Lecture Notes Planning

PGR01: Urban and Environmental Planning

Dr. Elisabete A. Silva

Lecture 2 – Planning history in the UK

PGR01: Lecture 2 Elisabete A. Silva2015/2016

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London 1658


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London 1673


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London 1745


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London 1804


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London 1830


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From the XVII to the XIX century London expanded very fast.

Land consumption and density

What are the implications for those living in London??What are the main problems and challenges?

How could we account for the different needs?

What could they start to do to make London manageable???


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Lecture 1 - The Planning Systems: history and cultural context to 1947.

Planning as a task of government – has its origins in the public health and housing arena

Planning as a capacity, tool, and philosophy of managing the land has centuries, the ability of planning is something that can be understood to evolve with mankind itself, from its most primordial moments.moments.

Pl i i th UK b di t ti f t t l lti lPlanning in the UK began as a direct action from governments to solve multiple problems in the UK society.


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Th 19th C t th j il t f G t l d l i hThe 19th Century as the major milestone of a Government led planning approach

•Increase in population; •Growth of towns;

Simultaneously:• Growth of medical knowledge (i.e. washing hands)& technology (i.e. stethoscope, microscope);

•Heavy industrialization;•Migration from rural areas to cities;

& technology (i.e. stethoscope, microscope);• Awareness of overcrowding, slums;•Fear of social unrest;•National and international philosophical movementsp pin favour of social well being.

In 1750 only 15% of the population lived in towns, by 1860 nearly 80% lived in the urban areas.

•Long hours of labour for small wages; •Life spans were short, in the manufacturing business - 35 to 45 years of age;•Focus of cholera – 2nd Cholera outbreak of 1832 killed 7000 people

(two/three more outbreaks would kill thousands);•Tuberculosis was the most deadliest (60% of survival);•Infant mortality (25% would die);•Starvation and malnutrition (i.e. Ireland’s);


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Th t f h lThe symptoms of cholera:

- Internal disturbances, nausea and dizziness, violent vomiting and diarrhoea; - Extreme muscular cramps followed, with an insatiable desire for water; - Dehydration; - Physically look: puckered blue lips in a cadaverous face.y y p p


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By 1800 London had become the largest single city in the world,b t b id t it h d d bl d ibut by mid-century it had doubled again to reach 2,362,000 souls.


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Legislation regarding Public Health g g gissues finally came from many governments after the revolutions of 1848

Also as a result of the awareness that social1848.

Public Health Act, 1875

awareness that social unrest would bring economic crisis.

Th 19th t bli h lth l i l ti di t d t th ti fThe 19th century public health legislation was directed at the creation of adequate sanitary conditions.

The emphasis was put in the built environment and the medical improvements.

The Doctor (the "Public Health Officer“) and the Civil Engineer worked together to improve the deplorable sanitary conditions of major cities. They required extensive financing and took years to complete.y q g y p


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Measures:

•Increase the powers of local authorities to make and enforce building bylaws: street widths, height and structure and layout of building;

•Stronger linkages between civil engineering, health and architecture (i.e. light and air circulation);

•By 1884 the Cholera organism was identified in water via the microscope and could now be contained by public health officials;

•The Factory Act of 1833 proclaimed that children could not work until the age of 9, and that the children who were working •between the ages of 9 to13, could not put in more then a 48-hour week.

This was the first of several child labour laws to go on the books in England. s as e s o se e a c d abou a s o go o e boo s g a d


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The Georgian Architecture and the the Terrace House (1730-1800)The Georgian Architecture and the the Terrace House (1730 1800)

The circus-BathGrosvenor Square

Suburbanization and the Semi-Detached House and Detached/Free standingg


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The first Planning Act 1909The first Planning Act, 1909

Introduces the term “Town Planning”Introduces the term Town Planning

“The objective of the bill is to provide a domestic condition for the people in which their physicalcondition for the people in which their physical health, their morals, their character and their whole social condition can be improved by what we hope to secure in this bill. The bill aims in broad outline at, and hopes to secure the home healthy the house beautiful thesecure, the home healthy, the house beautiful, the town pleasant, the city dignified and the suburb salubrious”.

Preparation of ‘schemes’ by local authorities for controlling the development of new housing areas (raised the standard of new development).new housing areas (raised the standard of new development).Local authorities had to request authorization from “Local Government Board”‘Schemes’ were zoning plans (i.e. land was zoned for industrial, residential).


