomalies 59–60surface erosion 26, 297–304, 32surface flow variance 442surface hydrological processes 33–5surface processes, and disturbance effects 79–85surface resistance 58suspended sediment 408, 60. See also total suspended

solidssuspended sediment levels, and harvesting 505–506suspended sediment sampling 602–604swallets 383, 384swimming speeds, for salmonids 472–473synoptic-scale circulation types 59–60

Ttectonic history 7, 9–2tectonic processes, and geomorphic processes 7teleconnections 6–65temperature-index models, and snowmelt 570–57temperature sensor calibration 608temporal resolution, remote sensors 634tensiometers 597terrain attribute studies 278–279terrain mapping 5, 306terrain stability assessments 29, 304, 307–308terrain stability management 304–306terrain stability mapping 293, 305–307Terrestrial Ecosystem Restoration Program (TERP) 643Tertiary Period 9, 26thermal dissipation 584thermistors 608, 60thermocouples 608thermometers 557–559, 608threshold approach, to watershed assessment 539–540threshold low-flow value 96throughfall (TF) 36, 39, 576–579throughflow 66Timber Supply Areas (TSAs) 2timber yarding 299, 30–3time-domain reflectometers (TDR) 596, 597time-series approaches, in hydrologic research 53–532time of concentration 60

tipping bucket gauges 563, 565, 578topples 24total dissolved solids (TDS) 40Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assessments 544total suspended solids (TSS) 408. See also turbiditytracer solution 589tracked bulldozer 23transient snow zone 46transitional phase, of channels 334translational landslides 256, 259transpiration 33, 47, 48–49, 50, 8, 82, 58, 582transportation, of wood 4, 6–28tree burial 262tree disease, and water quality 424tree drowning 262–264Tree Farm Licences (TFLs) 2tree mortality 80, 82, 347, 348, 423. See also tree

drowningtree mortality, and slope stability 250tree retention 49tree retention, riparian 494, 496tree ring dating, and landslides 259–260, 26, 262tree scars 259, 260, 26trophic changes, and riparian disturbance 507–508“tropical punch” 65troughs 240trout 442, 46, 462, 48trunk segment heat balance 584tsunamis, landslide-generated 242–244turbidity 409–40, 602–603turbidity probes 602, 603type I watersheds 343, 346, 347, 35type II watersheds 343, 346, 347type III watersheds 343, 347type IV watersheds 343, 346, 347

UU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service 543, 544U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 544ultraviolet (UV) radiation 56understorey precipitation 575, 576–579undrained loading 24–242unit area discharge 60Universal Soil Loss Equation 245–246University of British Columbia 2, 9University of British Columbia Watershed Model 735unsaturated subsurface zones 56unstable terrain, indicators 256–259uplift 9, 2Upper Penticton Creek 7, 79, 89, 20, 277, 53, 572urea fertilizer 426

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Vvalidation, in hydrologic models 536valley confinement 338valley erosion 3Vancouver Island, seasonal flow regimes 96–97, 99vapour pressure 559vapour pressure deficit 47, 559vapour pressure gradient 48variables, in hydrologic models 536variables, in monitoring projects 534–535variable retention 4variable source area 59varves 259, 264vascular plants, in streams 450vegetation, and hydrologic processes 628–632vegetation, interpretation 256vegetation and water balance, modelling 733–734vegetation composition, and water balance with

climate change 73velocity-area methods 588–589vertical channel movement 34vertical flow 56volcanic activity 9volcanic eruptions, and landslides 29volcanic rocks 2, 23–24volcanos, and debris flows 227volumetric methods 588, 590volumetric water content 52, 596

Wwandering channels 336Washington Watershed Analysis (WWA) 542washouts 248, 250wash material supply 334water balance 200–20water balance equation 33water body, evaporation 48water chemistry, and fire 420–422water floods 248water flow pathways 67water movement, in soils 53–54water potential gradient 54water quality 4, 0water quality, and climate change 728–73water quality, and fish habitat 465water quality, defined 40water quality guidelines 405water quality objectives 405–406water quality parameters 406–42water quality protection 404–42water regulations 404water retention curve 52water storage, in soil 52–53

water surface elevation measurement 590–59Water Survey of Canada 60water table 56, 58, 59water table elevation 9water table elevations, and harvesting 87water table levels 86water temperature 406–407water temperature, and salmonids 463, 47, 508water year, defined 62water yield, and forest disturbance 95–96water-holding capacity, of snowpack 44water-holding capacity, of soil 48–50, 55water-repellent soils 50, 250, 252–253, 420watershed, defined 33watershed-scale hydrologic models 536, 73–736watershed-scale studies, in hydrologic research 530watersheds, and fish habitat 462watershed advisory committees 54watershed assessment, challenges 545watershed assessments 304, 365, 494, 539–545watershed assessment approaches, U.S. 54–544watershed change studies 527, 532, 535, 537–538, 545watershed management, 960s to today 2–3watershed processes, and climate change

effects 699–737watershed rehabilitation 648–649watershed restoration 642–65watershed restoration goals 644–645watershed restoration prioritization 645–647Watershed Restoration Program (WRP) 643watershed risk analysis 645watershed storage 34watershed types 342–347WATSED 544wattle fences 66–662weather, extreme events 65–66weather measurement accuracy 558, 559–560, 560,

564–565weather variables 557–565weighing gauges 563–564west-to-east transects 94–96Western Canadian Cryospheric Network 734Western Cordillera 7western hemlock 4, 39, 200wetlands, classification 486wet bulb sensors 559–560wiggle matching 264, 265wildfire 4, 5, 28–29wildfire, and climate change 727, 729wildfire, and net precipitation 80–8wildfire, and peak flow 97wildfire, and rehabilitation 687wildfire, and slope stability 250–254wildfire, and snow ablation 85

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wildfire, and water quality 420–423wildfire, modelling 735wind 560–56wind, and precipitation measurement 564, 575wind, and snow redistribution 36, 40, 80winds, extreme 65windthrow 65, 280, 30, 347, 348, 448, 486, 505windthrow, modelling 735windthrow-related landslides 299wind vane 560

YYakoun River 365–367