Legal aspects of handling cyber frauds
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Transcript of Legal aspects of handling cyber frauds
Legal aspects of Handling Cyber Frauds
IT ACT
LEGAL
LAW
LIABILITY
What is a Cyber Crime?
An unlawful act wherein the “Cyberspace” is used either as:-
– a tool or – a target or
– both
“CYBERSPACE”
Cyber Laws
Recent Rules under IT Act
Aims behind enactment
Jurisdiction
Virtual World Population Explosion : 1 Billion
Leading to Changing Face of Crime……
Affecting….
Individuals Governments Organisations
1 Dirty SMS = 3 Years of Jail
Case Study 1
WHY r u sending me DIRTY SMS ?
----------------------Don’t lie UR cell no has flashed on my
screen
SORRY !!! But I don’t know you.
You are lying!!!
Threatening email was sent from this cyber café.
Cyber Café has 100 machines & so many customers.
HOW do I Investigate. ?
1 Threatening Email = 3 Years of Jail
Case Study 2
Accounting Software worth crores is stolen.
Interested in buying Accounting Software at a cheap cost ?
Call 100-999-9999-22Location :India
SALE!! SALE !! SALE!!Accounting Software
Location: Finland
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Stake Holders
Fake complaint via E-mailEmployee upset with
management
Demand an Immediate Demand an Immediate Explanation ?????Explanation ?????
Case Study 5
LOSS LOSS LOSS ?????I am losing all my tenders.
SERVER
CRIME SERVERCRIME SERVER
Scenario at the officeScenario at the office
Where is the evidence ?
Mobile Tower / Phones
Finland OR Indian Server
Cloud
Internet
How to Investigate ?
Employees / People
How to PROVE the CRIME?
How to decipher 010101 ?Can I submit the media in Court ?
VEXING Questions
Forensics is the process of using scientific knowledge for collecting, analyzing, and presenting evidence to the courts. (The word forensics means “to bring to the court.” )
Computer Forensics as the discipline that combines elements of law and computer science to collect and analyze data from computer systems, networks, wireless communications, and storage devices in a way that is admissible as evidence in a court of law.
Source : http://www.us-cert.gov/reading_room/forensics.pdf
Forensics & Computer Forensics
Digital Evidence
Digital evidence is information and data of value to an investigation that is stored on, received, or transmitted by an electronic device. This evidence is acquired when data or electronic devices are seized and secured for examination.
Computer Forensics process
Subjected To
Storage MediaDIGITAL EVIDENCE
Acquires
Sample illustration
May be found in:
Can be hidden in:
Can relate to :
Digital Evidence
Office Setup
Cyber Cafe
Home PC
Scene of Acquisition
Computer Forensics process would involve…..
Forensic analysis of digital information
Identifying network computer
intrusion evidence
Identifying & examining malicious files.
Employing techniques to crack file & system
passwords.
Detecting steganography
Recovering deleted, fragmented & corrupted
data
Maintaining evidencecustody procedures
Courtroom Presentation
Steps in Computer Forensics
1.Identification of Digital Evidence
2.Acquisition of Media
3.Forensic Analysis of Media
4.Documentation & Reporting
THE A TEAM
Domain Expert
Computer Forensics expert
Forensics Accounting expert
Software expert
Lawyer
Acquisition of Media
Authenticate the confiscated media
Hash value of the suspect
media
Hash value of the cloned image file
If acquisition hash equals verification hash, image is authentic.
SHA 1/256
DOCUMENTATION….
Documentation & Reporting
Broad outline of Computer Forensic Report
1.Introduction to the case
2.Background of the issue
3.Details of forensic analysis carried out
4.Certification
Evidence Forms
A detailed sheet about each evidence item
Item serial number Item detailed description
Type Make Model Date and time collected Notes Any serial numbers, labels
Chain of Custody
The movement and location of physical evidence from the time it is obtained until the time it is presented in court
Logs all evidence moves HANDED BY HANDED TO DATE & TIME Item serial number Reason
Creating an Image of Media
Image is a bit-for-bit copy of the original
If a disk has 5000 sectors, then the image created will have an exact copy of all 5000 sectors in the same order
Media (evidence) must be protected from accidental writes / alterations
Hard disk (media)Write-blocker
Device Imaging workstation
Write blockers & alternatives
Write-blocker is a device that sits in between the computer and the media
Blocks all write commandsLets through all read commands
Prevents accidental alteration / deletion / addition or data
Alternatives include using a forensic live boot CD or a drive duplicator
Indian Evidence Act
Sec. 3 (a) – Scope of definition of evidence
expanded to include electronic records
Sec. 65B - Admissibility of electronic records
The person owning or in-charge of the computer
from which the evidence is taken has to give
certificate as to the genuineness of electronic
record.
INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT
Sec. 88A - Presumption as to electronic messages
The Court may presume that an electronic message
forwarded by the originator through an electronic mail
server to the addressee to whom the message
purports to be addressed corresponds with the
message as fed into his computer for transmission; but
the Court shall not make any presumption as to the
person by whom such message was sent.
INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT
The Information Technology Act Sec. 79A - Central Government to notify
Examiner of Electronic Evidence
The Central Government may, for the purposes of providing expert opinion on electronic evidence before any court or other authority specify, by notification in the Official Gazette, any Department, body or agency of the Central Government or a State Government as an Examiner of Electronic Evidence
CIVIL OFFENCES
Section 43
Unauthorised Access Remedy – Damages by the way of compensation Amount – Unlimited What needs to be proved – Amount of damages
suffered
Adjudication
Shri. Thomas Raju Vs ICICI Bank
Case decided by – the Adjudicating officer, Government of Tamilnadu Petitioner suffered a loss of Rs. 1,62,800/- as a result of the phishing
attack Amount was supposed to have been transferred on the account of
another customer of ICICI Bank Petitioner claimed that he had suffered a loss due to unauthorised access
to his account Petitioner further claimed that he had suffered a loss as bank has failed
to establish a due diligence and in providing adequate checks and safeguards to prevent unauthorised access into his account. Bank had also not adhered to the KYC norms given by the RBI.
Section 66
Removal of definition of “hacking”
Section renamed as Computer related offences
All the acts referred under Section 43, are covered
u/Sec. 66 if they are done “dishonestly” or
“fraudulently”
Section 43(A) – Compensation for failure toprotect data
If body corporate, possessing, dealing or handling any sensitive personal data or information in a computer resource which it owns, controls or operates, is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures and thereby causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person
Liability – Damages by the way of Compensation
HSBC - Nadeem Kashmiri case
Based on complaints from customers - HSBC carried internal investigation - registers case
Involvement of Call centre employee (Nadeem Kashmiri)
He was arrested U/Sec. 66 & 72
HSBC also sued Call centre for the loss
Who is liable?
Issues
What is Sensitive Personal Information?
What are Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures?
SENSITIVEPERSONAL DATA OR INFORMATION
Rule 8 - Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011.
Reasonable Security Practices
Auditing
COMPLIANCE POLICIES
Collection of Information
Rule 5 - IT (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011
Collection of Information
Privacy and Disclosure of Information policy
Rule 4 - IT (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011
Contents of Privacy policy
Disclosure
Rule 6 - IT (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011
Transfer of information
Rule 7 - IT (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011
Sec 72(A) (Criminal offence)
Punishment for Disclosure of information in breach of
lawful contract -
Knowingly or intentionally disclosing “Personal
Information" in breach of lawful contract
Imprisonment up to 3 years or fine up to 5 lakh or with
both (Cognizable but Bailable)
CRIMINAL OFFENCES
Section 66 A
• Sending of offensive or false messages
• Covers following sent by sms / email:-
grossly offensive messages menacing messages false information sent for causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will.. phishing, email spoofing, Spam mails, Threat mails
• Punishment – imprisonment upto 3 years and fine
Section 66 B
• Dishonestly receiving stolen computer
resource or communication device
• Covers use of stolen Computers,
mobile phones, SIM Cards, etc
• Punishment – imprisonment upto 3 years
and fine
Section 66 C
• Identity theft
• Fraudulently or dishonestly using someone
else’s electronic signature, password or any
other unique identification feature
• Punishment - imprisonment
upto 3 years and fine
Section 66 D
• Cheating by Personation
• Cheating by pretending to be some other person
• To create an e-mail account, Social networking a/c
on someone else's name
• Punishment – imprisonment upto 3 years and fine
Investigation Powers
Section 78
Cyber crime cases can now be investigated by
Inspector rank police officers (PI)
Earlier such powers were with the “DYSP/ACP”
Sec. 79Liability of Intermediary
Intermediary is not liable for any third party information, data, or
communication link made available or hosted by him –
if his function is limited to providing access to such link
the intermediary does not— initiate the transmission,
select the receiver of the transmission, and
select or modify the information contained in the transmission;
Sec. 79Liability of Intermediary
Observing due diligence –
The Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules, 2011
Compounding of Offences
Section 77 (A)
Compounding – “Out of court settlement”
Offences -
for which less than three years imprisonment
has been provided and
Which are not committed against women or children
can be compounded
Issues
Possible Solutions