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1st World War gapg p

Interwar legislation Expansion of urbanization & transportation

Housing and Town Planning Act - First revision of town planning legislation:- preparation of schemes become obligatory on all borough and urban districts of 20,000 inhabitants or more; , ;

- first approaches to supplying houses to the working class.Tudor Walters Committee, 1918 (density and design)

Town and Country Planning Act of 1932.- extends planning powers to almost all types of land (built up & undeveloped).p g p yp ( p p )

Restriction of Ribbon Development Act, 1932.- designed to control urban sprawl along roads.


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Major Criticism:

•Planning schemes took too long to develop and be approved;

•Little enforcement was used once approved;•Little enforcement was used once approved;

•Sometimes development would happen a priori to the plan;

•Plans tended to promote more development than necessary.In 1937, zoning for housing would accommodate 291 million people;

•Depressed areas keep growing.


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London's population, 1931Greater London: 8 110 358 peopleGreater London: 8,110 358 peopleInner London: 4,397,003 people

London's economy and jobsBy 1938 London had 36,911 factories employing 743,173 people. Industrial sectors: engineering (230,000 jobs), clothing and shoes (180 000 jobs) food and drinkclothing and shoes (180,000 jobs), food and drink (90,000 jobs), furniture (70,000 jobs) and printing and paper (67,000 jobs).

Light industry continued to move west: Hoover, EMI and Coty all built smart new factories along the western arterial roads. On the east side of London the American carOn the east side of London the American car manufacturer Ford opened a mammoth factory at Dagenham in 1931. This factory was designed to make cars for the British market and for export, th h L d t E d ld k tthrough London, to European and world markets.

1932 Daily Express building, Fleet Street 1933 Senate House, Bloomsbury


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The 2nd World War

•The entire industrial goal changed;•The entire industrial goal changed;

•There was a great demand for labour;

•Massive bombardment of cities;

•Woman workforce play and important role.

These developments pre and post 2nd World War detailed during this lectureset the stage for the second revolution in Planning Policy.set the stage for the second revolution in Planning Policy.


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Socio-economic context decades of 1920’s and 1930’s.

Massive crisis due to:• World recession;

War time;• War time; • Unemployment.

• Depressed regions;Sever poverty;

But at the same time:

- New active industrial areas;• Sever poverty;• Urban dereliction.

New active industrial areas; - Speculative house building industry;- 1923 Housing Act promoting mortgages

through tax relieve;through tax relieve;- 2.7 million dwellings between 1930-1940;- 1/3 of all dwelling being build since 1918.

Second World War


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1947 – Town and Country Planning Act1947 – Town and Country Planning Act.

- 1st comprehensive planning legislation;1 comprehensive planning legislation;- Imposing a compulsory planning duty to all local authorities;- By 1951 all areas had to have development plans indicating:

i l d t t t tmain land uses, transport routes, etc.- Town maps stated clearly;

“designated comprehensive development areas (CDAs)”designated comprehensive development areas (CDAs)

- These were plans with a 25 year range.


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Impacts - I:Impacts I:

- Comprehensive and compulsory planning in the from of area based plans;

- Local reorganization of responsibilities;

- Increasing roll of public landownership and taxation of policies;

(1942 Uthwatt Report of the Expert Committee on Compensation and Betterment)

Compulsory purchase of land due to war or degradation- Compulsory purchase of land --- due to war or degradation

Global fund of compensation administered by the Central Land Board

(i e compensations grants for planning permission);(i.e. compensations, grants for planning permission);

- Land was supposed to be transacted at existent value;

- Regional policy induced industrial relocation through grants;Regional policy induced industrial relocation through grants;

- Protection of rural areas and natural parks was promoted

(Nature Conservancy Council established in 1949).(Nature Conservancy Council established in 1949).


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Impacts II

Th “ d it d l” i t f d i t “ t ” tThe “garden city model” is transformed into a “new town” concept.

The 1966 Reith Report from the New Towns Committee and the New Towns Act.p

32 new towns

- A Master Plan designed to be implemented in barren land;

Public sector compulsory purchase of land;- Public sector compulsory purchase of land;

- Limitation to the involvement of private sector.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbWqbg6If8o&feature=relmfu


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R dbRadburn

Letchworth


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Lecture 2 - The Planning Systems: from 1950’s and 1960’s.g y

Need to understandNeed to understand planning system from:

socio economic context

1947 Town and Planning Act

- socio-economic context.Post II WW Planning (50’s & 60’s)

Planning policies and impacts on land.

- status of planning profession and planning theory.and planning theory.


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Socio economic context decades of 1950’s and 1960’sSocio-economic context decades of 1950’s and 1960’s

Post world war euphoria:p• New political changes (Labour government); • High hopes on technological progress;

K i d d t i i l• Keynesian demand management principles;• Mix economy consensus through 50’s and 60’s

(‘rotation’ of Labour-conservative governments).( g )

Hi h i d t i l thIncrease in population numbers;

• High industrial growth;• Increasing national exportation; • Increase concentration of capital;

p pIncrease in employment; Increase in immigration;Increase in living standards;p ;

• End of Taylorism in production.Increase in living standards;Increase mobility of population.

More pressure for development, increasing need for simple and easy processes of planning.


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g p y p p g

Impacts for Planning - I

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:Ne to ns• New towns;

• Regional policy;• Countryside protection;y p ;• Pollutions control;• Urban poverty;

Ho singA- at first30 new towns were developed between 1947 1950• Housing;

• Transport.30 new towns were developed between 1947-1950.Development corporations directed the planning and building of new settlements (master plan).

B – after 1950Emphasis was placed on expansion of existent towns(1952 Town Development Act).

C – 1957 – new set of ‘new towns’ to be developed.C 95 p

Today : http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/newtowns.htm


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First generation:

Basildon, Bracknell, Crawley, Harlow, Hatfield Hemel Hempstead StevenageHatfield, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Welwyn Garden City, Corby, Cwmbran, Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee

Second generation:

Redditch, Runcorn, Skelmersdale, WashingtonWashington

Third generation:

Milton Keynes, Northampton, Peterborough,Milton Keynes, Northampton, Peterborough, Telford, Warrington


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Impacts for Planning - III

1968 Town and Country Plan

Puts in place structure and detailed plansPuts in place structure and detailed plans.

Structure plans – Written statement and a key diagram.Structure plans Written statement and a key diagram. - Supported by an explanatory memorandum and a statement of public participation and other consultations;- Subject to continuous review;- Subject to continuous review;- Includes other socio economic elements (not only physical plan).

L l Pl W itt t t t d th l t d i ti t i lLocal Plans – Written statement, maps and other relevant descriptive materials. Three types of Local Plans:1. District Plans; 2. Subject or Topic Plans; 3. Action Area PlansMore involvement of public in plan making

(1969 Skeffington Committee on public participation, doc. “People and Planning”).


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Impacts for Planning - IV

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:• New towns;New towns; • Regional policy;• Countryside protection;• Pollutions control;• Urban poverty;• Housing;Housing;• Transport. - Ministry of Housing and Local Government

Promotes “Green Belt” widespread in 1962;Creation of country parks for leisure use of countryside- Creation of country parks for leisure use of countryside

(Countryside acts of 1967 and 1968) designated and maintained by local authorities;

B th th C il A t d T d C t A t f 1968- Both the Council Act and Town and Country Act of 1968 promoted maintenance of footpaths.

1952 smog claimed 4000 lives- 1952 smog claimed 4000 lives.- Appointment of the Beaver Committee (estimated economic cost on £350 million per annum).


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Impacts for Planning - V

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:Ne to ns• New towns;

• Regional policy;• Countryside protection;y p ;• Pollutions control;• Urban poverty;

Ho sing• Housing;• Transport.

- 1952 smog claimed 4000 lives1952 smog claimed 4000 lives.- Appointment of the Beaver Committee (estimated economic cost on £350 million per annum).

1956 and 1968 Clean Air Acts

1951 and 1961 River Acts

1960 Noise Abatement Act


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Lecture 2 - The Planning Systems: from 1970’sg y


Socio economic context

1947 Town and Planning Act.

- Socio-economic context.Post II WW Planning (50’s & 60’s).

The 1970’s collapse.Planning policies and impacts on land

- Status of planning profession and planning theory.and planning theory.


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Broadwater Farm, Haringey

A late 1960s high density social housing run into an extreme condition during the 70s.


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Socio economic context decades of 1970’sSocio-economic context decades of 1970’s

The crash of “Euphoria” and the crisis of the 70’s:The crash of Euphoria and the crisis of the 70 s:

• UK & European Economic Union, 1973;

• 1973-74 oils prices and interest rates growth;

• Increasing awareness of negative impacts of economic growth (Rachel Carson 1962 “silent spring”);

• Massive unemployment and population movements;

L d l t 0 5 illi f i h bit t• London lost 0.5 million of inhabitants.


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Lecture 2 - The Planning Systems: from 1980’sg y



1947 Town and Planning Act.

- Socio-economic context.Post II WW Planning (50’s & 60’s).

The 1970’s collapse.Planning policies and impacts on landThe 1980’s & the M. Thatcher years.

- Status of planning profession and planning theory.and planning theory.


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P i ti ti d D l tiPrivatisation and Deregulation


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Socio-economic context decades of 1980’s

The deepening of the crisis and the measures to control it:

- Worst unemployment and industrial disinvestment since the interwar period;Worst unemployment and industrial disinvestment since the interwar period;- Social tension and inner city riots (1980-81); - The introduction of new technologies and the implications for the workforce;- Changes in capital with the industrial restructuring;- New patterns of production;- New industrial locations;- New industrial locations;- New housing needs and locations;- Tight monetarist budget introduced by the conservative party during the 80s.

Election of Mrs. Margaret Thatcher in 1979, reconfirmation in 1983 and 1987.


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Impacts for Planning - I

High impacts for planning resulting from Mrs M. Thatcher governance.

Several institutions were terminated (some of them were declining for a time, others were terminated by different policy orientations):• Regional Economic Planning Councils; g g ;• Office Development Permits;• Industrial Development Certificates;• Metropolitan Counties were abolishedMetropolitan Counties were abolished.

Regional Planning was replaced by the application of inner city policy in depressed areas and a spatial policies (i e special employment schemes)in depressed areas and a-spatial policies (i.e. special employment schemes).

Land use planning is restructured to a more market oriented approach.Planning should be viewed as a more positive force (less ‘control’). g p ( )

- 1986 While paper “Building Business – not barriers”;- DoE circular 14/85 – “presumption of planning permission being granted”;

S l d l h (i h i t di i l d l d h b ild )- Several procedural changes (i.e. housing studies include planners and house builders);- Not only the process, but the time to perform planning activities was also considered;- Structure plans became shorter and more focus.


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Impacts for Planning - IIHigh impacts for planning resulting from Mrs M. Thatcher governance.

Urban Policy has a focus on market-led approachesUrban Policy has a focus on market-led approaches

Shift away from public sector provision:Shift away from public sector provision:

- sale of council houses to occupiers;

- local authority homebuilding fell from 130000 in 1975 to 6000 in 1991- local authority homebuilding fell from 130000 in 1975 to 6000 in 1991.

Public spending on council housing fell 80% (79-89)

Privatization of public estatePrivatization of public estate

Emphasis on partnerships public-private (1985 White paper on Housing Improvements)

The ‘entrepreneurial’ planningThe entrepreneurial planning

Urban regeneration was characterized by a shift from public sector to private sector

development supported by subsidy and land transferdevelopment, supported by subsidy and land transfer.

The current council tax


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Impacts for Planning - IIIp g

High impacts for planning resulting from M. Thatcher governance

Environmental Policy and Rural Policy were kept aside from major reforms

The UK rural policy tradition and the EC Env. Directives p yare some of the main reasons for this continuity


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Lecture 2 - The Planning Systems: from 1970’s



1947 Town and Planning Act

- Socio-economic contextPost II WW Planning (50’s & 60’s)

The 1970’s collapsePlanning policies and impacts on landThe 1980’s & the M. Thatcher years

- Status of planning profession and planning theory

The 1990’s

Up to 2010 and planning theoryUp to 2010


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Environmentally

Aware

ButBut No Global consensus...


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The Comeback to theComeback to the

City Centrey

and the sprawlconcernsconcerns


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Adapting to Climate Change

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTeVpui1y1c

Global turmoil of the economic crisis(the financial crisis is an urban crisis)

http://www guardian co uk/commentisfree/video/2012/may/28/david harvey financial crisis urban crisis videohttp://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/video/2012/may/28/david-harvey-financial-crisis-urban-crisis-video


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tSocio-economic context decades of 1990’s and 21st Century

•The Labour Party in power Mr Tony Blair (1997 2008)•The Labour Party in power Mr. Tony Blair (1997-2008), and the Mr. Gordon Brown years (2008-2010).

•The Coalition Government of Mr. Cameron and Mr. Clegg (present day).gg (p y)


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Th l l d t

The Plan-Led system and the last years of the Labour Gov:

The plan-led system. The planning system in England and Wales follows a plan-led system. This involves preparing plans that set out what can be built and where. The plan-led system was updated by an Act of Parliament (the Planning andled system was updated by an Act of Parliament (the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act) in December 2004.

Under the new law there are now two main levels of plan:Under the new law there are now two main levels of plan:

Regional Spatial Strategies - Each Regional Planning Body (such as the north-east of England) is preparing a Regional Spatial Strategy This sets outnorth east of England) is preparing a Regional Spatial Strategy. This sets out things such as how many homes are needed to meet the future needs of people in the region, or whether the region needs a new major shopping centre or an airport. (revoked 6 July 2010).centre or an airport. (revoked 6 July 2010).

Local Development Frameworks - Each local planning authority is preparing a Local Development Framework. This is a folder of documents p p g pthat sets out how your local area may change over the next few years.There may also be other types of plan, such as how to deal with waste. These are usually prepared by County Councils.These different types of plan are usually available in local libraries.

http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/genpub/en/1108751860481.htmlhttp://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga 20080029 en.pdf


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http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga_20080029_en.pdf

The New Planning SystemThe New Planning System

NEW Planning Act, Changes to the Institutional Structure, Changes to the spatial scales, changes to the key drivers for planning.g p g y p g

The five key measures in the Localism Act, 2011:

Community rights;

Neighbourhood planning;g p g;

Housing;

General power of compete.General power of compete.


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THE LOCALISM ACT

Presented to Parliament on 13 December 2010 approved November 2011

- Will devolve greater powers to councils and neighbourhoods and give localWill devolve greater powers to councils and neighbourhoods and give local communities more control over housing and planning decisions.

Key areas:Key areas:

• Giving councils a general power of competence;

• Allowing councils to choose to return to the committee system of governance and allowing for referendums for elected mayors in certain authorities;

• Giving residents the power to instigate local referendums on any local issue and the power to veto excessive council tax increases;

• Allowing councils more discretion over business rate relief;

• Providing new powers to help save local facilities and services threatened with closure, d i i l t d it th i ht t h ll l l th itiand giving voluntary and community groups the right to challenge local authorities over

their services.


THE LOCALISM ACT

The housing provisions will:

• Abolish the requirement to have a Home Improvement Pack; q p ;

• Reform the Housing Revenue Account system ;

• Provide for a new form of flexible tenure for social housing tenants;• Provide for a new form of flexible tenure for social housing tenants;

• Allow local authorities to discharge their duties to homeless people by using private rented accommodation;rented accommodation;

• Give local authorities the power to limit who can apply for social housing within their areas;

• Abolish the Tenant Services Authority and provides for a transfer of functions to the Homes and Communities Agency;

• Amend the way in which a social tenant can make a complaint about their landlord;

• Improve the ability of social tenants to move to different areas.p y


THE LOCALISM ACT, 2011

The planning and regeneration provisions will:

• Abolish Regional Spatial Strategies; g p g ;

• Abolish the Infrastructure Planning Commission and return to a position where the Secretary of State takes the final decision on major infrastructure proposals of national importance;

• Amend the Community Infrastructure Levy, which allows councils to charge developers t f i f t t S f th ill b il bl f th l l itto pay for infrastructure. Some of the revenue will be available for the local community;

• Provide for neighbourhood plans, which would be approved if they received 50% of the votes cast in a referendum;votes cast in a referendum;

• Provide for neighbourhood development orders to allow communities to approve development without requiring normal planning consent;development without requiring normal planning consent;

• Give new housing and regeneration powers to the Greater London Authority, while abolishing the London Development Agency.g p g y


N i l Pl i P li F k (NPPF)National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)


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Achieving Sustainable DevelopmentAchieving Sustainable Development

International and national bodies have set out broad principles of sustainable development. Resolution 42/187 of the United Nations General Assembly defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present withoutdefined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The UK Sustainable Development Strategy Securing the Future set out fiveThe UK Sustainable Development Strategy Securing the Future set out five ‘guiding principles’ of sustainable development: living within the planet’s environmental limits; ensuring a strong, healthy and just society; achieving a

t i bl ti d d i d isustainable economy; promoting good governance; and using sound science responsibly.


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Three dimensions to sustainable development: economic, social andenvironmental. These give rise to the need for the planning

t t f b f lsystem to perform a number of roles:

●● An economic role – contributing to building a strong, responsive andcompetitive economy, by ensuring that sufficient land of the right type isavailable in the right places and at the right time to support growth andinnovation; and by identifying and coordinating development; y y g g prequirements, including the provision of infrastructure;

●● A social role – supporting strong vibrant and healthy communities by●● A social role – supporting strong, vibrant and healthy communities, byproviding the supply of housing required to meet the needs of present andfuture generations; and by creating a high quality built environment, withaccessible local services that reflect the community’s needs and support itsaccessible local services that reflect the community’s needs and support itshealth, social and cultural well-being; and

●● An environmental role – contributing to protecting and enhancing ournatural, built and historic environment; and, as part of this, helping toimprove biodiversity, use natural resources prudently, minimise waste andp y p ypollution, and mitigate and adapt to climate change including moving toa low carbon economy.


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“Th ti“The presumption in favour of sustainabledevelopment”


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Plan Making (evidence based):

1 Local Plans define strategic priorities1 – Local Plans – define strategic priorities:

●● The homes and jobs needed in the area;j ;

●● The provision of retail, leisure and other commercial development;

●● The provision of infrastructure for transport, telecommunications, waste management, water supply, wastewater, flood risk and coastal change g , pp y, , gmanagement, and the provision of minerals and energy (including heat);

Th i i f h lth it it d lt l i f t t d●● The provision of health, security, community and cultural infrastructure and other local facilities; and

●● Climate change mitigation and adaptation, conservation and enhancementof the natural and historic environment, including landscape.


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Plan Making (evidence based):

2 – Neighbourhood plans

Neighbourhood planning gives communities direct power to developa shared vision for their neighbourhood and deliver the sustainabledevelopment they need. Parishes and neighbourhood forums can useneighbourhood planning to:

●● Set planning policies through neighbourhood plans to determine decisions on planning applications; and

●● Grant planning permission through Neighbourhood Development Orders and Community Right to Build Orders for specific development which compliesand Community Right to Build Orders for specific development which complies with the order.


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XIX & beginning of XXI century Post 2nd WW The 70s Today

Social & Economic Context____________________________________________Planning Policy______________________________________________________Pl i ThPlanning Theory______________________________________________________


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Need to understand planning system from:

- Socio-economic context.

Planning policies and impacts on land

- Status of planning profession and planning theorand planning theory.


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19th and Early 20th

centuries

Interwar period and 2nd WW

Postwar consensus

Crisis Thatcherism The third way

(Rydin, p. 10)

Economic and social change

Industrializ.,Urbanization,War

Recession & restructuring,War and reconstruction

Post war boom,Mixed economy,Consensus politics

Turning point in economic growth,Urban-rural shift,Inner city decline

Recession (and recovery), New techn., Collapse of mix-economy consensus

Globalization of:-Politics,-Economics,-Env. changeconsensus Env. change

Salient Political Issues

Public health,Social unrest

Regional unemployment,Suburban growth

Increasing living standards,Rapid development

Racism and urban disorder, Excess of economic growth

Unemployment, Track record of public sector

European integration, Global env. Crisis, Ruralgrowth development growth Crisis, Rural Crisis

Key planning activities

Housing, Public, sanitation

Regional Planning

New Towns,Redevelopment

Inner city policy,Rehabilitation and conservation

Urban regeneration,Countryside policy, flagship projects

Modernization,Social inclusion,Sustainable sanitation conservation,

Pollution controlflagship projects

development,

Planning Profession

Architects, Engineers

Growth of separate

Corporate planners

Crisis of competence Retrenchment,Privatization

Reassessment

identity

Theoretical Framework

Environmt.determinism

Emergent planning theory

Procedural planning theory

Critiques: Organization theory (1), welfare econom., radical political

Political ideologies:New Right (1)New Left (2)

Colaborative planning (1)Reprise:Radic

economy, urban politics/sociology

Reprise:Env. Economics(3)

al politic. Ecology, env. justice

Normative Urban design Public sector Generic decision 1. Policy Economic Devel., Place making,

Conceptualization of Planning

direction of land use

making implementation,2. Resolving market failure and crisis3. Community empowerment

CommunityEmpowerment,

CommunityEmpowerment


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empowerment

References :

Allmendinger, Phil (2009) Planning Theory. Palgrave Chapter 8 and Chapter 9Chapter 8 and Chapter 9

Haughton, G. and Allmendinger, P. (2013) Spatial Planning and the New Localism, RoutledgeRoutledge

Rydin, Y. (2013) the Future of Planing. Policy Press: University of Bristol.

Please download Planning Act 2011, NPPF 2012 from:

DCLG - http://www.communities.gov.uk/

The Planning Portal http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/g p p gp g


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Lecture Notes Planning

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